Parents’ Perception of the First Symptoms of Autism
Keywords:
Autism, Early identification, Parental perceptionAbstract
The occurrence of problems related to social development is the best predictors of a future diagnosis of an Autistic Disorder. Speech delay, however, seems to be the main that reason that leads parents to seek assistance. The present study aimed to investigate the first symptoms observed by the parents of children with autism and the age that it occurred. Thirty-two preschool children participated in the study. The instrument used was the Autism Diagnostic Interviwed-Revised. Abnormalities in language development were the most frequent symptoms reported by the parents, but social impairment was the earliest that was noticed. The average age when the parents noticed the first symptoms was 15.2 months. The results corroborate other findings, highlighting the importance of social deficits for the early identification of autism.
Downloads
References
Adrien, J. L., Perrot, A., Sauvage, D., Leddet, I., Larmande, C., Hameury, L., & Barthelemy, C. (1992). Early symptoms in autism from family home movies.Acta Paedopsychiatrica, 55(2), 71-75.
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5a. ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
American Psychiatric Association. (2003). Manual diagnóstico e estatístico de transtornos mentais (4a. ed., Dornelles, C. trad.). Porto Alegre: Artmed.
Backes, B., Zanon, R. B., & Bosa, C. A. (2013). A relação entre regressão da linguagem e desenvolvimento sociocomunicativo de crianças com transtorno do espectro do autismo. CoDAS, 25(3), 268-273.
Backes, B., Zanon, R. B., Endres, R. G., Meimes, M. A., & Bosa, C. A. (2012, May). The regression of language skills in preschool children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Postersession presented at the International Meeting for Autism Research, Toronto, Canada.
Baghdadli, A., Picot, M. C., Prascal, C., Pry, R., & Aussilloux, C. (2003). Relationship between age of recognition of first disturbances and severity in young children with autism. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 12(3), 122-127.
Barbaro, J. (2009). Autism Spectrum Disorders in infancy and toddlerhood: A review of the evidence on early signs, early identification tool, and early diagnosis. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 30(5), 447-459.
Bardin, L. (1977). Análise de Conteúdo. Lisboa, Portugal: Edições 70.
Becker, M. M., Wagner, M. B., Bosa, C. A., Schmidt, C., Longo, D., Papaleo, C., & Riesgo, R. S. (2012).Translation and validation of Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) for autism diagnosis in Brazil. Arquivos de Neuropsiquiatria,70(3), 185-190.
Bosa, C. (2002a). Atenção compartilhada e identificação precoce do autismo. Psicologia, Reflexão e Crítica, 15(1), 77-88.
Bosa, C. (2002b). Sinais precoces de comprometimento social no autismo infantil. In W. Camargos, Jr. W. (Ed.), Transtornos invasivos do desenvolvimento (pp. 42-47). Brasília: Corde.
Bosa, C. (2009). Compreendendo a evolução da comunicação do bebê: implicações para a identificação precoce do autismo. In V. G. Haase, F. O. Ferreira, & F. J. Penna (Eds.), Aspectos biopsicossociais da saúde na infância e adolescência (pp. 319-328). Belo Horizonte: Coopmed.
Castro-Souza, R. M., & Pasquali, L. (2011). Adaptação brasileira do M-CHAT (Modified Checklist for autism in toddlers). Dissertação de mestrado não publicada, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília.
Chakrabariti, S. (2009). Early identification of Autism. Indian Pediatrics, 46(17), 412-414.
Charman, T., Swerrwnham, J., Baron-Cohen, S., Cox, A., Braid, G., & Drew, A. (1997). Infants with autism: an investigation of empathy, pretend play, joint attention, and imitation, Developmental Psychology, 33(5), 781-789.
Chawarska, K., Paul, R., Klin, A., Hannigen, S., Dichtel, L., &Volkmar, F. (2007) Parental recognition of developmental problems in toddlers with ASD. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorder, 37, 62-73.
Coonrod, E. E., & Stone, L. L. (2004).Early concerns of parents of children with autistic and nonautistic disorders. Infants and Young Children, 17(3), 258-268.
Daley, T. (2004). From symptom recognition to diagnosis: children with autism in urban India. Social Science & Medicine, 58, 1323-1335.
De Giacomo, A., & Fombonne, E. (1998). Parental recognition of developmental abnormalities in autism. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 7(3), 131-136.
Elsabbagh, M., Divan, G., Koh, Y., Kim, Y. S., Kauchali, S., Marcín, C., … Fombonne, E. (2012). Global prevalence of autism and other pervasive developmental disorders. Autism Research, 5(3), 160-179.
Fombonne, E. (2009). Epidemiology of pervasive developmental disorders. Pediatric Research, 65(6), 591-598.
Gray, K., & Tonge, B. (2001). Are there early features in autism in infants and preschool children? Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 37, 221-226.
Howlin, P., & Asgharian, A. (1999). The diagnosis of autism and Asperger syndrome: Findings from a survey of 770 families. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 41, 834-839.
Howlin, P., Magiati, I., & Charman, T. (2009). Systematic review of early intensive behavioral interventions for children with autism. American Journal of Intellectual Development Disabilities, 37, 23-41.
Hus, V., Taylor, A., & Lord, C. (2011). Telescoping of caregiver report on the Autism Diagnostic Interview-revised. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52(7), 753-760.
Järbrink, K., & Knapp, M. (2001). The economic impact of autism in Britain.Autism, 5(1), 7-22.
Johnson, C. P. (2008). Recognition of autism before age 2 years. Pediatrics in Review, 29, 86-96.
Lord, C., Storoschuk, S., Rutter, M., & Pickles, A. (1993). Using the ADI-R to diagnose autism in preschool children. Infant Mental Health Journal,14(3), 234-251.
Maestro, S., Muratori, F., Cavallaro, C., Pei, F., Stern, D., Golse, B., & Palacio-Espasa, F. (2002). Attentional skills during the first 6 months of age in autism spectrum disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 1239-1245.
Mandell, D. S., Listerud, J., Levy, S. E., & Pinto-Martin, J. A. (2002). Race differences in the age among medicaid-eligible children with autism. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 1447-1453.
Mandell, D. S., Wiggins, L. D., Carpenter, L. A., Daniels, J., Di Guiseppi, C., Durkin, M. S., … Kirby, R. S. (2009). Racial/ethnic disparities in the identification of children with autism spectrum disorders. American Journal of Public Health, 99, 493-498.
Mandell, D., Novak, M., & Zubritsky, C. (2005). Factors associated with age of diagnosis among children with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics, 116, 1480-1486.
Marques, D. F. & Bosa, C. A. (2010). Aprimoramento e evidências de validade do protocolo de observação para crianças com suspeita de transtorno do espectro autista: um estudo preliminar. Dissertação de mestrado não publicada,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre.
Montenegro, M. N. & Mercadante, M. T. (2007). Avaliação e estudo dos comportamentos de orientação social e atenção compartilhada nos transtornos invasivos do desenvolvimento. Dissertação de mestrado não publicada, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie.
Naber, F., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Van Ijzendoorn, M. H., Dietz, C., Van Daalen, M., Swinkels, S. H., … Engeland, H. (2008). Joint attention development in toddlers with autism. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 17, 143-152.
Noterdaeme, M., & Hutzelmeyer-Nickels, A. (2010). Early symptoms and recognition of pervasive developmental disorders in Germany. Autism, 14(6), 575-588.
Ozonoff, S., Iosif, A. M., Baguio, F., Cook, I. C., Hill, M. M., Hutman, T., … Young, G. S. (2010). A prospective study of the emergence of early behavioral signs of autism. Journal of the Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(3), 256”“66.
Papaeliou, C. F., & Trevarthen, C. (2006). Prelinguistic pitch patterns expressing ‘communication’ and ‘apprehension’. Journal of Child Language, 33, 163-178
Pickles, A., Simonoff, E., Conti-Ramsden, G., Falcaro, M., Simkin, Z., Chandler, S., … Baird, G. (2009). Loss of language in early development of autism and specific language impairment. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50(7), 843-852.
Reichow, B. (2011). Overview of meta-analyses on early intensive behavioral intervention for young children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Development Disorders, 42(4), 512-520.
Rice, C. E., Baio, J., Van Naarden, K., Doernberg, N., Meaney, F. J., & Kirby, R. S. (2007). A public health collaboration for the surveillance of autism spectrum disorders. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 21(2), 179-190.
Robson, C. (1995). Real Word Research. Oxford: Blackwell.
Rutter, M. L. (2011). Progress in understanding autism: 2007”“2010. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41, 395”“404.
Saint-Georges, C., Cassel, R., Cohen, D., Chetouani, M., Laznik, M., Maestro, S., & Muratoni, F. (2010). What studies of family home movie can teach us about autistic infants: a literature review. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 4, 355-366.
Shattuck, P. T., Durkin, M., Maenner, M. B. S., Newschaffer, C., Mandell, D. S., Wiggins, L., … Cuniff, C. (2009). Timing of identification among children with an autism spectrum disorder: Findings from a population-based surveillance study. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 48(5), 474-483.
Shumway, S., & Wetherby, A. (2009). Communicative acts of children with autism spectrum disorders in the second year of life. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 52, 1139-1156.
Sifuentes, M. S., & Bosa, C. A. (2007). A coparentalidade em pais de crianças com autismo em idade pré-escolar. Dissertação de mestrado não publicada, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre.
Siklos, S., & Kerns, K. (2007). Assessing the diagnostic experiences of a small sample of parents of children with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 28, 9-22.
Sudman, S., & Bradburn, N. M. (1973). Effects of time and memory factors on response in surveys. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 68, 805-815.
Tomasello, M. (2003). Origens culturais da aquisição do conhecimento humano. (C. Berliner, Trans.). São Paulo: Martins Fontes (Trabalho original publicado em 1999)
Turner, M. (1999). Annotation: repetitive behaviour in autism: a review of psychological research. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40(6), 839-849.
Watt, N., Wetherby, A. M., Barber, A., & Morgan, L. (2008). Repetitive and stereotyped behaviors in children with autism spectrum disorders in the second year of life. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38,1518-1533.
Werner, E. & Dowson, G. (2005).Validation of the phenomenon of autistic regression using home videotapes. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 889-895.
Werner, E., Dawson, G., Munson, J., & Osterling, J. (2005).Variation in early developmental course in autism and its relation with behavioral outcome at 3-4 years of age. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 35(3), 337-350.
Wiggins, L. D., Baio, J., & Rice, C. (2006). Examination of the time between first evaluation and first autism spectrum diagnosis in a population-based sample. Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 27(2), 79-87.
Wiggins, L. D., Rice, C. E., & Baio, J. (2009).Developmental regression in children with an autism spectrum disorder identified by a population-based surveillance system. Autism, 13(4), 357-374.
Yeargin-Allsopp, M., Rice, C., Karapurkar, T., Doernberg, N., Boyle, C., & Murphy, C. (2003). Prevalence of autism in a US metropolitan area. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 289(1), 49-55.
Yoder, P., Stone, W. L., Walden, T., & Malesa E. (2009). Predicting social impairment and ASD diagnosis in younger siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39(10), 1381-1391.
Zwaigenbaum, L., Bryson, S., Rogers, T., Roberts, W., Brian, J., & Szatmari, P. (2005). Behavioral manifestations of autism in the first year of life. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 23(2-3), 143-152.
Zwaigenbaum, L., Bryson, S., Lord, C., Rogers, S. Carter, A., Carver, L., … Yirmiya, N. (2009). Clinical assessment and management of toddlers with suspected autism spectrum disorder: Insights from studies of high-risk infants. Pediatrics, 123(5), 1383-1391.
