URBANIZATION, SEX AND SOLITUDE:
AN EMPIRICAL APPROACH
Abstract
Two studies investigated the influence of subjects'gender and residential town urbanization rate on the feeling ofloneliness. In Study 1, four North East cities were selected withdifferent urbanization rates. The UCLA Loneliness Scale was administeredto 400 university men and women (mean age = 23 years,SD =4,07). No significant effect was revealed by the 2x4 Anova. Thepossible specificity of these results to the North East Region wasinvestigated in Study 2. With this purpose, two more cities wereincluded in the research, with high urbanization rates and situated inother regions of the country. The results of the 2x6 Anova were also notsignificant. Results are explained in terms of the specific characteristicsof university life.
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References
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of lonely and depressed people. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,
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Guavira Editores.
BRADLEY, R. (1970) Measuring loneliness. Dissertation Abstracts International,
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BRAGG, M. E. (1979) A comparative study of loneliness and depression. Dissertation
Abstracts International, 39 (12-B), 6109.
BURTON, A. (1961) On the nature of loneliness. American Journal of Psychoanalysis,
21 (31), 34-9.
CASTELLS, M. (1974) La cuestión urbana. Madrid: SigloVisentiuno de Espana Editores
S. A.
CHELUNE, G. J., SULTAN, F. E. & WILLIAMS, С L (1980) Loneliness, self-disclosure,
and interpersonal effectiveness. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 27 (5),
462-8.
D'ABOY, J. E. (1973) Loneliness: An investigation of terminology. Dissertation
Abstracts International, 33 (7-B), 3281.
ELLISON, С W. (1978) Loneliness: A social-developmental analysis. Journal of
Psychology and Theology, 5(1), 3-17.
ELLISON, С W. (1 980) Solidão-uma doença psicológica. Rio de Janeiro: Record.
FAIRCHILD, H. P. (ed.) (1974) Diccionario de sociologia. México: Fondo de Cultura
Económica.
FROMM-REICHMANN, F. (1959) Loneliness. Psychiatry, 22 (1), 1-15.
GARCIA VILLEGAS, P. (1971) La Personalidad en las próximas décadas. Revista de
Psicologia General у Aplicada, 26 (110-111), 281-6.
GERSON, A. С. & PERLMAN, D. (1979) Loneliness and expressive communication.
Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 88 (3), 258-61.
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Free Press.
HAUSER, P. M. (1976). Urbanização: Vista geral. In P. M. Hauser & L F. Schnore.
(Eds.), Estudos de urbanização. São Paulo: Pioneira.
IBGE. (1981) Sinopse preliminar do censo demográfico: Brasil. Rio de Janeiro:
IBGE.
JONES, W. H., HOBBS, S. A. & HOCKENBURY, D. (1982) Loneliness and social skill
deficits. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42 (4), 682-9.
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Brasília: UnB - AUR. (mimeografado).
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Brasília: UnB - AUR (mimeografado).
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of loneliness. Dissertation Abstracts Internationa/, 35 (2-B), 1052.
KUBISTANT, Т. М. (1977) A synthesis of the aloneness/loneliness phenomenon:
A counseling perspective. Dissertation Abstracts International, 38 (4-A), 1892.
LANDEFELD, R. E. (1977) A study of the intrapsychic experience of loneliness in
widowhood. Dissertation Abstracts International, 38 (1-B), 334.
LEDRUT, R. (1971) Sociologia urbana. Rio de Janeiro: Forense.
LOPATA, H. Z. (1969) Loneliness: Forms and components. Social Problems, 17 (2),
248-61.
LOUCKS, S. (1974) The dimension of loneliness: A psychological study of affect,
self-concept, and object-relations. Dissertation Abstracts International, 35
(6-B), 3024.
LOUCKS, S. (1980) Loneliness, affect, and self-concept: Construct validity of the
Bradley Loneliness Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 44 (2), 142-7.
MAISEL, R. (1969) Report of the continuing audit of public attitudes and concerns.
Harvard Medical School: Laboratory of Community Psychiatry (mimeografado).
MICHELA, J. L, PEPLAU, L. A. & WEEKS, D. G. (1982) Perceived dimensions of attributions
for loneliness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43 (5),
929-36.
MISHARA, Т. Т. (1975) A social self approach to loneliness among college students.
Dissertation Abstracts International, 36 (3-B), 1446.
MOUSTAKAS, С E. (1961) Loneliness. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall.
MOUSTAKAS, С. С. (1972) Loneliness and love. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall.
PEPLAU, L A., RUSSELL, D. & HEIM, M. (1978) Loneliness: A bibliography of
research and theory. Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 8, 38, MS,
1682.
PINHEIRO, A. de A. A. & TAMAYO, A. (1984a) Conceituação e definição de solidão.
Revista de Psicologia, 2 (1), 29-37.
PINHEIRO, A. de A. A. & TAMAYO, A. (1984b) Escala UCLA de Solidão: Adaptação e
validação. Arquivos Brasileiros de Psicologia, 36 (1), 36-44.
PINHEIRO, A. de A. A. & TAMAYO, A. (1985) Sexo e solidão: Uma revisão. Arquivos
Brasileiros de Psicologia, 37 (4), 56-64.
PINTO, L A. Costa (1964) Estructura de c/ases у cambio social. Buenos Aires:
Paidós.
PITTMAN, W. M. (1977). The relative effectiveness of three groups counseling
approaches in reducing loneliness among college studentes. Dissertation
Abstracts International, 37 (8-A), 4870.
PORTNOFF, G. (1976) The experience of loneliness. Dissertation Abstracts
Internationa/, 36 (12-B, pt. 1), 6452.
RIESMAN, D. (1960). Faces in the crowd. Individual studies in character and
politics. New Haven: Yale University Press.
RIESMAN, D. (1970). The lonely crowd. A study of the changing American
character. New Haven: Yale University Press.
RUSSEL, D., PEPLAU, L A. & CUTRONA, С. Е. (1 980) The Revised UCLA Loneliness
Scale: Concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology, 39 (3), 472-80.
RUSSEL, D., PEPLAU, L A. & FERGUSON, M. L (1978) Developing a measure of
loneliness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 42 (3), 290-4.
SADLER JR., W. A. (1978) Dimensions in the problem of loneliness: A phenomenological
approach in social psychology. Journal of Phenomenological Psychology,
9(1-2), 157-87.
SCHMIDT, N. & SERMAT, V. (1983) Measuring loneliness in different relationships.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44 (5), 1038-47.
SERMAT, V. & SMITH, M. (1973) Content analysis of verbal communication in the
development of relationship: Conditions influencing self-disclosure. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 26, 332-46.
SINGER, P. (1975). Economia política da urbanização. São Paulo: Brasiliense.
SOLANO, С. Ð. (1980) Two measures of loneliness: A comparison. Psychological
Reports, 46, 23-8.
SOLANO, С H., BATTEN, P. G. & PARISH, E. A. (1982) Loneliness and patterns of
self-disclosure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43 (3), 524-31.
SULLIVAN, H. S. (1953) The interpersonal theory of psychiatry. Nova Iorque: Norton.
WALDEN, P. A. (1973) A philosophical investigation of loneliness. Dissertation
Abstracts International, 34 (4-A), 1978.
WEEKS, D. G., MICHELA, J. L, PEPLAU, L A. & BRAGG, M. L (1980) Relation
between loneliness and depression: A structural equation analysis. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 39 (6), 1238-44.
WEISS, R. S. (ed.) (1973) Loneliness: The experience of emotional and social
isolation. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
WHEELER, L, REIS, H. & NEZLEK, J. (1983) Loneliness, social interaction, and sex
roles. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45 (4), 943-53.
WIRTH, L (1938) Urbanism as a way of life. The American Journal of Sociology,
XLIV(1), 1-24.
WOOD, L. A. (1 978) Loneliness, social identity and social structure. Essence, 2 (4),
256-70.
ZADROZNY, J. T. (1959) Dictionary of Social Science. Washington: Public Affairs
Press.
ZILBOORG, G. (1938) Loneliness. Atlantic Monthly, 161. 45-54.
of lonely and depressed people. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,
45(1), 127-36.
BECKER, E. (1974) The spectrum of loneliness. Humanitas, X (3), 237-46.
BERNARDES, S. (1975) Cidade - A sobrevivência do poder. Rio de Janeiro:
Guavira Editores.
BRADLEY, R. (1970) Measuring loneliness. Dissertation Abstracts International,
30 (7-B), 3382.
BRAGG, M. E. (1979) A comparative study of loneliness and depression. Dissertation
Abstracts International, 39 (12-B), 6109.
BURTON, A. (1961) On the nature of loneliness. American Journal of Psychoanalysis,
21 (31), 34-9.
CASTELLS, M. (1974) La cuestión urbana. Madrid: SigloVisentiuno de Espana Editores
S. A.
CHELUNE, G. J., SULTAN, F. E. & WILLIAMS, С L (1980) Loneliness, self-disclosure,
and interpersonal effectiveness. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 27 (5),
462-8.
D'ABOY, J. E. (1973) Loneliness: An investigation of terminology. Dissertation
Abstracts International, 33 (7-B), 3281.
ELLISON, С W. (1978) Loneliness: A social-developmental analysis. Journal of
Psychology and Theology, 5(1), 3-17.
ELLISON, С W. (1 980) Solidão-uma doença psicológica. Rio de Janeiro: Record.
FAIRCHILD, H. P. (ed.) (1974) Diccionario de sociologia. México: Fondo de Cultura
Económica.
FROMM-REICHMANN, F. (1959) Loneliness. Psychiatry, 22 (1), 1-15.
GARCIA VILLEGAS, P. (1971) La Personalidad en las próximas décadas. Revista de
Psicologia General у Aplicada, 26 (110-111), 281-6.
GERSON, A. С. & PERLMAN, D. (1979) Loneliness and expressive communication.
Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 88 (3), 258-61.
GORDON, S. (1976) Lonely in America. Nova Iorque: Simon and Schuster.
GOULD, J. & KOLB, W. L (ed.) (1965) A Dictionary of Social Sciences. Unesco: The
Free Press.
HAUSER, P. M. (1976). Urbanização: Vista geral. In P. M. Hauser & L F. Schnore.
(Eds.), Estudos de urbanização. São Paulo: Pioneira.
IBGE. (1981) Sinopse preliminar do censo demográfico: Brasil. Rio de Janeiro:
IBGE.
JONES, W. H., HOBBS, S. A. & HOCKENBURY, D. (1982) Loneliness and social skill
deficits. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42 (4), 682-9.
KOHLSDORF, M. E. (1975) Gestalt urbana: Considerações sobre o plano piloto de
Brasília: UnB - AUR. (mimeografado).
KOHLSDORF, M. E. (1980) Manual de técnicas de apreensão do espaço urbano.
Brasília: UnB - AUR (mimeografado).
KREBS, J. S. (1 974) The infinite spaceship: A phenomenological analysis of the experience
of loneliness. Dissertation Abstracts Internationa/, 35 (2-B), 1052.
KUBISTANT, Т. М. (1977) A synthesis of the aloneness/loneliness phenomenon:
A counseling perspective. Dissertation Abstracts International, 38 (4-A), 1892.
LANDEFELD, R. E. (1977) A study of the intrapsychic experience of loneliness in
widowhood. Dissertation Abstracts International, 38 (1-B), 334.
LEDRUT, R. (1971) Sociologia urbana. Rio de Janeiro: Forense.
LOPATA, H. Z. (1969) Loneliness: Forms and components. Social Problems, 17 (2),
248-61.
LOUCKS, S. (1974) The dimension of loneliness: A psychological study of affect,
self-concept, and object-relations. Dissertation Abstracts International, 35
(6-B), 3024.
LOUCKS, S. (1980) Loneliness, affect, and self-concept: Construct validity of the
Bradley Loneliness Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 44 (2), 142-7.
MAISEL, R. (1969) Report of the continuing audit of public attitudes and concerns.
Harvard Medical School: Laboratory of Community Psychiatry (mimeografado).
MICHELA, J. L, PEPLAU, L. A. & WEEKS, D. G. (1982) Perceived dimensions of attributions
for loneliness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43 (5),
929-36.
MISHARA, Т. Т. (1975) A social self approach to loneliness among college students.
Dissertation Abstracts International, 36 (3-B), 1446.
MOUSTAKAS, С E. (1961) Loneliness. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall.
MOUSTAKAS, С. С. (1972) Loneliness and love. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall.
PEPLAU, L A., RUSSELL, D. & HEIM, M. (1978) Loneliness: A bibliography of
research and theory. Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 8, 38, MS,
1682.
PINHEIRO, A. de A. A. & TAMAYO, A. (1984a) Conceituação e definição de solidão.
Revista de Psicologia, 2 (1), 29-37.
PINHEIRO, A. de A. A. & TAMAYO, A. (1984b) Escala UCLA de Solidão: Adaptação e
validação. Arquivos Brasileiros de Psicologia, 36 (1), 36-44.
PINHEIRO, A. de A. A. & TAMAYO, A. (1985) Sexo e solidão: Uma revisão. Arquivos
Brasileiros de Psicologia, 37 (4), 56-64.
PINTO, L A. Costa (1964) Estructura de c/ases у cambio social. Buenos Aires:
Paidós.
PITTMAN, W. M. (1977). The relative effectiveness of three groups counseling
approaches in reducing loneliness among college studentes. Dissertation
Abstracts International, 37 (8-A), 4870.
PORTNOFF, G. (1976) The experience of loneliness. Dissertation Abstracts
Internationa/, 36 (12-B, pt. 1), 6452.
RIESMAN, D. (1960). Faces in the crowd. Individual studies in character and
politics. New Haven: Yale University Press.
RIESMAN, D. (1970). The lonely crowd. A study of the changing American
character. New Haven: Yale University Press.
RUSSEL, D., PEPLAU, L A. & CUTRONA, С. Е. (1 980) The Revised UCLA Loneliness
Scale: Concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology, 39 (3), 472-80.
RUSSEL, D., PEPLAU, L A. & FERGUSON, M. L (1978) Developing a measure of
loneliness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 42 (3), 290-4.
SADLER JR., W. A. (1978) Dimensions in the problem of loneliness: A phenomenological
approach in social psychology. Journal of Phenomenological Psychology,
9(1-2), 157-87.
SCHMIDT, N. & SERMAT, V. (1983) Measuring loneliness in different relationships.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44 (5), 1038-47.
SERMAT, V. & SMITH, M. (1973) Content analysis of verbal communication in the
development of relationship: Conditions influencing self-disclosure. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 26, 332-46.
SINGER, P. (1975). Economia política da urbanização. São Paulo: Brasiliense.
SOLANO, С. Ð. (1980) Two measures of loneliness: A comparison. Psychological
Reports, 46, 23-8.
SOLANO, С H., BATTEN, P. G. & PARISH, E. A. (1982) Loneliness and patterns of
self-disclosure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43 (3), 524-31.
SULLIVAN, H. S. (1953) The interpersonal theory of psychiatry. Nova Iorque: Norton.
WALDEN, P. A. (1973) A philosophical investigation of loneliness. Dissertation
Abstracts International, 34 (4-A), 1978.
WEEKS, D. G., MICHELA, J. L, PEPLAU, L A. & BRAGG, M. L (1980) Relation
between loneliness and depression: A structural equation analysis. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 39 (6), 1238-44.
WEISS, R. S. (ed.) (1973) Loneliness: The experience of emotional and social
isolation. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
WHEELER, L, REIS, H. & NEZLEK, J. (1983) Loneliness, social interaction, and sex
roles. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45 (4), 943-53.
WIRTH, L (1938) Urbanism as a way of life. The American Journal of Sociology,
XLIV(1), 1-24.
WOOD, L. A. (1 978) Loneliness, social identity and social structure. Essence, 2 (4),
256-70.
ZADROZNY, J. T. (1959) Dictionary of Social Science. Washington: Public Affairs
Press.
ZILBOORG, G. (1938) Loneliness. Atlantic Monthly, 161. 45-54.
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Published
2012-07-10
How to Cite
Pinheiro, Ângela de A. A., & Tamayo, Álvaro. (2012). URBANIZATION, SEX AND SOLITUDE:: AN EMPIRICAL APPROACH. Psicologia: Teoria E Pesquisa, 3(1), 52–63. Retrieved from https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/revistaptp/article/view/17011
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