THE EXPLOITATION OF SPACE RESOURCES: AN INTERNATIONAL REGIME UNDER CONSTRUCTION?

Authors

Keywords:

Space law, International regimes, Space resources, Space governance, Exploitation of space

Abstract

This working paper addresses the demand for coordination between the various interests related to the exploitation of space resources, given current regulatory gaps. The aim is to assess whether global governance in the area may lead to a new international regime that promotes cooperation in the development of appropriate strategies to face current and future problems. The research concludes that congruent aspects of international and governmental initiatives, as well as multi-stakeholder fora, are leading to the recognition of a set of principles and to the establishment of norms, rules and decision-making processes based on converging expectations on the topic, therefore, they may contribute to the regime formation and the sustainability of space exploitation. The research methodology is bibliographic and the deductive method was applied.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Fernando Cardozo Fernandes Rei, Universidade Católica de Santos, UNISANTOS, Brasil.

Professor Associado do Programa de Doutorado em Direito da Universidade Católica de Santos. Professor Titular de Direito Ambiental da Fundação Armando Álvares Penteado (FAAP).

Suyan Cristina Malhadas, Universidade Católica de Santos, UNISANTOS, Brasil.

Mestranda em Direito Internacional pela Universidade Católica de Santos. Membro do Grupo de Pesquisa de Direito Espacial da Universidade Católica de Santos. Membro da Moon Village Association.

References

BEYERLIN, Ulrich; MARAUHN, Thilo. International Environmental Law. Oxford: Hart Publishing Ltd., 2011.

BITTENCOURT NETO, Olavo O.; HOFMANN, Mahulena; MASSON-ZWAAN, Tanja; STEFOUDI, Dimitra (Eds.). Building Blocks for the development of an international framework for the governance of space resource activities: a commentary. Haia: Eleven International Publishing, 2020.

CHASEK, Pamela S.; DOWNIE, David L.; BROWN, Janet W. Global Environmental Politics: dilemmas in world politics. Nova Iorque: Routledge, 7. ed., 2018.

CHRISTENSEN, Ian A.; JOHNSON, Chistopher D. Putting the White House executive order on space resources in an international context. 2020. Disponível em: https://www.thespacereview.com/article/3932/1. Acesso em: 28 abr. 2020.

EMIRADOS ÁRABES UNIDOS. Federal Law n. 12 on the regulation of the space sector. 2019. Disponível em: https://space.gov.ae/Documents/PublicationPDFFiles/SpaceSectorFederalLaw_EN.pdf. Acesso em: 26 mai. 2020.

ESTADOS UNIDOS DA AMÉRICA. Executive Order nº 13.914, de 06 de abril de 2020, on encouraging international support for the recovery and use of space resources. 2020. Disponível em: https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/executive-order-encouraging-international-support-recovery-use-space-resources. Acesso em: 25 abr. 2020.

ESTADOS UNIDOS DA AMÉRICA. Public Law n. 114-90, de 25 de novembro de 2015. U.S. Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act, 2015. Disponível em: https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/2262/text. Acesso em: 17 mai. 2020.

GONÇALVES, Alcindo. Governança global. In: GONÇALVES, Alcindo; COSTA, José A. F. Governança global e regimes internacionais. São Paulo, Almedina, 2011a.

GONÇALVES, Alcindo. Regimes Internacionais como ações da governança global. Meridiano 47, Brasília, v. 12, n. 125, p. 40-45, 2011b.

HAGGARD, Stephan; SIMMONS, Beth A. Theories of international regimes. International Organization, v. 41, n. 3, p. 491-517, 1987.

HOBE, Stephan. Current and future developments of space law. Revista Brasileira de Direito Aeronáutico e Espacial, Rio de Janeiro, n. 88, 2005.

INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SPACE LAW. Position paper on space resource mining. 2015. Disponível em: http://iislwebo.wwwnlss1.a2hosted.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/SpaceResourceMining.pdf. Acesso em: 03 out. 2019.

JAKHU, Ram S.; PELTON, Joseph N. Global space governance: an international study. Springer, 2017.

JOHNSON, Christopher. The space law context of the Artemis Accords (part 1). Disponível em: https://spacewatch.global/2020/05/spacewatchgl-feature-the-space-law-context-of-the-artemis-accords-part-1/?mc_cid=bea6a272e3&mc_eid=043c94eaec. Acesso em: 02 jun. 2020.

KRASNER, Stephen D. Causas estruturais e consequências dos regimes internacionais: regimes como variáveis intervenientes. Revista de sociologia e política. vol. 20, n. 42, p. 93-110, 2012. Disponível em: https://www.scielo.br/pdf/rsocp/v20n42/08.pdf. Acesso em: 10 mai. 2020.

LEE, Ricky J. Law and Regulation of Commercial Mining of Minerals in Outer Space. Springer, 2012.

LEVY, Marc A.; YOUNG, Oran R.; ZÜRN, Michael. The study of international regimes. European Journal of International Relations. v. 1, p. 267-330, 1995.

LIMA, Luciana; GONÇALVES, Alcindo. Normas socioambientais privadas: instrumentos para a governança global da sustentabilidade. Caderno de Relações Internacionais, Recife, v. 8, n. 14, jan-jun, p. 5-31, 2017.

LUXEMBURGO. Loi du 20 juillet 2017 sur l’exploration et l’utilisation des ressources de l’espace (Memorial A n. 674), 2017. Disponível em: http://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/loi/2017/07/20/a674/jo. Acesso em 17 mai. 2020.

MASSON-ZWAAN, T. The international framework for space activities. In: SECURE WORLD FOUNDATION. Handbook for new actors in space. Columbia, p. 45-47, 2018.

MARTINEZ, Peter; JANKOWITSCH, Peter; SCHROGL, Kai-Uwe; DI PIPPO, Simonetta; OKUMURA, Yukiko. Reflections on the 50th anniversary of the Outer Space Treaty, UNISPACE+50, and prospects for the future of global space governance. Space Policy, n. 47, p. 28-33, 2019.

MELO, Cristiano F.; WINTER, Othon C. A era espacial. In: WINTER, Othon C.; PRADO, Antonio F. B. A. (org.). A conquista do Espaço: do Sputnik à Missão Centenário. São Paulo: Editora Livraria da Física, p. 37-74, 2007.

MOON VILLAGE ASSOCIATION. Moon Village Principles: issue 2, draft. 2020. Disponível em: https://moonvillageassociation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/MV-PRINCIPLES-Issue-2-Draft.pdf. Acesso em: 29 mai. 2020.

NASA. NID 8715.128 e 8715.129, de 9 de julho de 2020. 2020a.

NASA. The Artemis Accords. Principles for cooperation in the civil exploration and use of the Moon, Mars, comets and asteroids for peaceful purposes. 2020b. Disponível em https://www.nasa.gov/specials/artemis-accords/index.html. Acesso em 14 out. 2020.

ORGANIZAÇÃO DAS NAÇÕES UNIDAS. A/74/20, de 20 de agosto de 2019. Report of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. 2019. Disponível em: https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/oosadoc/data/documents/2019/a/a7420_0.html. Acesso em: 29 mai. 2020.

ORGANIZAÇÃO DAS NAÇÕES UNIDAS. Resolução A/Res/2222/XXI, de 19 de dezembro de 1966. Treaty on principles governing the activities of States in the exploration and use of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies. 1966. Disponível em: https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/introouterspacetreaty.html. Acesso em: 15 mai. 2020.

ORGANIZAÇÃO DAS NAÇÕES UNIDAS. Resolução A/Res/34/68, de 5 de dezembro de 1979. Agreement governing the activities of States on the Moon and other celestial bodies. 1979. Disponível em: https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/intromoon-agreement.html. Acesso em: 16 mai. 2020.

PORRAS, Daniel. Nasa’s Regolith Solicitation: perhaps more than even they expected. Disponível em: https://spacewatch.global/2020/09/spacewatchgl-opinion-nasas-regolith-solicitation-perhaps-more-than-even-they-expected. Acesso em: 24 set. 2020.

POTTER, Sean. NASA administrator signs Declaration of Intent with Italy on Artemis Cooperation. 25 set. 2020. Disponível em: https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-administrator-signs-declaration-of-intent-with-italy-on-artemis-cooperation. Acesso em: 28 set. 2020.

SANTOS, Catherine de S.; HUIDOBRO, Marina S. R.; MALHADAS, Suyan C. A regulação da exploração econômica do espaço e o Grupo Internacional de Trabalho de Haia para a Governança de Recursos Espaciais. In: FREIRE E ALMEIDA, Daniel; MENEZES, Fabiano Lourenço de; BITTENCOURT NETO, Olavo de O. (Org.). As Organizações Internacionais e os Tribunais no Contexto do Direito Internacional. Nova Iorque: Lawinter Editions, 2020, v. 1, p. 45-78.

SHAW, Malcolm N. International Law. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

UNOOSA. Status of International Agreements relating to Activities in Outer Space. 2020. Disponível em: http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/status/index.html. Acesso em: 15 mai. 2020.

VAN KERSBERGEN, Kees; VAN WAARDEN, Frans. ‘Governance’ as a bridge between disciplines: cross-disciplinary inspiration regarding shifts in governance and problems of governability, accountability and legitimacy. European Journal of Political Research, n. 43, p. 143-171, 2004.

WEISS, Edith B. Intergenerational equity: a legal framework for global environmental change. In: WEISS, Edith B. (Ed.) Environmental change and international law: New challenges and dimensions. United Nations University Press, 1992.

YOUNG, Oran R. International Cooperation: building regimes for natural resources and the environment. Nova Iorque: Cornell University Press, 1989.

Capa da Revista Direito.UnB Volume 4, Número 3 - Edição Especial - Aviação Civil e Direito Espacial: aspectos regulatórios nacionais e internacionais

Published

2020-12-29

How to Cite

CARDOZO FERNANDES REI, Fernando; MALHADAS, Suyan Cristina. THE EXPLOITATION OF SPACE RESOURCES: AN INTERNATIONAL REGIME UNDER CONSTRUCTION?. Direito.UnB - Law Journal of the University of Brasília, [S. l.], v. 4, n. 3, p. 162–181, 2020. Disponível em: https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/revistadedireitounb/article/view/34657. Acesso em: 19 may. 2024.

Issue

Section

Thematic Dossier

Similar Articles

<< < 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.