Towards a low carbon economy in the Amazon:
the role of land-use policies
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.18472/SustDeb.v2n2.2011.5820Mots-clés :
Emissões de gases de efeito estufa, Agricultura, Desmatamento, Brasil, Pecuária, Soja, Políticas de conservaçãoRésumé
As mudanças climáticas, a elevação dos preços do petróleo e a crise financeira global colocaram a sustentabilidade e o “crescimento verde” da economia na agenda política. A transição para uma economia de “baixo carbono” em países desenvolvidos, como na União Européia, vem sendo buscada principalmente pela geração de energia renovável. Já os países em desenvolvimento, como o Brasil enfrentam um aumento das emissões como resultado das mudanças no uso da terra, que deverá crescer ainda mais crescimento nas próximas décadas, se não forem adotados instrumentos de política adequadamente. O desmatamento e a pecuária são as principais fontes de emissões pelo uso da terra no Brasil e estas emissões devem crescer ainda mais com com a liberalização do comércio agrícola. A transição para uma economia de “baixo carbono” no Brasil, portanto, exige políticas de uso da terra adequadas. A intensificação da agricultura pode, por um lado satisfazer a demanda mundial por soja e carne bovina. Por exemplo, estimou-se que a intensificação da produção de gado pode reduzir emissões de desmatamento em até 30%, mas essa intensificação pode também acelerar o desmatamento das florestas do Cerrado e da Amazônia. Para evitar o desmatamento adicional, grandes áreas de terras degradadas devem ser reincorporadas à produção, o que requer grandes investimentos agrícolas. Além disso, (novos) instrumentos econômicos, monitoramento, aplicação da lei e políticas de conservação apropriadas também são necessários para deter o desmatamento e perda de biodiversidade. A mudança recente do Código Florestal, por exemplo, deve acelerar ainda mais o desmatamento, tornando assim mais difícil alcançar as metas de mitigação estabelecidas pelo Estado brasileiro.
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