Escala de Significado do Dinheiro:
Desenvolvimento e Validação
Palavras-chave:
Escalas de significado do dinheiro, Psicologia do dinheiro, Psicologia econômicaResumo
A carência de instrumentos de mensuração confiáveis tem atrasado o desenvolvimento da pesquisa psicológica sobre dinheiro e fenómenos relacionados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver e validar uma Escala de Significado do Dinheiro. Para desenvolver a escala, dados preliminares foram coletados com amostra heterogénea de 61 sujeitos e organizados através de procedimento incluindo análises de conteúdo, combinatória, semântica e de juízes. A compreensão teórica baseou-se em referencial das ciências sociais, resultando em um modelo hipotético com 10 fatores. A escala foi validada em amostra heterogénea com 1.464 sujeitos de todas as regiões brasileiras. Os resultados apontaram uma estrutura multifatorial ortogonal, confirmada separadamente para homens e mulheres, e constituída por 9 componentes: os alpha de Cronbach variaram entre 0,70 e 0,88 para 6 componentes; os demais foram 0,66, 0,67 e 0,57. Comparada aos estudos anteriores, esta escala apresenta avanços e abre novas possibilidades para pesquisas psicológicas em temas relacionados a dinheiro.
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Referências
Allison, J. (1983). Behavioral economics. New York: Preger Publisher.
Babin, B.J., Darden, W.R. & Griffm, M. (1994). Work and/or fun:
Measuring hedonic and utilitarian shopping value. Journal of
Consumer Research, 20(4), 644-656.
Baker, W.E. & Jimerson, J.B. (1992). The sociology of money.
American Behavioral Scientist, 35(6), 678-693.
Baron, R.M. & Kenny, D.A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable
distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual,
strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
Belk, R.W. (1991). The ineluctable mysteries of possessions. Special
issue: To have possessions: A handbook on ownership and
property. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 6(6), 17-
55.
Brandstaetter, E. & Brandstaetter, H. (1996). What's money worth?
Determinants of the subjective value of money. Journal of Economic
Psychology, 77(4), 443-464.
Burgoyne, C.B. (1995). Financial organization and decision-making
within western households. Journal of Economic Psychology,
76(3), 421-430.
Cowherd, D.M. & Levine, D.I. (1992). Product quality and pay
equity between lower-level employees and top management:
An investigation of distributive justice theory. Special issue-
Process and outcome-Perspectives on the distribution of rewards
in organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 57(2), 302-
320.
Dalton, G. (1971). Economic theory and primitive society. American
Anthropologist, 63, 1-25.
Diener, E. & Fujita, F. (1995). Resources, personal strivings, and
subjective well-being: A nomothetic and idiographic approach.
Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 68(5), 926-935.
Dodd, N. (1997). A sociologia do dinheiro - Economia, razão e a
sociedade contemporânea (W.M. Portinho, Trad.). Rio de
Janeiro: Fundação Getúlio Vargas Editora. (Trabalho original
publicado em 1994)
Doyle, K.O. (1992). Money and the behavioral sciences. American
Behavioral Scientist, 35(6), 641-657.
Etzioni, A. (1988). Normative-afective factors: toward a new decision-
making model. Journal of Economic Psychology, 9, 125-
150.
Freud, S. (1977). Charater and anal eroticism (J. Strachey, Trad.).
Em A. Richards (Org.), On sexuality - Three essays on the theory
of sexuality and other works (Vol. 7, pp. 205-215). Harmondsworth:
Penguin Books. (Trabalho original publicado em 1908)
Freud, S. (1977). On transformations of instinct as exemplified in
anal eroticism (J. Strachey, Trad.). Em A. Richards (Org.), On
sexuality - Three essays on the theory of sexuality and other
works (Vol. 7, pp. 293-320). Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
(Trabalho original publicado em 1917)
Furby, L. (1991). Understanding the psychology of possession and
ownership: A personal memoir and an appraisal of our progress.
Special issue: To have possessions: A handbook on ownership
and property. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 6(6),
457-463.
Furnham, A. (1983). Inflation and the estimated sizes of notes.
Journal of Economic Psychology, 4(4), 349-352.
Furnham, A. (1984). Many sides of the coin: The psychology of
money usage. Personality & Individual Differences, 5(5), 501-
509.
Furnham, A. (1985). The perceived value of small coins. Journal
of Social Psychology, 125(5), 571-575.
Furnham, A. & Argyle, M. (1998). The psychology of money. London
New York: Routledge.
Galbraith, J.K. (1989). O pensamento econômico em perspectiva -
Uma história crítica (CM., Trad.). São Paulo: Livraria Pioneira
Editora. (Trabalho original publicado em 1987)
Goldberg, H. & Lewis, R. (1978). Money madness: The psychology
of saving, spending, loving and hating money. London:
Springwood.
Greenland, E.A.G., Bloem, J.G. & Kuylen, A.A.A. (1996).
Prototypicality and structure of the saving concept for consumers.
Journal of Economic Psychology, 17, 691-708.
Hanley, A. & Wilhelm, M.S. (1992). Compulsive buying: An exploration
into self-esteem and money attitudes. Journal of Economic
Psychology, 13(1), 5-18.
Hofstede, G. (1994). Cultures and organizations: Software of the
mind. London: HarperCollins Publishers.
Kagitcibasi, C. (1997). Individualism and collectivism. Em J.W.
Berry, M.H. Segall & C. Kagitcibasi (Orgs.), Handbook of crosscultural
psychology - Social behavior and applications (2nd
ed., Vol. 3, pp. 1-49). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Katona, G. (1975). Psychological economics. New York: Elsevier.
Kirchler, E. (1993). Spouses joint purchase decisions - Determinants
of influence tactics for muddling through the process.
Journal of Economic Psychology, 14(2), 405-438.
Kirchler, E. (1995). Studying economic decisions within private
households - A critical- review and design for a couple experiences
diary. Journal of Economic Psychology, 16(3), 393-419.
Kirchler, E. (1997). The burden of new taxes: Acceptance of taxes
as a function of affectedness and egoistic versus altruistic orientation.
Journal of Socio Economics, 26(4), 421-437.
Lamb, M.L. (1992). Theology and money: Rationality, religion,
and economics. American Behavioral Scientist, 35(6), 735-755.
Lea, S.E.G., Tarpy, R.M. & Webley, P. (1987). The individual in
the economy: A textbook of economic psychology. Cambridge,
England: Cambridge University Press.
Lea, S.E.G., Webley, P. & Walker, C. (1995). Psychological-factors
in consumer debt - Money management, economic socialization,
and credit use. Journal of Economic Psychology, 16(3),
681-701.
Lewis, A., Webley, P. & Furnham, A. (1995). The new economic
mind. Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
Livingstone, S. & Lunt, P. (1993). Savers and borrowers: Strategies
of personal financial management. Human Relations, 46(8),
963-985.
Lynn, R. (1991). The secret of the miracle economy. London: S AU.
Lynn, R, (1993). Sex differences in competitiveness and the valuation
of money in twenty countries. Journal of Social Psychology,
133(4), 507-511.
Marx, K. (1984). Elementos fundamentals para la critica de la
economia politica (Crundisse) (Volume 1,13 ed.). (P. Scaron,
Trad.) Madrid: Siglo XXI. (Trabalho original publicado em
1858)
Maslow, A.H. (1954). Motivation and personality. New York:
Harper.
Medina, J.F., Saegert, J. & Gresham, A. (1996). Comparison of
Mexican-American and Anglo-American attitudes toward
Money. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 50(1), 124-145.
Myerson, J. & Green, L. (1995). Discounting of delayed rewards -
Models of individual choice. Journal of Experimental Analysis
of Behavior, 64, 263-276.
Pahl, J. (1995). His money, her money - Recent research on financial
organization in marriage. Journal of Economic Psychology,
16(3), 361-376.
Pasquali, L. (1996). Teoria e métodos de medida em ciências do
comportamento. Brasília: UnB-INEP.
Pasquali, L. (1999). Testes referentes a construtos: teoria e modelo
de construção. Em L. Pasquali (Org.), Instrumentos psicológicos:
manual prático de elaboração. Brasília: LabPAM/IBAPP.
Politano, J. & Lester, D. (1997). Self-destructiveness and credit
card debt. Psychological Reports, 81(2), 634.
Porter, N.M. & Garman, E.T. (1992). Money as part of a measure
of financial well-being. American Behavioral Scientist, 35(6),
820-826.
Rubinstein, W.D. (1981). Survey report on money. Psychology Today,
5, 24-44.
Smith, P.B. & Bond, M.H. (1998). Social psychology across cultures
(2a ed.). London: Prentice Hall Europe.
Snelders, H.M., Hussein, G., Lea, S.E. & Webley, P. (1992). The
polymorphous concept of money. Journal of Economic Psychology,
73(1), 71-92.
Sorauf, F.K. (1992). Politics and money. American Behavioral Scientist,
35(6), 725-734.
Tabachnick, B.G. & Fidell, L.S. (1996). Using multivariate statistics
(3a ed.). New York: HarperCollins College Publishers.
Tang, T.L.P. (1992). The meaning of money revisited. Journal of
Organizational Behavior, 13(2), 197-202.
Tang, T.L.P. & Gilbert, P.R. (1995). Attitudes toward money as
related to intrinsic and extrinsic job satisfaction, stress and workrelated
attitudes. Personality and Individual Differences, 19(3),
327-332.
Thierry, H. (1992). Payment: Which meanings are rewarding?
American Behavioral Scientist, 35(6), 694-707.
Triandis, H.C. (1995). individualism & collectivism. Boulder, CO,
US: Westview Press.
Tversky, A. & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty:
Heuristics and biases - Biases in judgments reveal some heuristics
of thinking under uncertainty. Science, 185, 1124-1131.
Wernimont, P.F. & Fitzpatrick, S. (1972). The meaning of money.
Journal of Applied Psychology, 56, 218-226.
Wheeler, L., Reis, H.T. & Bond, M.H. (1997). Collectivism and
individualism in everyday social life: The middle Kingdom and
the Melting Pot. Em L.A. Peplau & S.E. Taylor (Orgs.), Sociocultural
perspectives in social psychology - current readings
(pp. 297-313). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Yamauchi, H., Lynn, R. & Rendell, I. (1994). Gender differences
in work motivations and attitudes in Japan and Northern Ireland.
Psychology: An International Journal of Psychologia in
the Orient, 37(A), 195-198.
Yamauchi, K.T. & Templer, D.I. (1982). The development of a
money attitude scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 46(5),
522-528.
Babin, B.J., Darden, W.R. & Griffm, M. (1994). Work and/or fun:
Measuring hedonic and utilitarian shopping value. Journal of
Consumer Research, 20(4), 644-656.
Baker, W.E. & Jimerson, J.B. (1992). The sociology of money.
American Behavioral Scientist, 35(6), 678-693.
Baron, R.M. & Kenny, D.A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable
distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual,
strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
Belk, R.W. (1991). The ineluctable mysteries of possessions. Special
issue: To have possessions: A handbook on ownership and
property. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 6(6), 17-
55.
Brandstaetter, E. & Brandstaetter, H. (1996). What's money worth?
Determinants of the subjective value of money. Journal of Economic
Psychology, 77(4), 443-464.
Burgoyne, C.B. (1995). Financial organization and decision-making
within western households. Journal of Economic Psychology,
76(3), 421-430.
Cowherd, D.M. & Levine, D.I. (1992). Product quality and pay
equity between lower-level employees and top management:
An investigation of distributive justice theory. Special issue-
Process and outcome-Perspectives on the distribution of rewards
in organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 57(2), 302-
320.
Dalton, G. (1971). Economic theory and primitive society. American
Anthropologist, 63, 1-25.
Diener, E. & Fujita, F. (1995). Resources, personal strivings, and
subjective well-being: A nomothetic and idiographic approach.
Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 68(5), 926-935.
Dodd, N. (1997). A sociologia do dinheiro - Economia, razão e a
sociedade contemporânea (W.M. Portinho, Trad.). Rio de
Janeiro: Fundação Getúlio Vargas Editora. (Trabalho original
publicado em 1994)
Doyle, K.O. (1992). Money and the behavioral sciences. American
Behavioral Scientist, 35(6), 641-657.
Etzioni, A. (1988). Normative-afective factors: toward a new decision-
making model. Journal of Economic Psychology, 9, 125-
150.
Freud, S. (1977). Charater and anal eroticism (J. Strachey, Trad.).
Em A. Richards (Org.), On sexuality - Three essays on the theory
of sexuality and other works (Vol. 7, pp. 205-215). Harmondsworth:
Penguin Books. (Trabalho original publicado em 1908)
Freud, S. (1977). On transformations of instinct as exemplified in
anal eroticism (J. Strachey, Trad.). Em A. Richards (Org.), On
sexuality - Three essays on the theory of sexuality and other
works (Vol. 7, pp. 293-320). Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
(Trabalho original publicado em 1917)
Furby, L. (1991). Understanding the psychology of possession and
ownership: A personal memoir and an appraisal of our progress.
Special issue: To have possessions: A handbook on ownership
and property. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 6(6),
457-463.
Furnham, A. (1983). Inflation and the estimated sizes of notes.
Journal of Economic Psychology, 4(4), 349-352.
Furnham, A. (1984). Many sides of the coin: The psychology of
money usage. Personality & Individual Differences, 5(5), 501-
509.
Furnham, A. (1985). The perceived value of small coins. Journal
of Social Psychology, 125(5), 571-575.
Furnham, A. & Argyle, M. (1998). The psychology of money. London
New York: Routledge.
Galbraith, J.K. (1989). O pensamento econômico em perspectiva -
Uma história crítica (CM., Trad.). São Paulo: Livraria Pioneira
Editora. (Trabalho original publicado em 1987)
Goldberg, H. & Lewis, R. (1978). Money madness: The psychology
of saving, spending, loving and hating money. London:
Springwood.
Greenland, E.A.G., Bloem, J.G. & Kuylen, A.A.A. (1996).
Prototypicality and structure of the saving concept for consumers.
Journal of Economic Psychology, 17, 691-708.
Hanley, A. & Wilhelm, M.S. (1992). Compulsive buying: An exploration
into self-esteem and money attitudes. Journal of Economic
Psychology, 13(1), 5-18.
Hofstede, G. (1994). Cultures and organizations: Software of the
mind. London: HarperCollins Publishers.
Kagitcibasi, C. (1997). Individualism and collectivism. Em J.W.
Berry, M.H. Segall & C. Kagitcibasi (Orgs.), Handbook of crosscultural
psychology - Social behavior and applications (2nd
ed., Vol. 3, pp. 1-49). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Katona, G. (1975). Psychological economics. New York: Elsevier.
Kirchler, E. (1993). Spouses joint purchase decisions - Determinants
of influence tactics for muddling through the process.
Journal of Economic Psychology, 14(2), 405-438.
Kirchler, E. (1995). Studying economic decisions within private
households - A critical- review and design for a couple experiences
diary. Journal of Economic Psychology, 16(3), 393-419.
Kirchler, E. (1997). The burden of new taxes: Acceptance of taxes
as a function of affectedness and egoistic versus altruistic orientation.
Journal of Socio Economics, 26(4), 421-437.
Lamb, M.L. (1992). Theology and money: Rationality, religion,
and economics. American Behavioral Scientist, 35(6), 735-755.
Lea, S.E.G., Tarpy, R.M. & Webley, P. (1987). The individual in
the economy: A textbook of economic psychology. Cambridge,
England: Cambridge University Press.
Lea, S.E.G., Webley, P. & Walker, C. (1995). Psychological-factors
in consumer debt - Money management, economic socialization,
and credit use. Journal of Economic Psychology, 16(3),
681-701.
Lewis, A., Webley, P. & Furnham, A. (1995). The new economic
mind. Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
Livingstone, S. & Lunt, P. (1993). Savers and borrowers: Strategies
of personal financial management. Human Relations, 46(8),
963-985.
Lynn, R. (1991). The secret of the miracle economy. London: S AU.
Lynn, R, (1993). Sex differences in competitiveness and the valuation
of money in twenty countries. Journal of Social Psychology,
133(4), 507-511.
Marx, K. (1984). Elementos fundamentals para la critica de la
economia politica (Crundisse) (Volume 1,13 ed.). (P. Scaron,
Trad.) Madrid: Siglo XXI. (Trabalho original publicado em
1858)
Maslow, A.H. (1954). Motivation and personality. New York:
Harper.
Medina, J.F., Saegert, J. & Gresham, A. (1996). Comparison of
Mexican-American and Anglo-American attitudes toward
Money. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 50(1), 124-145.
Myerson, J. & Green, L. (1995). Discounting of delayed rewards -
Models of individual choice. Journal of Experimental Analysis
of Behavior, 64, 263-276.
Pahl, J. (1995). His money, her money - Recent research on financial
organization in marriage. Journal of Economic Psychology,
16(3), 361-376.
Pasquali, L. (1996). Teoria e métodos de medida em ciências do
comportamento. Brasília: UnB-INEP.
Pasquali, L. (1999). Testes referentes a construtos: teoria e modelo
de construção. Em L. Pasquali (Org.), Instrumentos psicológicos:
manual prático de elaboração. Brasília: LabPAM/IBAPP.
Politano, J. & Lester, D. (1997). Self-destructiveness and credit
card debt. Psychological Reports, 81(2), 634.
Porter, N.M. & Garman, E.T. (1992). Money as part of a measure
of financial well-being. American Behavioral Scientist, 35(6),
820-826.
Rubinstein, W.D. (1981). Survey report on money. Psychology Today,
5, 24-44.
Smith, P.B. & Bond, M.H. (1998). Social psychology across cultures
(2a ed.). London: Prentice Hall Europe.
Snelders, H.M., Hussein, G., Lea, S.E. & Webley, P. (1992). The
polymorphous concept of money. Journal of Economic Psychology,
73(1), 71-92.
Sorauf, F.K. (1992). Politics and money. American Behavioral Scientist,
35(6), 725-734.
Tabachnick, B.G. & Fidell, L.S. (1996). Using multivariate statistics
(3a ed.). New York: HarperCollins College Publishers.
Tang, T.L.P. (1992). The meaning of money revisited. Journal of
Organizational Behavior, 13(2), 197-202.
Tang, T.L.P. & Gilbert, P.R. (1995). Attitudes toward money as
related to intrinsic and extrinsic job satisfaction, stress and workrelated
attitudes. Personality and Individual Differences, 19(3),
327-332.
Thierry, H. (1992). Payment: Which meanings are rewarding?
American Behavioral Scientist, 35(6), 694-707.
Triandis, H.C. (1995). individualism & collectivism. Boulder, CO,
US: Westview Press.
Tversky, A. & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty:
Heuristics and biases - Biases in judgments reveal some heuristics
of thinking under uncertainty. Science, 185, 1124-1131.
Wernimont, P.F. & Fitzpatrick, S. (1972). The meaning of money.
Journal of Applied Psychology, 56, 218-226.
Wheeler, L., Reis, H.T. & Bond, M.H. (1997). Collectivism and
individualism in everyday social life: The middle Kingdom and
the Melting Pot. Em L.A. Peplau & S.E. Taylor (Orgs.), Sociocultural
perspectives in social psychology - current readings
(pp. 297-313). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Yamauchi, H., Lynn, R. & Rendell, I. (1994). Gender differences
in work motivations and attitudes in Japan and Northern Ireland.
Psychology: An International Journal of Psychologia in
the Orient, 37(A), 195-198.
Yamauchi, K.T. & Templer, D.I. (1982). The development of a
money attitude scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 46(5),
522-528.
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Publicado
2012-09-18
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Moreira, A., & Tamayo, Álvaro. (2012). Escala de Significado do Dinheiro:: Desenvolvimento e Validação. Psicologia: Teoria E Pesquisa, 15(2). Recuperado de https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/revistaptp/article/view/17385
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