De las visiones coloniales a las políticas postcoloniales
el caso de los San de Namibia
Palabras clave:
comunidades San, Namibia, visión colonial, tierraResumen
El presente artículo intenta analizar la importancia de la visión colonial sobre las poblaciones San de Namibia y su impacto en las políticas desarrolladas por la administración alemana y sudafricana del territorio. Asimismo, muestra como estas visiones fueron en buena parte incorporadas y adaptadas por las demás comunidades africanas y como han influido en las políticas impulsadas por la Namibia independiente. El análisis se centra especialmente en las políticas de tierras de los gobiernos coloniales y postcoloniales, que han reducido al mínimo las áreas reconocidas como pertenecientes a los San. El artículo muestra como las visiones coloniales, a menudo negativas y estereotipadas sobre los San, no fueron homogéneas ni inamovibles, y como fueron adoptadas por los africanos de Namibia y han perdurado hasta la actualidad.
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ADAMS, Fiona; WERNER, Wolfgang & VALE, Peter. 1990. The land issue in Namibia: an inquiry. Windhoek: Namibian Institute for Social and Economic Research. University of Namibia.
BARNARD, Alan. 1992. Hunters and herders of Southern Africa: a comparative ethnography of the Khoisan peoples. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
BERGER, Dhyani J. & MAZIVE, Elke Z. 2002. New horizons for the San: participatory action research with San communities in Northern Namibia. Windhoek: Unesco.
BIESELE, Megan & HITCHCOCK, Robert K. 2011. The Ju/’hoan San of Nyae Nyae and Namibian independence: development, democracy, and indigenous voices in Southern Africa. New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books.
BODEN, Gertrud. 2003. “‘Caught in the middle’: impacts of state decisions and armed conflicts on Khwe economy and ethnicity in West Caprivi between 1998 and 2002”. In: Thekla Hohmann (ed.). San and the state: contesting land, development, identity and representation. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe. pp. 161-204.
BOTELLE, Andy & ROHDE, Rick. 1995. Those who live on the land: a socio-economic baseline survey for land use planning in the communal areas of Eastern Otjozondjupa. Windhoek: Ministry of Lands, Resettlement and Rehabilitation.
CHIDESTER, David. 1996. “Mutilating meaning: European interpretations of Khoisan languages of the body”. In: Pippa Skotnes (ed.). MISCAST: negotiating the presence of the Bushmen. Ciudad del Cabo: University of Cape Town Press. pp. 24-38.
COX, Jonathan. 1998. “The research context”. In: Jonathan Cox; Carol Kerven; Wolfgang Werner & Roy Behnke. The privatisation of rangeland resources in Namibia: enclosure in Eastern Oshikoto. London: Overseas Development Institute. pp. 8-17. DIECKMANN, Ute. 2007. Hai//om in the Etosha region: a history of colonial settlement, ethnicity and nature conservation. Basilea: Basler Afrika Bibliographien.
DIRKX, Eric-Jan & AYISA, Kofi. 2007. “Feasability study for Onamatadiva, Eendobe, Oshanashiwa and Ekoka resettlement projects”. In: Desert Research Foundation of Namibia. PRA findings: final report. Windhoek: Desert Research Foundation of Namibia (DRFN) and Acacia Grassroots Development Network.
DESERT RESEARCH FOUNDATION OF NAMIBIA (DRFN). 2006a. “Drimiopsis San resettlement project. Omaheke region. Site report”. Windhoek: DRFN - Fundación CEAR.
_______. 2006b. “PRA/Situational analysis: site report for Skoonheid resettlement farm. Omaheke Region”. Windhoek: DRFN - Fundación CEAR.
ELPHICK, Richard. 1977. Kraal and castle: Khoikhoi and the founding of White South Africa. New Haven & London: Yale University Press.
GORDON, R. 1992. The Bushman myth: the making of a Namibian underclass. Boulder: Westview Press.
_______. 1997. Picturing Bushmen: the Denver Africa Expedition of 1925. Athens: Ohio University Press.
_______. 2003. “Gathering the hunters: Bushmen in German (colonial) anthropology”. In: H. Glenn Penny & Matti Bunzl (eds.). Worldy provincialism: German anthropology in the age of empire. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. 256-282.
GRAEFE, Olivier & PEYROUX, Élisabeth. 1999. “La décentralisation à l’épreuve des faits: l’exemple d’Oshakati, capitale économique de l’ancien Owamboland”. In: Ingolf Diener & Olivier Graefe (dirs.). La Namibie contemporaine: les premiers jalons d’une société post-apartheid. Paris: Karthala-IFRA. pp. 279-292.
GUENTHER, Mathias. 1999. Tricksters and trancers: Bushman religion and society. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
HAHN, Carl H. L.; FOURIE, Louis & VEDDER, Heinrich. 1928. The native tribes of South West Africa. Ciudad del Cabo: Cape Times.
HARRING, Sidney. 1998. “Inconsistencies in the constitution of Namibia regarding the land question”. In: Franka M. d’Engelbronner-Kolff; Manfred O. Hinz & J. L. Sindano (eds.). Traditional authority and democracy in Southern Africa. Windhoek: Centre for Applied Social Studies. University of Namibia & New Namibia Books. pp. 155-182.
HARRING, Sidney & ODENDAAL, Willem. 2006. “Our land they took”: San Land rights under threat in Namibia. Windhoek: Legal Assistance Centre.
HINZ, Manfred O. 1998. “Communal land, natural resources and traditional authority”. In: Franka M. d’Engelbronner-Kolff; Manfred O. Hinz & J. L. Sindano (eds.). Traditional authority and democracy in Southern Africa. Windhoek: Centre for Applied Social Studies. University of Namibia & New Namibia Books. pp. 183-227.
HOFFMANN, A. G. 2005. “Since the Germans came it rains less”: landscape and identities of Herero communities in Namibia. Tesis doctoral, University of Amsterdam.
HOHMANN, Thekla. 2003. “‘We are looking for life. We are looking for the conservancy’. Namibian conservancies, nature conservation and rural development: the N‡a-Jaqna conservancy”. In: ______. (ed.). San and the State: contesting land, development, identity and representation. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe. pp. 205-254.
KEULDER, Christopher. 1998. “Traditional leaders and rural development”. In: Franka M. d’Engelbronner-Kolff; Manfred O. Hinz & J. L. Sindano (eds.). Traditional authority and democracy in Southern Africa. Windhoek: Centre for Applied Social Studies. University of Namibia & New Namibia Books. pp. 289-322.
_______. 2000. “Traditional leaders”. In: ______. (ed.). State, society and democracy: a reader in Namibian politics. Windhoek: Gamsberg Macmillan. pp. 150-170.
KÖSSLER, Reinhart. 2005. In search of survival and dignity: two traditional communities in southern Namibia under South African rule. Windhoek: Gamsberg Macmillan.
KREIKE, Emmanuel. 1996. “Recreating Eden: agro-ecological change, food security and environmental diversity in Southern Angola and Northern Namibia, 1890-1960”. Tesis doctoral, Yale University.
MALETSKY, Christof. 2009. “Herero farmers invade San area”. The Namibian, 6 de mayo.
MARSHALL THOMAS, Elizabeth. 1959. The harmless people. London: Secker & Warburg.
McKITTRICK, M. 2008. “Landscapes of power: ownership and identity on the middle Kavango River, Namibia”. Journal of Southern African Studies, 34(4):785-802.
MINISTRY OF LANDS AND RESETTLEMENT (MLR). 2005a. Background research work and findings of the permanent technical team studies. Windhoek.
_______. 2005b. Strategic options and action plan for land reform in Namibia. Windhoek.
MINISTRY OF LANDS, RESETTLEMENT AND REHABILITATION (MLRR). 1997. National Resettlement Policy. Windhoek.
______. 1998. National land policy. Windhoek. MOSOTHO, Kesentseng & TSIU, Mapaseka J. 2008. Assessment of land use on the resettlement farms Lievenberg, Drimiopsis and Du Plessis. Windhoek: Namibia Institute for Democracy. Analyses and Views, 5 (4).
Namibian Association of CBNRM Support Organisations (NACSO). 2012. Living with wildlife ”” the story of Nyae Nyae conservancy. Windhoek.
ODENDAAL, Willem & TJIRAMBA, Shadrack. 2005. Our land we farm: an analysis of the Namibian commercial land reform process. Windhoek: Legal Assistance Centre.
ORTH, Ina. 2003. “Identity as dissociation: the Khwe’s struggle for land in West Caprivi”. In: Thekla Hohmann (ed.). San and the state: contesting land, development identity and representation. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe pp. 121-159.
PAKLEPPA, Richard. 2005. Report on enquiry into the socio-economic conditions and needs of some San communities in the Ohangwena and Otjikoto regions of Northern Namibia. Windhoek: WIMSA.
PAKLEPPA, Richard & KWONONOKA, Americo. 2003. Onde os primeiros são os últimos: a luta pela supervivência das comunidades San no sul de Angola. Windhoek: Trócaire Angola-WIMSA-OCADEC.
PANKHURST, Donna. 1996. A resolvable conflict? The politics of land in Namibia. Peace Research Report nº 36. Department of Peace Studies. University of Bradford.
PEACOCK, S. 1999. “Africa meets the great Farini”. In: Bernth Lindfors (ed.). Africans on stage: studies on ethnological show business. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 81-106.
PENN, N. 1996. “‘Fated to perish’: the destruction of the Cape San”. In: Pippa Skotnes (ed.). MISCAST: negotiating the presence of the Bushmen. Ciudad del Cabo: University of Cape Town Press. pp. 81-91.
_______. 2005. The forgotten frontier: colonist and Khoisan on the Cape’s Northern frontier in the 18th century. Ciudad del Cabo: Double Storey Books.
PISANI, André du. 2000. “State and society under South African rule”. In: Christopher Keulder (ed.). State, society and democracy: a reader in Namibian politics. Windhoek: Gamsberg Macmillan. pp. 49-76.
ROBINS, Steven. 2000. “Land struggles and the politics and ethics of representing ‘Bushman’ history and identity”. Kronos, 26:58-75.
ROUSSET, Karine. 2003. To be Khwe means to suffer: local dynamics, imbalances and contestations in the Caprivi Game Park. Tesis de Licenciatura, University of Cape Town.
SHEJAVALI, Nangula. 2009. “Gam farmers to experience consequences of land invasion”. The Namibian, May 8.
SILVESTER, Jeremy. 1993. Black pastoralists, white farmers: the dynamics of land disposession and labour recruitment in Southern Namibia, 1915-1955. Tesis doctoral, University of London.
SILVESTER, Jeremy & GEWALD, Jan-Bart (eds.). 2003. Words cannot be found: German colonial rule in Namibia: an annotated reprint of the 1918 Blue Book. Leiden: Brill.
SMITH, Andy; MALHERBE, Candy; GUENTHER, Mat & BERENS, Penny. 2000. The Bushmen of Southern Africa: a foraging society in transition. Ciudad del Cabo & Athens: David Philip & Ohio University Press.
SUZMAN, James. 2000. “Things from the bush”: a contemporary history of the Omaheke Bushmen. Basilea: P. Schlettwein Publishing.
_______. 2001. An assessment of the status of the San in Namibia. Windhoek: Legal Assistance Centre.
SYLVAIN, Renée. 1999. “We work to have life”: Ju/’hoan women, work and survival in the Omaheke region. Tesis doctoral. University of Toronto.
TAPIA, Carlos. 2005. La reforma agraria en Namibia: ¿una alternativa de desarrollo?. Florencia: Instituto Agronomico per l’Oltremare. Società Editrice Fiorentina.
TÖTEMEYER, G. 2000. “Decentralisation and state-building at the local level”. In: Christopher Keulder (ed.). State, society and democracy: a reader in Namibian politics. Windhoek: Gamsberg Macmillan. pp. 108-149.
VAN DER POST, Laurence. 1958. The lost world of the Kalahari. Penguin: Harmondsworth.
WERNER, Wolfgang. 1998. “No one will become rich”. In: ______. Economy and society in the Herero reserves in Namibia, 1915-1946. Basilea: P.Schlettwein Publishing.
_______. 2004. “Promoting development among farm workers: some options for Namibia”. In: J. Hunter (ed.). Who should own the land? Analyses and views on land reform and the land question in Namibia and Southern Africa. Windhoek: Konrad-AdenauerStiftung & Namibia Institute for Democracy. pp. 19-45.
WIDLOK, T. 1999. Living on Mangetti: “Bushman” autonomy and Namibian independence. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
_______. 2003. “The needy, the greedy and the state: dividing Hai//om Landin the Oshikoto Region”. In: Thekla Hohmann (ed.). San and the State: contesting land, development, identity and representation. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe. pp. 87-119.
WIMSA. 2006”“2007. Report of activities: April 2006”“March 2007. Windhoek: Working Group on Indigenous Minorities in Southern Africa.
_______. 2007”“2008. Report of activities: 2007”“2008. Windhoek: Working Group on Indigenous Minorities in Southern Africa.
BARNARD, Alan. 1992. Hunters and herders of Southern Africa: a comparative ethnography of the Khoisan peoples. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
BERGER, Dhyani J. & MAZIVE, Elke Z. 2002. New horizons for the San: participatory action research with San communities in Northern Namibia. Windhoek: Unesco.
BIESELE, Megan & HITCHCOCK, Robert K. 2011. The Ju/’hoan San of Nyae Nyae and Namibian independence: development, democracy, and indigenous voices in Southern Africa. New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books.
BODEN, Gertrud. 2003. “‘Caught in the middle’: impacts of state decisions and armed conflicts on Khwe economy and ethnicity in West Caprivi between 1998 and 2002”. In: Thekla Hohmann (ed.). San and the state: contesting land, development, identity and representation. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe. pp. 161-204.
BOTELLE, Andy & ROHDE, Rick. 1995. Those who live on the land: a socio-economic baseline survey for land use planning in the communal areas of Eastern Otjozondjupa. Windhoek: Ministry of Lands, Resettlement and Rehabilitation.
CHIDESTER, David. 1996. “Mutilating meaning: European interpretations of Khoisan languages of the body”. In: Pippa Skotnes (ed.). MISCAST: negotiating the presence of the Bushmen. Ciudad del Cabo: University of Cape Town Press. pp. 24-38.
COX, Jonathan. 1998. “The research context”. In: Jonathan Cox; Carol Kerven; Wolfgang Werner & Roy Behnke. The privatisation of rangeland resources in Namibia: enclosure in Eastern Oshikoto. London: Overseas Development Institute. pp. 8-17. DIECKMANN, Ute. 2007. Hai//om in the Etosha region: a history of colonial settlement, ethnicity and nature conservation. Basilea: Basler Afrika Bibliographien.
DIRKX, Eric-Jan & AYISA, Kofi. 2007. “Feasability study for Onamatadiva, Eendobe, Oshanashiwa and Ekoka resettlement projects”. In: Desert Research Foundation of Namibia. PRA findings: final report. Windhoek: Desert Research Foundation of Namibia (DRFN) and Acacia Grassroots Development Network.
DESERT RESEARCH FOUNDATION OF NAMIBIA (DRFN). 2006a. “Drimiopsis San resettlement project. Omaheke region. Site report”. Windhoek: DRFN - Fundación CEAR.
_______. 2006b. “PRA/Situational analysis: site report for Skoonheid resettlement farm. Omaheke Region”. Windhoek: DRFN - Fundación CEAR.
ELPHICK, Richard. 1977. Kraal and castle: Khoikhoi and the founding of White South Africa. New Haven & London: Yale University Press.
GORDON, R. 1992. The Bushman myth: the making of a Namibian underclass. Boulder: Westview Press.
_______. 1997. Picturing Bushmen: the Denver Africa Expedition of 1925. Athens: Ohio University Press.
_______. 2003. “Gathering the hunters: Bushmen in German (colonial) anthropology”. In: H. Glenn Penny & Matti Bunzl (eds.). Worldy provincialism: German anthropology in the age of empire. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. 256-282.
GRAEFE, Olivier & PEYROUX, Élisabeth. 1999. “La décentralisation à l’épreuve des faits: l’exemple d’Oshakati, capitale économique de l’ancien Owamboland”. In: Ingolf Diener & Olivier Graefe (dirs.). La Namibie contemporaine: les premiers jalons d’une société post-apartheid. Paris: Karthala-IFRA. pp. 279-292.
GUENTHER, Mathias. 1999. Tricksters and trancers: Bushman religion and society. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
HAHN, Carl H. L.; FOURIE, Louis & VEDDER, Heinrich. 1928. The native tribes of South West Africa. Ciudad del Cabo: Cape Times.
HARRING, Sidney. 1998. “Inconsistencies in the constitution of Namibia regarding the land question”. In: Franka M. d’Engelbronner-Kolff; Manfred O. Hinz & J. L. Sindano (eds.). Traditional authority and democracy in Southern Africa. Windhoek: Centre for Applied Social Studies. University of Namibia & New Namibia Books. pp. 155-182.
HARRING, Sidney & ODENDAAL, Willem. 2006. “Our land they took”: San Land rights under threat in Namibia. Windhoek: Legal Assistance Centre.
HINZ, Manfred O. 1998. “Communal land, natural resources and traditional authority”. In: Franka M. d’Engelbronner-Kolff; Manfred O. Hinz & J. L. Sindano (eds.). Traditional authority and democracy in Southern Africa. Windhoek: Centre for Applied Social Studies. University of Namibia & New Namibia Books. pp. 183-227.
HOFFMANN, A. G. 2005. “Since the Germans came it rains less”: landscape and identities of Herero communities in Namibia. Tesis doctoral, University of Amsterdam.
HOHMANN, Thekla. 2003. “‘We are looking for life. We are looking for the conservancy’. Namibian conservancies, nature conservation and rural development: the N‡a-Jaqna conservancy”. In: ______. (ed.). San and the State: contesting land, development, identity and representation. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe. pp. 205-254.
KEULDER, Christopher. 1998. “Traditional leaders and rural development”. In: Franka M. d’Engelbronner-Kolff; Manfred O. Hinz & J. L. Sindano (eds.). Traditional authority and democracy in Southern Africa. Windhoek: Centre for Applied Social Studies. University of Namibia & New Namibia Books. pp. 289-322.
_______. 2000. “Traditional leaders”. In: ______. (ed.). State, society and democracy: a reader in Namibian politics. Windhoek: Gamsberg Macmillan. pp. 150-170.
KÖSSLER, Reinhart. 2005. In search of survival and dignity: two traditional communities in southern Namibia under South African rule. Windhoek: Gamsberg Macmillan.
KREIKE, Emmanuel. 1996. “Recreating Eden: agro-ecological change, food security and environmental diversity in Southern Angola and Northern Namibia, 1890-1960”. Tesis doctoral, Yale University.
MALETSKY, Christof. 2009. “Herero farmers invade San area”. The Namibian, 6 de mayo.
MARSHALL THOMAS, Elizabeth. 1959. The harmless people. London: Secker & Warburg.
McKITTRICK, M. 2008. “Landscapes of power: ownership and identity on the middle Kavango River, Namibia”. Journal of Southern African Studies, 34(4):785-802.
MINISTRY OF LANDS AND RESETTLEMENT (MLR). 2005a. Background research work and findings of the permanent technical team studies. Windhoek.
_______. 2005b. Strategic options and action plan for land reform in Namibia. Windhoek.
MINISTRY OF LANDS, RESETTLEMENT AND REHABILITATION (MLRR). 1997. National Resettlement Policy. Windhoek.
______. 1998. National land policy. Windhoek. MOSOTHO, Kesentseng & TSIU, Mapaseka J. 2008. Assessment of land use on the resettlement farms Lievenberg, Drimiopsis and Du Plessis. Windhoek: Namibia Institute for Democracy. Analyses and Views, 5 (4).
Namibian Association of CBNRM Support Organisations (NACSO). 2012. Living with wildlife ”” the story of Nyae Nyae conservancy. Windhoek.
ODENDAAL, Willem & TJIRAMBA, Shadrack. 2005. Our land we farm: an analysis of the Namibian commercial land reform process. Windhoek: Legal Assistance Centre.
ORTH, Ina. 2003. “Identity as dissociation: the Khwe’s struggle for land in West Caprivi”. In: Thekla Hohmann (ed.). San and the state: contesting land, development identity and representation. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe pp. 121-159.
PAKLEPPA, Richard. 2005. Report on enquiry into the socio-economic conditions and needs of some San communities in the Ohangwena and Otjikoto regions of Northern Namibia. Windhoek: WIMSA.
PAKLEPPA, Richard & KWONONOKA, Americo. 2003. Onde os primeiros são os últimos: a luta pela supervivência das comunidades San no sul de Angola. Windhoek: Trócaire Angola-WIMSA-OCADEC.
PANKHURST, Donna. 1996. A resolvable conflict? The politics of land in Namibia. Peace Research Report nº 36. Department of Peace Studies. University of Bradford.
PEACOCK, S. 1999. “Africa meets the great Farini”. In: Bernth Lindfors (ed.). Africans on stage: studies on ethnological show business. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 81-106.
PENN, N. 1996. “‘Fated to perish’: the destruction of the Cape San”. In: Pippa Skotnes (ed.). MISCAST: negotiating the presence of the Bushmen. Ciudad del Cabo: University of Cape Town Press. pp. 81-91.
_______. 2005. The forgotten frontier: colonist and Khoisan on the Cape’s Northern frontier in the 18th century. Ciudad del Cabo: Double Storey Books.
PISANI, André du. 2000. “State and society under South African rule”. In: Christopher Keulder (ed.). State, society and democracy: a reader in Namibian politics. Windhoek: Gamsberg Macmillan. pp. 49-76.
ROBINS, Steven. 2000. “Land struggles and the politics and ethics of representing ‘Bushman’ history and identity”. Kronos, 26:58-75.
ROUSSET, Karine. 2003. To be Khwe means to suffer: local dynamics, imbalances and contestations in the Caprivi Game Park. Tesis de Licenciatura, University of Cape Town.
SHEJAVALI, Nangula. 2009. “Gam farmers to experience consequences of land invasion”. The Namibian, May 8.
SILVESTER, Jeremy. 1993. Black pastoralists, white farmers: the dynamics of land disposession and labour recruitment in Southern Namibia, 1915-1955. Tesis doctoral, University of London.
SILVESTER, Jeremy & GEWALD, Jan-Bart (eds.). 2003. Words cannot be found: German colonial rule in Namibia: an annotated reprint of the 1918 Blue Book. Leiden: Brill.
SMITH, Andy; MALHERBE, Candy; GUENTHER, Mat & BERENS, Penny. 2000. The Bushmen of Southern Africa: a foraging society in transition. Ciudad del Cabo & Athens: David Philip & Ohio University Press.
SUZMAN, James. 2000. “Things from the bush”: a contemporary history of the Omaheke Bushmen. Basilea: P. Schlettwein Publishing.
_______. 2001. An assessment of the status of the San in Namibia. Windhoek: Legal Assistance Centre.
SYLVAIN, Renée. 1999. “We work to have life”: Ju/’hoan women, work and survival in the Omaheke region. Tesis doctoral. University of Toronto.
TAPIA, Carlos. 2005. La reforma agraria en Namibia: ¿una alternativa de desarrollo?. Florencia: Instituto Agronomico per l’Oltremare. Società Editrice Fiorentina.
TÖTEMEYER, G. 2000. “Decentralisation and state-building at the local level”. In: Christopher Keulder (ed.). State, society and democracy: a reader in Namibian politics. Windhoek: Gamsberg Macmillan. pp. 108-149.
VAN DER POST, Laurence. 1958. The lost world of the Kalahari. Penguin: Harmondsworth.
WERNER, Wolfgang. 1998. “No one will become rich”. In: ______. Economy and society in the Herero reserves in Namibia, 1915-1946. Basilea: P.Schlettwein Publishing.
_______. 2004. “Promoting development among farm workers: some options for Namibia”. In: J. Hunter (ed.). Who should own the land? Analyses and views on land reform and the land question in Namibia and Southern Africa. Windhoek: Konrad-AdenauerStiftung & Namibia Institute for Democracy. pp. 19-45.
WIDLOK, T. 1999. Living on Mangetti: “Bushman” autonomy and Namibian independence. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
_______. 2003. “The needy, the greedy and the state: dividing Hai//om Landin the Oshikoto Region”. In: Thekla Hohmann (ed.). San and the State: contesting land, development, identity and representation. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe. pp. 87-119.
WIMSA. 2006”“2007. Report of activities: April 2006”“March 2007. Windhoek: Working Group on Indigenous Minorities in Southern Africa.
_______. 2007”“2008. Report of activities: 2007”“2008. Windhoek: Working Group on Indigenous Minorities in Southern Africa.
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2018-02-06
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Gargallo, Eduard. 2018. «De Las Visiones Coloniales a Las políticas Postcoloniales: El Caso De Los San De Namibia». Anuário Antropológico 40 (2):51-76. https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/anuarioantropologico/article/view/6661.
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