The socio-environmental aftermath of gold mining in the Amazon: the case of Yutzupino in Napo, Ecuador
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18472/SustDeb.v14n3.2023.49965Palabras clave:
Amazon, Gold mining , Socio environmental impacts, SustainabilityResumen
This study addresses the social and environmental repercussions on Amazonian communities due to gold mining following the conclusion of official concessions. Framed within the literature on natural resource extraction, sustainability, and social impacts in developing countries, the work employs qualitative methods, including interviews with residents and field observations in the community of Yutzupino in the Ecuadorian Amazon. It reveals that post-concession mining, often informal and illegal, sharply triggers social and environmental degradation. The research emphasises the need to incorporate sustainability principles into mining concessions to prevent such effects. This analysis enhances understanding of the complex socio-ecological aftermath of mining in vulnerable environments. It proposes recommendations for mitigation, underlining the importance of dialogue between communities, governments, and mining companies.
Descargas
Citas
ALVARADO, A. C. Ecuador: la minería ilegal está acabando con dos ríos de la provincia de Napo. 17 Feb. 2022. Available from: https://es.mongabay.com/2022/02/ecuador-la-mineria-ilegal-esta-acabando-con-dos-rios-de- -napo/. Accessed: 11 aug. 2023.
ANDREWS, N. Land versus livelihoods: community perspectives on dispossession and marginalisation in Ghana's mining sector. Resources Policy, v. 58, p. 240-249, Oct. 2018. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resour- pol.2018.05.011. Accessed: 14 july 2023.
ARELLANO YANGUAS, J.; BERNAL-GÓMEZ, M. Energy transition, mining expansion and eco-social conflicts in the Amazon. Bilbao: Publicaciones de la Universidad de Deusto, 2022. E-book (88 p.). ISBN 978-84-1325-188-2. Avai- lable from: https://www.somos-amazonia.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Conflictos-ecosociales-ENGL-DIG. pdf. Accessed: 7 aug. 2023.
BALAKA OPIYO, S.; OPINDE, G.; LETEMA, S. Dynamics and Drivers of Land Use and Land Cover Changes in Migori River Watershed, Western Kenya Region. Watershed Ecology and the Environment, Nov. 2022. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsee.2022.11.008. Accessed: 14 july 2023.
BARROSO, L.; MELLO, P. How To Save The Amazon: the reasons why a living forest is worth more than a cut down one. 26 Apr. 2021. Available from: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3830872. Accessed: 14 july 2023.
BERNAL DÁVALOS, N. E. Consecuencias de la explotación amazónica. In: SABLICH, L.; VICTORY, S.; STICOTTI, N. (ed.). Amazonía y Expansión Mercantil Capitalista. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Consejo Latinoamericano de Cien- cias Sociales. Clacso, 2021. p. 595-644. ISBN 978-987-722-948-6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv- 2v88d7q.14. Accessed: 12 aug. 2023.
BRANDÃO, D. O.; BARATA, L. E. S.; NOBRE, C. A. The Effects of Environmental Changes on Plant Species and Fo- rest Dependent Communities in the Amazon Region. Forests, v. 13, no. 3, p. 466, 16 Mar. 2022. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/f13030466. Accessed: 14 july 2023.
CELI-SANGURIMA, J. E. The vulnerability of aquatic systems of the Upper Napo River Basin (Ecuadorian Ama- zon) to human activities. 2005. FIU Digital Commons, [s. l.], 2005. Available from: http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/ etd/2095. Accessed: 14 july 2023.
DE ARAÚJO, S. N. et al. Copper mining in the eastern Amazon: an environmental perspective on potentially to- xic elements. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 21 Oct. 2021. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10653-021-01051-5. Accessed: 14 july 2023.
DEGELE, P. E. Protected areas in land use planning policies: key articulation for territorial justice. Environmental Science & Policy, v. 140, p. 189-201, Feb. 2023. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2022.11.020. Accessed: 14 july 2023.
ECUADOR. Unidad Judicial Especializada de Violencia contra la Mujer o Miembros del Núcleo Familiar e Infraccio- nes contra la Integridad Sexual y Reproductiva de Tena, Napo. Sentence 15571-2021-00685. Vallejo Real y otros contra Ministerio del Ambiente. 5 Oct. 2022. Función Judicial, p. 64. Available from: https://www.recursosyener- gia.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/sentencia-Napo.pdf. Accessed: 8 aug. 2023.
FILLION, M. et al. Neurotoxic Sequelae of Mercury Exposure: an intervention and follow-up study in the Brazi- lian Amazon. EcoHealth, v. 8, no. 2, p. 210-222, June 2011. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-011- 0710-1. Accessed: 7 aug. 2023.
GARVEY, B. et al. Green crime, territorial resistance and the metabolic rift in Brazil's Amazon and Cerrado biomes. Criminological Encounters, v. 5, no. 1, p. 166-182, 2022. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26395/CE22050111. Accessed: 7 aug. 2023.
HÄNGGLI, A. et al. A systematic comparison of deforestation drivers and policy effectiveness across the Ama- zon biome. Environmental Research Letters, 10 May 2023. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ acd408. Accessed: 14 july 2023.
HOLLWECK, T. YIN, R. K. Case Study Research Design and Methods (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 282 pa- ges. 2014. The Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation, 1 Mar. 2016. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3138/ cjpe.30.1.108. Accessed: 14 july 2023.
JÚNIOR, C. de M. B.; CARVALHO, L. G. de. Transformations in artisanal and small-scale gold mining work and production structures in the tapajós region of Brazil's amazon. Resources Policy, v. 83, p. 103597, June 2023. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.103597. Accessed: 14 july 2023.
KEANE, S. et al. Mercury and artisanal and small-scale golding mining: review of global use estimates and conside- rations for promoting mercury-free alternatives. Ambio, 10 Mar. 2023. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/ s13280-023-01843-2. Accessed: 14 july 2023.
LOOR, I.; EVANS, J. Understanding the value and vulnerability of informal infrastructures: footpaths in Quito. Journal of Transport Geography, v. 94, p. 103112, June 2021. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtran- geo.2021.103112. Accessed: 14 july 2023.
LÓPEZ, S.; MALDONADO, A. New Insights on Water Quality and Land Use Dynamics in the Napo Region of Wes- tern Amazonia. In: LÓPEZ, S.; MALDONADO, A. The Latin American Studies Book Series. Cham: Springer Inter- national Publishing, 2023. p. 81-115. ISBN 9783031226793. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031- 22680-9_5. Accessed: 7 aug. 2023.
MANCINI, L.; SALA, S. Social impact assessment in the mining sector: review and comparison of indicators frameworks. Resources Policy, v. 57, p. 98-111, Aug. 2018. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resour- pol.2018.02.002. Accessed: 14 july 2023.
MARTIN, P. et al. Governance and metagovernance systems for the Amazon. Review of European, Compara- tive & International Environmental Law, v. 31, no. 1, p. 126-139, 10 Dec. 2021. Available from: https://doi. org/10.1111/reel.12425. Accessed: 14 july 2023.
MESTANZA-RAMÓN, C. et al. Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining (ASGM): management and socioenvironmen- tal impacts in the northern Amazon of Ecuador. Sustainability, v. 14, no. 11, p. 6854, 3 June 2022. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116854. Accessed: 14 july 2023.
MESTANZA-RAMÓN, C. et al. History, Socio-economic Problems and Environmental Impacts of Gold Mining in the Andean Region of Ecuador. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, v. 19, no. 3, p. 1190, 21 Jan. 2022. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031190. Accessed: 14 july 2023.
MINISTERIO DEL AMBIENTE, AGUA Y TRANSICIÓN ECOLÓGICA. Se suspende actividades mineras a empresa Ter- raerth por incumplimiento a normativa ambiental. Ministerio del Ambiente, Agua y Transición Ecológica. 26 Oct. 2020. Available from: https://www.ambiente.gob.ec/se-suspende-actividades-mineras-a-empresa-terraer- th-por-incumplimiento-a-normativa-ambiental/. Accessed: 8 aug. 2023.
NII AYI ARYEE, B.; MTEGHA, H.; SANDOW ALI, M. Sustainable and responsible mining investment in developing economies. In: NII AYI ARYEE, B.; MTEGHA, H.; SANDOW ALI, M. Sustainable and Responsible Investment in Developing Markets. [S. l.]: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2023. p. 305-321. ISBN 9781803927060. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781803927060.00029. Accessed: 14 july 2023.
PÉREZ, Á. J. et al. Myrcia machinazana (Myrtaceae), a new Amazonian species from southern Ecuador. Neotro- pical Biodiversity, v. 7, no. 1, p. 415-420, 1 Jan. 2021. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/23766808.2021.1 964914. Accessed: 14 july 2023.
ROY, A. Urban Informality: toward an epistemology of planning. Journal of the American Planning Association, v. 71, no. 2, p. 147-158, 30 June 2005. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/01944360508976689. Accessed: 14 july 2023.
SAGALA, S. et al. Sustainable Urban Drainage System (Suds) as Nature Based Solutions Approach for Flood Risk Management in High-Density Urban Settlement. IOP Conference Series: earth and environmental science, v. 986, no. 1, p. 012055, 1 Feb. 2022. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/986/1/012055. Accessed: 14 july 2023.
SALISBURY, D. S. et al. Crossing Boundaries: transboundary geographic information in the Amazon borderlands of Peru and Brazil. In: SALISBURY, D. S. et al. The Latin American Studies Book Series. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. p. 33-55. ISBN 9783031226793. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22680-9_3. Accessed: 14 july 2023.
SWENSON, J. J. et al. Gold Mining in the Peruvian Amazon: global prices, deforestation, and mercury imports. PLoS ONE, v. 6, no. 4, p. e18875, 19 Apr. 2011. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0018875. Accessed: 7 aug. 2023.
SYAHRIR, R.; WALL, F.; DIALLO, P. Coping with sudden mine closure: the importance of resilient communities and good governance. The Extractive Industries and Society, v. 8, no. 4, p. 101009, Dec. 2021. Available from: https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2021.101009. Accessed: 14 july 2023.
VEIGA, M. M.; SCOBLE, M.; MCALLISTER, M. L. Mining with communities. Natural Resources Forum, v. 25, no. 3, p. 191-202, Aug. 2001. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-8947.2001.tb00761.x. Accessed: 14 july 2023.
VELASTEGUI-MONTOYA, A. et al. Land Use and Land Cover in Tropical Forest: global research. Forests, v. 13, no. 10, p. 1709, 17 Oct. 2022. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/f13101709. Accessed: 14 july 2023.
VRÁBLÍK, P.; VRÁBLÍKOVÁ, J.; WILDOVÁ, E. Hydrological Mine Reclamations in the Anthropogenically Affected Landscape of North Bohemia. In: VRÁBLÍK, P.; VRÁBLÍKOVÁ, J.; WILDOVÁ, E. Springer Water. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. p. 203-223. ISBN 9783030183622. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/978- 3-030-18363-9_9. Accessed: 14 july 2023.
WEBB, J. et al. Mercury in Fish-eating Communities of the Andean Amazon, Napo River Valley, Ecuador. EcoHeal- th, v. 1, S2, p. SU59—SU71, Nov. 2004. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-004-0063-0. Accessed: 11 aug. 2023.
WORLD GOLD COUNCIL. Gold Demand Trends Q2 2023. 1 Aug. 2023. Available from: https://www.gold.org/gol- dhub/research/gold-demand-trends/gold-demand-trends-q2-2023. Accessed: 7 aug. 2023.
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2023 Sustainability in Debate
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
La presentación de la(s) obra(s) científica(s) original(es) por parte de los autores, como titulares de los derechos de autor de los textos enviados a la revista, de conformidad con la Ley 9.610/98, implica la cesión de derechos de autor de publicaciones impresas y/o digitales a la Revista de Sustenibilidad en Debate de los artículos aprobados para fines de publicación, en un único número de la Revista, autorizando también que la(s) obra(s) científica(s) aprobada(s) se divulguen de forma gratuita, sin ningún tipo de reembolso de derechos de autor, a través del sitio web de a Revista, para leer, imprimir y/o descargar el archivo de texto, a partir de la fecha de aceptación para publicación. Por lo tanto, los autores, al presentar los artículos a la Revista y, en consecuencia, la libre cesión de derechos de autor relacionados con el trabajo científico presentado, son plenamente conscientes de que no serán remunerados por la publicación de los artículos en la revista.Â
La Revista está licenciada bajo una licencia no comercial y sin derivaciones Creative Commons (No permite la realización de obras derivadas) 3.0 Brasil, con el propósito de difundir conocimientos científicos, como se indica en el sitio web de la publicación, que permite el intercambio del texto y el reconocimiento de su autoría y publicación original en esta revista.
Los autores pueden asumir contratos adicionales por separado, para la distribución no exclusiva de las obras publicadas en la revista Sustenibilidad en Debate (por ejemplo, en un capítulo de libro), siempre que se indique que los textos se publicaron originalmente en esta revista y que se menciona el DOI correspondiente. Se permite y incentiva a los autores a publicar y distribuir su texto online después de su publicación (por ejemplo, en repositorios institucionales o en sus páginas personales).Â
Los autores aceptan expresamente los términos de esta Declaración de Derechos de Autor, que se aplicará a la presentación si es publicada por esta Revista.