Cidade e racismo: clivagens na Cidade colonial do Cabo
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18830/issn.1679-0944.n18.2017.07Keywords:
Cape Town, Racism, Women activismAbstract
This text discusses how racialization, inequality and difference structure the landscape of Cape Town, touristic and cultural capital. We analyze how the city is symbolized, stressing it`s colonia2l binarism heritage through a linguistichistoric path. The text is filled by ethnographic observations performed during 18 months in Cape Town (2014-2015) from a research with activist’s women. The paper aim a regard beyond and through racialized shapes that structure city`s life, but without the intention of obliterate, make invisible or folkloric the huge racial, social and gender inequality, which is part of South Africa`s unfairness.
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References
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ALHOURANI, Ala Rabiha. Aesthetics of Muslim public and community formations in Cape Town: observations of an antropologis. Antrophology of Southern Africa, Vol. 38: nro.1-2, 103-119. 2015.
BADEROON, Gabeba. Regarding Muslims: From Slavery to Post-apartheid. Johannesburgo: Witwatersrand University Press, 2015.
CASTILLEJO CUELLAR, Alejandro. Los Archivos del Dolor. Ensayos sobre la violência y el recuerdo en la Sudáfrica contemporânea. Colombia: UNIANDES- CESO, 2009.
EDITORIAL. Amandla. Issue. Nro. 39. Ciudad del Cabo, Alternative Information & Development Centre. Junio-Julio de 2015. Pp. 2.
FANON, Frantz Los condenados de la Tierra. Buenos Aires: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1983. [1961, 1ra Ed.]
GQOLA, Pumla Dineo. Rape. The South African Nightmare. Cidade do Cabo: MF Books Joburg, 2015.
_____. What is slavery to me. Poscolonial/ slave memory in post apartheid South Africa. Johannesburg: Wits University Press, 2010. 220 p.
______ Brutal inheritances. Echoes, negrophobia and masculinist violence. En Hassim et al. Go Home or Die Here. Violence, Xenophobia and the reinvention of difference in South Africa. Johanesburgo: Wits University Press. 2008, pp. 210- 222.
GRUNEMBAUM The Time after the War: Notes on Historical Encounters Erasures and Post-apartheid Pasts. International Journal on Culture and Society 5 Fall, 2012. 185-196.
GRUNEMBAUM Heidi and YAZIR Henri. Where the Mountain Meets its Shadow: A Conversation of Memory and Identity and Fragmented Belonging in Present-day South Africa. In: Eds. Bo Strath and Ron Robins. Homelands: The Politics of Space and the Poetics of Power. Brussels: Peter Lang 2003., p. 267-282.
HOBSBAWN, Eric e RANGER, Terence. The invention of tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1983.
LEWIS, Desiree. Representing African Sexualities. In: TAMALE, Sylvia (Ed.). African sexualities. A reader. Kenia: Pambazuka Editores, 2011, p. 199-216.
_______. Gendered spectacles: new terrains of struggle in South Africa. In: SCHLYTER, Ann. Body Politics and Women Citizens- African Experiences. Stokholm: SIDA Studies. 2009.
MAMDANI, Mahmood. Darle Sentido Histórico a la violencia política en el África. ISTOR, Año IV número 14 Otoño del 2003.
MARUPTING, Rolf ‘I did not expect such a thing to happen’. In HASSIM et al. Go Home or Die Here. Violence, Xenophobia and the reinvention of difference in South Africa. Johanesburgo: Wits University Press. 2008, Pp. 41-52.
MATEBENI, Zethu. TRACKS: Researching Sexualities Walking AbOUT the city of Johannesburg. In TAMALE, Sylvia (ed). African Sexuality Reader. Oxford: Fahamu Books, 2011p. 50-56.
MBEMBE, Achille (2011), Necropolítica, España: Melusina. 211 p.
MKHIZE, Nonhlanlha et al. The country we want to live in, Hate crimes and homophobia in the lives of black lesbian South Africans. Ciudad del Cabo: HSRC Press, 2010.
MUDIMBE V. Y. The invention of Africa : gnosis, philosophy, and the order of knowledge, Londres: Indiana University Press. 1988.
NUTTAL, Sarah. Entanglement. Literary and reflections on post apartheid. Duke University Press/Wits University Press, Johannesburg. 2007, 198 p.
OLDFIELD, Sophie, Elane SALO and Ann SCHLYTER. [Editorial] Body polítics and the gendered crafting of citizenship. Feminist Africa, 13, Ciudad del Cabo, 2009, p.1- 10.
OLDFIELD, Sophie; SALO, Elaine. Nurturing researchers, building local knowledge, the body politics project. Feminist Africa, v. 13, p. 87-94, diciembre 2009.
RAMPHELE, Mamphela. A bed called home. Life migrant Labour Hostels of Cape Town. Cape Town: David Philip, 1993.
ROSS, Fiona Raw life, new hope: Decency, Housing and Everyday Life in a Post-Apartheid Community. Cape Town: United Nations University Press 2010.
ROSSOUW, Rehana. What will people say? A novel. Jacana: Sudáfrica. 2015.
SALO, Elaine. Coconuts do not live in townships, cosmpolitanism and its failures in the urban pheripheries of Cape Town, Feminist Africa, 13, [Body polítics and citizenship], Ciudad del Cabo, 2009, p11-21.
_______. Respectable Mothers, Tough Men and Good Daughters: Producing Persons in Manenberg Township, unpublished PhD dissertation, Emory University. 2004a, 728 p.
_______. Negotiating gender and personhood in the New South Africa: Adolescent women and gangster in Manemberg township on the Cape Flats. Paper presented at the New Social Formations seminars series, Department of Sociology, Stellembosh University, 3 September 2004.
_______._.Taxi queens and gangsters. Negotiating personhood in a post Apartheid Manemberg. Paper presented at the Centre for African Studies Seminas, University of Cape Town, 14th May 2003.
SEGATO Rita Cuatro Consideraciones sobre la violencia de Género. Conferencia magistral no Coloquio internacional Gênero, ciudadanía y violência. Realizado en la Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana- Xochimilco, México Distrito Federal, Mayo 2010.
_______. Territorio, soberanía y crímenes de segundo Estado: la escritura en el cuerpo de las mujeres asesinadas en Ciudad Juárez. In: INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE LAS MUJERES (Org.). Ciudad Juárez: de este lado del puente. México: Epikéia, 2004. p. 113-131.
STATE OF THE XENOPHOBIA [Feature]. Amandla. Issue. Nro. 39. Ciudad del Cabo, Alternative Information & Development Centre. Junho-Julho 2015. p. 16, 17.
TAMALE, Sylvia. “Researching and theorising sexualities in Africa”. In: TAMALE, Sylvia (Ed.) African sexualities. A reader, Kenia: Pambazuka Editores, 2011, p. 11-36.
WALKER, Cherryl, Landmarked. Land Claims and Land Restitution in South Africa. South Africa: Jacana Media, 2008. 292 p.
WOLPE, Harold. Race, class and the apartheid state, Trenton: Africa World Press, 1990. 118 p.
Entrevistas
CLASEEN, Bahia. Parade, Centro, Agosto 2015. Residênte de Sympnhony Road, Delft, Ativista comunitária, integrante do Neighbourhood Watch e de Right to Know Campaign.
DEYI, Busisiwe Ncaye. Julho 2015, Observatory. Assistente jurídica e Pesquisadora de Gender Dinamix (ONG enfocada en pessoas trans).
JOHNSTONNE, Ghairunisa. Belgravia, Athlone, Abril, 2015. Diretora de Mustadafin Foundation uma das fundadoras de MF em 1986 en Hannover Park. MF atende as tonwships de Delft South, Khayelitsha, Mitchell´s Plain, Manemberg, Atlantis.
MAKAN, Vainola. Belville. Fev e Maio 2015. Organizadora provincial de Right To Know Campaign, foi ativista e empregada do New Women´s Movement e de United Women Congress durante os anos 80.
MATEBENI, Zethu Noviembre 2015, Hidding Campus UCT, Centro, Ciudad del Cabo. Profesora investigadora en el Centre of Humnities, UCT; activista negra y queer, aliada de Free Gender, líder durante los meses iniciales del movimiento estudiantil Rodhes Must Fall, co-fundadora del Trans-collective (UCT) y lider de la reciente agrupación Black Academics.
MCELEZILE, Mama Leticia. Gugulethu, ex activista del New Women´s Movement e ativista comunitária.
PENKEUR, Wendy. Subúrbios de Stelembosh, Julio, 2015. Integrante de Women Rural Assembly. Sindicato de Trabalhadoras rurais.
RODHES, Glynis, 13 de Noviembre de 2015, Observatory. Staff de la Western Cape Network Against Violence Against Women [Red contra la violencia contra las mujeres del Western Cape].
SINDIWE E GLORIA, Salt River Community House, Junho 2015, representantes de SADSAWU, sindicato de trabalhadoras domésticas, ex- trabalhadoras domésticas.
SIWISA, Sivu Onesipho y TSHEFU, Sandiswa. Observatory, Noviembre 2015. Activistas LGTBI. Sivu foi organizadora do Khumbulani Pride e do Alternative Inclusive Pride. Tshefu é diretora de cinema e organizadora do evento Kasi to Kasi, o qual reuniu diretoras e diretores dos townships de Cape Town, cujos documentários e produções foram apresentado em Harare Square, Khayelitsha.
Documentários
MKHOSI, Andi. “Camps Bay Suburb (Alternative Township) Tour”. 2015 [Documental, 12 min. Ciudad del Cabo]. Disponible en: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8HotFl7LhN0. Acceso en 15/01/2016.
MUHOLI, Zanele “We live in Fear”, [documental corto, dirigido por Fairfax Zanele Muholi,] 2013. Disponible en: http://mg.co.za/multimedia/2013-11-26-zanele-muholi-we-live-in-fear. Acceso en 10/01/2016.
NDIFUNA KWASI- Social Justice Coalition (ONG) (2014). “Our Toilets are Dirty”. Documentário breve reportando o processo e os resultados de pesquisa sobre os sanitários públicos em Khayelitsha.
Documentos electrónicos
CHIGUVARE, Bernard “Operation Fiela, ¨I saw soldiers moving towards my stall, says trader”, 2 July 2015, http,//groundup.org.za/article/operation-fiela-i-saw-soldiers-moving-towards-my-stall-says-trader_3088 Consultado 15 Julio 2015.
MAREGELE, Bárbara. Most people unsafe in Khayelitsha, Surrey shows. Ciudad del Cabo: Ground Up website, 17 de diciembre de 2015. Disponible en http://groundup.org.za/article/most-people-feel-unsafe-khayelitsha-survey-shows_3607. Acceso en 10/02/2016.
MAROMO, Jonisayi The numbers behind Operation Fiela. Mail and Guardian, Sudáfrica. (07 SEP 2015) Disponible en: http://mg.co.za/article/2015-09-07-the-numbers-behind-operation-fiela Consultado el 15 de noviembre de 2015.
MATEBENI Zethu. Rape? Looks more like genocide. Mail&Guardian, 6 September 2013. http://mg.co.za/article/2013-09-06-00-rape-looks-more-like-genocide.
MORRIS Mariska. Is Operation Fiela to be Extended? Ground Up, 7 July 2015. Disponible en: http://groundup.org.za/article/operation-fiela-be-extended_3101 Consultado 3 de Agosto de 2015.
NKOSI, Lindokuhle Writing the City in a Different Script. Disponible (June 9, 2015) en: http://chimurengachronic.co.za/writing-the-city-in-a-different-script/ Consultado el 3 de febrero de 2016.
Police raids accused of being ‘state-sponsored xenophobia’ 09 mayo, 2015 RDM News Wire |http://www.timeslive.co.za/local/2015/05/09/police-raids-accused-of-being-state-sponsored-xenophobia.
WASHINYIRA, Tariro ¨Anxiety grows among Zimbabweans while Home Affairs says do not panic¨. (24 June 2014)Disponible en http://groundup.org.za/article/anxiety-grows-among-zimbabweans-while-home-affairs-says-do-not-panic_1921#sthash.zpt2OwjH.dpu Consultado 3 enero 2015.
WILKISON, Kate Do five million immigrants live in South Africa? En Mail & Guardian, (6 Mayo de 2015) disponible en: http://mg.co.za/article/2015-05-06-do-5-million-immigrants-live-in-sa Consultado el 15 de mayo de 2015.
Documentos jurídicos e políticos consultados
SUDÁFRICA, Immorality Amendment Act No 21, 1950 Disponível em: . Acesso em 20 de julho 2011.
SUDÁFRICA, Population Registration Act No. 30, 1950. Disponível em <http://www.disa.ukzn.ac.za:8080/DC/leg19590619.028.020.045/leg19590619.028.020.045.pdf >. Acesso em 20 de julho 2011.
SUDÁFRICA, Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act No. 55, 1955. Disponível em . Acesso em 20 de julho 2011.
SUDÁFRICA,. Pan South African Language Board Act nro 59, 1995. Disponível em < https://www.dac.gov.za/sites/default/files/Legislations%20Files/a59-95.pdf>.
SUDÁFRICA, Lei número 67, 1952, Abolition of Passes and Co-ordination of Documents Act NO 67. Disponível em < http://www.disa.ukzn.ac.za/index.php?option=com_displaydc& record ID=leg19520711.028.020.067.
SUDÁFRICA. Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act 108 of 1996: promulgada em 16 dezembro de 1996. Disponível em: . Acesso em 3 de julho de 2009.
ALHOURANI, Ala Rabiha. Aesthetics of Muslim public and community formations in Cape Town: observations of an antropologis. Antrophology of Southern Africa, Vol. 38: nro.1-2, 103-119. 2015.
BADEROON, Gabeba. Regarding Muslims: From Slavery to Post-apartheid. Johannesburgo: Witwatersrand University Press, 2015.
CASTILLEJO CUELLAR, Alejandro. Los Archivos del Dolor. Ensayos sobre la violência y el recuerdo en la Sudáfrica contemporânea. Colombia: UNIANDES- CESO, 2009.
EDITORIAL. Amandla. Issue. Nro. 39. Ciudad del Cabo, Alternative Information & Development Centre. Junio-Julio de 2015. Pp. 2.
FANON, Frantz Los condenados de la Tierra. Buenos Aires: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1983. [1961, 1ra Ed.]
GQOLA, Pumla Dineo. Rape. The South African Nightmare. Cidade do Cabo: MF Books Joburg, 2015.
_____. What is slavery to me. Poscolonial/ slave memory in post apartheid South Africa. Johannesburg: Wits University Press, 2010. 220 p.
______ Brutal inheritances. Echoes, negrophobia and masculinist violence. En Hassim et al. Go Home or Die Here. Violence, Xenophobia and the reinvention of difference in South Africa. Johanesburgo: Wits University Press. 2008, pp. 210- 222.
GRUNEMBAUM The Time after the War: Notes on Historical Encounters Erasures and Post-apartheid Pasts. International Journal on Culture and Society 5 Fall, 2012. 185-196.
GRUNEMBAUM Heidi and YAZIR Henri. Where the Mountain Meets its Shadow: A Conversation of Memory and Identity and Fragmented Belonging in Present-day South Africa. In: Eds. Bo Strath and Ron Robins. Homelands: The Politics of Space and the Poetics of Power. Brussels: Peter Lang 2003., p. 267-282.
HOBSBAWN, Eric e RANGER, Terence. The invention of tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1983.
LEWIS, Desiree. Representing African Sexualities. In: TAMALE, Sylvia (Ed.). African sexualities. A reader. Kenia: Pambazuka Editores, 2011, p. 199-216.
_______. Gendered spectacles: new terrains of struggle in South Africa. In: SCHLYTER, Ann. Body Politics and Women Citizens- African Experiences. Stokholm: SIDA Studies. 2009.
MAMDANI, Mahmood. Darle Sentido Histórico a la violencia política en el África. ISTOR, Año IV número 14 Otoño del 2003.
MARUPTING, Rolf ‘I did not expect such a thing to happen’. In HASSIM et al. Go Home or Die Here. Violence, Xenophobia and the reinvention of difference in South Africa. Johanesburgo: Wits University Press. 2008, Pp. 41-52.
MATEBENI, Zethu. TRACKS: Researching Sexualities Walking AbOUT the city of Johannesburg. In TAMALE, Sylvia (ed). African Sexuality Reader. Oxford: Fahamu Books, 2011p. 50-56.
MBEMBE, Achille (2011), Necropolítica, España: Melusina. 211 p.
MKHIZE, Nonhlanlha et al. The country we want to live in, Hate crimes and homophobia in the lives of black lesbian South Africans. Ciudad del Cabo: HSRC Press, 2010.
MUDIMBE V. Y. The invention of Africa : gnosis, philosophy, and the order of knowledge, Londres: Indiana University Press. 1988.
NUTTAL, Sarah. Entanglement. Literary and reflections on post apartheid. Duke University Press/Wits University Press, Johannesburg. 2007, 198 p.
OLDFIELD, Sophie, Elane SALO and Ann SCHLYTER. [Editorial] Body polítics and the gendered crafting of citizenship. Feminist Africa, 13, Ciudad del Cabo, 2009, p.1- 10.
OLDFIELD, Sophie; SALO, Elaine. Nurturing researchers, building local knowledge, the body politics project. Feminist Africa, v. 13, p. 87-94, diciembre 2009.
RAMPHELE, Mamphela. A bed called home. Life migrant Labour Hostels of Cape Town. Cape Town: David Philip, 1993.
ROSS, Fiona Raw life, new hope: Decency, Housing and Everyday Life in a Post-Apartheid Community. Cape Town: United Nations University Press 2010.
ROSSOUW, Rehana. What will people say? A novel. Jacana: Sudáfrica. 2015.
SALO, Elaine. Coconuts do not live in townships, cosmpolitanism and its failures in the urban pheripheries of Cape Town, Feminist Africa, 13, [Body polítics and citizenship], Ciudad del Cabo, 2009, p11-21.
_______. Respectable Mothers, Tough Men and Good Daughters: Producing Persons in Manenberg Township, unpublished PhD dissertation, Emory University. 2004a, 728 p.
_______. Negotiating gender and personhood in the New South Africa: Adolescent women and gangster in Manemberg township on the Cape Flats. Paper presented at the New Social Formations seminars series, Department of Sociology, Stellembosh University, 3 September 2004.
_______._.Taxi queens and gangsters. Negotiating personhood in a post Apartheid Manemberg. Paper presented at the Centre for African Studies Seminas, University of Cape Town, 14th May 2003.
SEGATO Rita Cuatro Consideraciones sobre la violencia de Género. Conferencia magistral no Coloquio internacional Gênero, ciudadanía y violência. Realizado en la Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana- Xochimilco, México Distrito Federal, Mayo 2010.
_______. Territorio, soberanía y crímenes de segundo Estado: la escritura en el cuerpo de las mujeres asesinadas en Ciudad Juárez. In: INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE LAS MUJERES (Org.). Ciudad Juárez: de este lado del puente. México: Epikéia, 2004. p. 113-131.
STATE OF THE XENOPHOBIA [Feature]. Amandla. Issue. Nro. 39. Ciudad del Cabo, Alternative Information & Development Centre. Junho-Julho 2015. p. 16, 17.
TAMALE, Sylvia. “Researching and theorising sexualities in Africa”. In: TAMALE, Sylvia (Ed.) African sexualities. A reader, Kenia: Pambazuka Editores, 2011, p. 11-36.
WALKER, Cherryl, Landmarked. Land Claims and Land Restitution in South Africa. South Africa: Jacana Media, 2008. 292 p.
WOLPE, Harold. Race, class and the apartheid state, Trenton: Africa World Press, 1990. 118 p.
Entrevistas
CLASEEN, Bahia. Parade, Centro, Agosto 2015. Residênte de Sympnhony Road, Delft, Ativista comunitária, integrante do Neighbourhood Watch e de Right to Know Campaign.
DEYI, Busisiwe Ncaye. Julho 2015, Observatory. Assistente jurídica e Pesquisadora de Gender Dinamix (ONG enfocada en pessoas trans).
JOHNSTONNE, Ghairunisa. Belgravia, Athlone, Abril, 2015. Diretora de Mustadafin Foundation uma das fundadoras de MF em 1986 en Hannover Park. MF atende as tonwships de Delft South, Khayelitsha, Mitchell´s Plain, Manemberg, Atlantis.
MAKAN, Vainola. Belville. Fev e Maio 2015. Organizadora provincial de Right To Know Campaign, foi ativista e empregada do New Women´s Movement e de United Women Congress durante os anos 80.
MATEBENI, Zethu Noviembre 2015, Hidding Campus UCT, Centro, Ciudad del Cabo. Profesora investigadora en el Centre of Humnities, UCT; activista negra y queer, aliada de Free Gender, líder durante los meses iniciales del movimiento estudiantil Rodhes Must Fall, co-fundadora del Trans-collective (UCT) y lider de la reciente agrupación Black Academics.
MCELEZILE, Mama Leticia. Gugulethu, ex activista del New Women´s Movement e ativista comunitária.
PENKEUR, Wendy. Subúrbios de Stelembosh, Julio, 2015. Integrante de Women Rural Assembly. Sindicato de Trabalhadoras rurais.
RODHES, Glynis, 13 de Noviembre de 2015, Observatory. Staff de la Western Cape Network Against Violence Against Women [Red contra la violencia contra las mujeres del Western Cape].
SINDIWE E GLORIA, Salt River Community House, Junho 2015, representantes de SADSAWU, sindicato de trabalhadoras domésticas, ex- trabalhadoras domésticas.
SIWISA, Sivu Onesipho y TSHEFU, Sandiswa. Observatory, Noviembre 2015. Activistas LGTBI. Sivu foi organizadora do Khumbulani Pride e do Alternative Inclusive Pride. Tshefu é diretora de cinema e organizadora do evento Kasi to Kasi, o qual reuniu diretoras e diretores dos townships de Cape Town, cujos documentários e produções foram apresentado em Harare Square, Khayelitsha.
Documentários
MKHOSI, Andi. “Camps Bay Suburb (Alternative Township) Tour”. 2015 [Documental, 12 min. Ciudad del Cabo]. Disponible en: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8HotFl7LhN0. Acceso en 15/01/2016.
MUHOLI, Zanele “We live in Fear”, [documental corto, dirigido por Fairfax Zanele Muholi,] 2013. Disponible en: http://mg.co.za/multimedia/2013-11-26-zanele-muholi-we-live-in-fear. Acceso en 10/01/2016.
NDIFUNA KWASI- Social Justice Coalition (ONG) (2014). “Our Toilets are Dirty”. Documentário breve reportando o processo e os resultados de pesquisa sobre os sanitários públicos em Khayelitsha.
Documentos electrónicos
CHIGUVARE, Bernard “Operation Fiela, ¨I saw soldiers moving towards my stall, says trader”, 2 July 2015, http,//groundup.org.za/article/operation-fiela-i-saw-soldiers-moving-towards-my-stall-says-trader_3088 Consultado 15 Julio 2015.
MAREGELE, Bárbara. Most people unsafe in Khayelitsha, Surrey shows. Ciudad del Cabo: Ground Up website, 17 de diciembre de 2015. Disponible en http://groundup.org.za/article/most-people-feel-unsafe-khayelitsha-survey-shows_3607. Acceso en 10/02/2016.
MAROMO, Jonisayi The numbers behind Operation Fiela. Mail and Guardian, Sudáfrica. (07 SEP 2015) Disponible en: http://mg.co.za/article/2015-09-07-the-numbers-behind-operation-fiela Consultado el 15 de noviembre de 2015.
MATEBENI Zethu. Rape? Looks more like genocide. Mail&Guardian, 6 September 2013. http://mg.co.za/article/2013-09-06-00-rape-looks-more-like-genocide.
MORRIS Mariska. Is Operation Fiela to be Extended? Ground Up, 7 July 2015. Disponible en: http://groundup.org.za/article/operation-fiela-be-extended_3101 Consultado 3 de Agosto de 2015.
NKOSI, Lindokuhle Writing the City in a Different Script. Disponible (June 9, 2015) en: http://chimurengachronic.co.za/writing-the-city-in-a-different-script/ Consultado el 3 de febrero de 2016.
Police raids accused of being ‘state-sponsored xenophobia’ 09 mayo, 2015 RDM News Wire |http://www.timeslive.co.za/local/2015/05/09/police-raids-accused-of-being-state-sponsored-xenophobia.
WASHINYIRA, Tariro ¨Anxiety grows among Zimbabweans while Home Affairs says do not panic¨. (24 June 2014)Disponible en http://groundup.org.za/article/anxiety-grows-among-zimbabweans-while-home-affairs-says-do-not-panic_1921#sthash.zpt2OwjH.dpu Consultado 3 enero 2015.
WILKISON, Kate Do five million immigrants live in South Africa? En Mail & Guardian, (6 Mayo de 2015) disponible en: http://mg.co.za/article/2015-05-06-do-5-million-immigrants-live-in-sa Consultado el 15 de mayo de 2015.
Documentos jurídicos e políticos consultados
SUDÁFRICA, Immorality Amendment Act No 21, 1950 Disponível em: . Acesso em 20 de julho 2011.
SUDÁFRICA, Population Registration Act No. 30, 1950. Disponível em <http://www.disa.ukzn.ac.za:8080/DC/leg19590619.028.020.045/leg19590619.028.020.045.pdf >. Acesso em 20 de julho 2011.
SUDÁFRICA, Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act No. 55, 1955. Disponível em . Acesso em 20 de julho 2011.
SUDÁFRICA,. Pan South African Language Board Act nro 59, 1995. Disponível em < https://www.dac.gov.za/sites/default/files/Legislations%20Files/a59-95.pdf>.
SUDÁFRICA, Lei número 67, 1952, Abolition of Passes and Co-ordination of Documents Act NO 67. Disponível em < http://www.disa.ukzn.ac.za/index.php?option=com_displaydc& record ID=leg19520711.028.020.067.
SUDÁFRICA. Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act 108 of 1996: promulgada em 16 dezembro de 1996. Disponível em: . Acesso em 3 de julho de 2009.
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How to Cite
Cabanillas, N. (2017). Cidade e racismo: clivagens na Cidade colonial do Cabo. Paranoá, 10(18). https://doi.org/10.18830/issn.1679-0944.n18.2017.07
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