Inventando a natureza
família, sexo e gênero no Xangô do Recife
Palavras-chave:
AntropologiaResumo
Cada sociedade humana ou época tem, manifestamente, um núcleo de preocupações ou temas em torno dos quais são construídas partes significativas de seus sistemas simbólicos. O trabalho do antropólogo, como intérprete, consiste em detectá-los, expor analíticamente a maneira como que eles são tratados na cultura em questão e iluminar a forma como orientam a interação social. Como tentarei demonstrar, nos cultos xangô da tradição Nagô, um dos motivos recorrentes nas representações e na organização social dos seus membros é o esforço sistemático de liberar asi categorias de parentesco, de personalidade, de gênero e sexualidade das determinações biológicas e biogenéticas a que se encontram ligados na ideologia dominante da sociedade brasileira, assim como remover a instituição do matrimônio da posição pivô que ela ocupa na estrutura social, de acordo com essa ideologia. Estas duas características da visão do mundo do xangô, parece-me, podem ser relacionadas à experiência histórica da sociedade escravocrata no Brasil, já que dela emergiu o gruipo humano que originou o culto.
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Referências
ARCHER, John e Barbara LLOYD. Sex and Gender. Londres: Penguin. 1982.
AUGRAS, Monique. O Duplo e a Metamorfose. A Identidade Mítica em Comunidades Nagô. Petrópolis: Vozes, 1983.
BASTIDE, Roger. Imagens do Nordeste Místico em Branco e Preto. Rio de Janeiro: O Cruzeiro, 1945.
-------------------------â– . “Psicanálise do Cafuné” In Sociologia do Folclore Brasileiro. São Paulo: Anhambi, 1959.
------------------------- . “Dusky Venus, Black Apollo” In Race and Social Difference (P. Baxter e B. Sansom, o rg .). Londres: Penguin, 1972.
-------------------------. “Le Principe d’Individuation” In La Notion de Personne en Afrique Noire (Colloques Internationaux du C .N .R .S . 544:3-43). Paris: Centre National de la Recherce Scientifique, 1973.
___________________. “Introduction” in La Femme de Couleur en Amérique Latine (Roger Bastide, org.). Paris: Anthropos, 1974a.
------------------------- . “Les Données Statistiques: Brésil” In La Femme de Couleur en Amérique Latine (Roger Bastide, org.). Paris:: Anthropos, 1974b.
----------------------_ . o Candomblé da Bahia. São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional, 1978
BINON-COSSARD, Giselle “A Filha de Santo” In Oloorisa. Escritos sobre a Religião dos Orisas (Carlos E. Marcondes de Moura, org.) . São Paulo: Agora, 1981.
CARVALHO, José Jorge. Ritual and Music of the Sango Cults of Recife, Brazil. Tese de doutoramento: The Queen’s University of Belfast, 1984.
CLARKE, Edith. My Mother who Fathered, Me. Londres: George Allen & Unwin, 1957.
DEGLER, Carl. Neither Black Nor White. Slavery and Race Relations in Brazil and the United States. Nova Iorque: The Macmillan Company 1971.
ETTORRE, Elizabeth M. Lesbians, Women and Society. Londres: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1980.
EVANS-PRITCHARD, E. E. Some Aspects of Marriage and The Family Arrnn The Nuer. Rhodes ”” Livingstone Papers, N.° 11. London: Oxford University Press, 1945.
------------------------- Ӣ Kinship and Marriage Among The Nuer. London: Oxford University Press, 1951.
FERNANDES, Florestan. The Negro in Brazilian Society. Nova Iorque: Columbia University Press, 1969.
FRAZIER, E. Franklin. The Negro Family in Bahia, Brazil. American Sociological Review 7(4) : 465-478, 1942.
------------------------- . “Rejoinder” ao artigo de M. Herskovits: “The Negjro in Bahia, Brazil”. American Sociological Review 8(4): 402-404, 1943.
FREUD, Sigmund. Three Contributions to the Theory of Sex. New York: Dutton, 1962.
FREYRE, Gilberto. Casa Grande e Senzala. Formação da Família Brasileira sob o Regime da Economia Patriarcal. Rio de Janeiro: José Olímpio, 1973.
FRY, Peter. Medlunidade e Sexualidade. Religião e Sociedade 1-105-125 1977.
FRY, Peter e Edward MACRAE. O que é Homossexualidade. São Paulo: Abrll/Brasillense, 1985.
GIDDENS, Anthony. Central Problems in Social Theory. Londres: The Macmillan Press Ltd., 1979.
HERSKOVITS, Melville J. “The Negro in Bahia, Brazil: a problem of method”. American Sociological Review 8:394-402, 1943.
------------------------- . The New World Negro (Frances Herskovits, org.). Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1966.
HUTCHINSON, Bertram. ‘Colour, Social Status and Fertility in Brazil. América Latina 8(4):3-25, 1965.
IANNI, Octavio. Ragas e Classes Sociais no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 1972.
KING, Charles E. “The Negro Maternal Family: a Product of an Economic and a Culture System. Social Forces 24:100-104, 1945.
LANDES, Ruth. “A Cult Matriarchate and Male Homossexuality. Journal o/ Abnoral and Social Psychology 25:386-397, 1940.
”” --------------------- . “Negro Slavery and Female Status. Journal of the Royal African Society 52:54-57, 1953.
-------------------------â– A Cidaie das Mulheres. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 1967.
LEACOCK, Seth e Ruth LEACOCK. Spirits of the Deep. A Study of an Afho-American Past: A Caribbean Perspective. Filadélfia: Insti-
LEPINE, Claude. “Os Estereótipos da Personalidade no Candomblé Nago In Oloorisa. Escritos sobre a religião dos orisas (Carlos E. Marcondes de Moura, org.). São Paulo: Agora, 1981. I,EACH, Edmund.
“Social Anthropology: A Natural Science of Society?". Radcliffe-Brown Lecture 1976 ”” Proceedings of the British Academy vol. LX n . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976. U6VI-STRAUSS, Claude. “The Family” in Man, Culture and Society (H. Shapiro, o rg ). Londres: Oxford University Press, 1971.
””---------------------- .El Hombre Desnudo. México: Siglo Veintiuno Editores, 1983.
LIPSITZ BEM, Sandra. “The Measurement of Psychological Androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 42:155-162, 1974.
-------------------------. “Sex Role Adaptability, One Consequence of Psychological Androgyny. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 31:634-643, 1975.
------------ ------------ . Theory and Measurement of Androgyny, a Reply to the Pedhazur-Tetenbaum and Locksley-Colten Critiques. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37(6): 1047-1054, 1979.
LIPSITZ BEM, Sandra. “Gender Schema Theory: a Cognitive Account of Sex Typing. Psychological Review 88(4): 354-364, 1981.
MILLER, Jean Baker. Towards a New Psychology of Women. Londres: Penguin, 1979.
MINTZ, Sidney e Richard PRICE. An Anthropological Approach to the Afro-American Past: A Caribbean Perspective. Filadélfia: Institute for the Study of Human Issues, Occasional Papers in Social Change, 1976.
MITCHELL, Juliet. Psychoanalysis and Feminism. London: Penguin Books, 1982.
MOTT, Luis. Escravidão e Homossexualidade. Salvador, 1982a. mimeo).
------------------------- . Os Sodomitas no Brasil Colonial. Salvador, 1982a (mimeo).
MOTTA, Roberto “Proteína, Pensamento e Dança. Estratégias para Novas Investigações Antropológicas sobre o Xangô do Recife. PIMES. Comuniçáo de Cultura e Economia da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco 16:13-29, 1977.
O ’BRIEN, Denise. “Female Husbands in Southern Bantu Societies” In Sexual Stratification. A Cross-Cultural View. (Schlegel, Alice, org.). New York: Columbia University Press, 1977.
ORTNER, Sherry B. e Harriet WHITEHEAD. “Accounting for Sexual Meanings” In Sexual Meanings. The Cultural Construction of Gender and Sexuality S. Ortner e H. Whitehead, (org). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.
OTTERBEIN, Keith. “Caribbean Family Organization: a Comparative Analysis. American Anthropologist 67:66-79, 1965.
PATTERSON, Orlando. The Sociology of Slavery. Analysis of the Origins, Development and Structure of Negro Slave Society in Jamaica. Nova Iorque: Macgibbon and Kee, 1967.
PERLON.GHER, Néstor. “O Michê é Homossexual? ou: A Política da Identidade”. Comunicação apresentada na XV Reunião da ABA, Curitiba, 1986.
RIBEIRO, René. “On the Amaziado Relationship and Other Problems of the Family in Reife (Brazil). American Sociological Review 10:44-51, 1945.
------------------------- . “Personality and the Psychosexual Adjustment of Afro- Brazilian Cult-members. Journal de l - Societé des Américanistes LVIII: 109-119, 1969.
------------------ . “Psicopatologia e Pesquisa Antropológica. Universitas 6-7:123-134, 1970.
------------------ . Cultos Afro-Brasileiros ão Recife. Recife: IJNPS, 1978.
RIVIÈRE, Peter. “Marriage: A Reassessment” In Rethinking Kinship and Marriage (Rodney Needham, org). London: Tavistock Publications, 1971.
RUBIN, Gayle. “The Traffic in Women; Notes on the ‘Political Economy’ of Sex” In Toward an Anthropology of Women (Rayna Reiter, org.) Nova Iorque: Monthly Review Press, 1975.
RUSSELL-WOOD, A.J.R. “Women and Society Colonial Brazil.” Journal of Latin American Studies 9(1) :l-34, 1977.
SAUNDERS, J.V.D. Differential Fertility in Brasil. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1958.
SCHNEIDER, David. “Kinship, Nationality and Religion in American Culture: Toward a Definition of Kinship” In Symbolic Anthropology (J. Dolgin, D.S. Kemnitzer e D. Schneider, org.). Nova Iorque: Columbia University Press, 1977.
SEGATO, Rita Laura. A Folk Theory of Personality Types: Gods and their Symbolic Representation by Members of the Sango Cult in Recife. Brazil. Tese de Doutoramento, The Queen’s University of Belfast, 1984.
SILVERSTEIN, Leni M. “Mãe de Todo Mundo; Modos de Sobrevivência nas Comunidades de Candomblé da Bahia. Religião e Sociedade 4:143-171, 1979.
SMITH, M. G. “Some Aspects of Social Structure in the British Caribbean About 1829”. Social and Economic Studies 1(4): 55-79, 1953. SMITH, Raymond T. The Negro Family in British Guiana. Londres: Routledg¡ e & Kegan Paul, 1956.
------------------- . “The Nuclear Family in Afro-American Kinship. Journal of Comparative Family Studies 1:55-70, 1970.
SOEIRO, Susan A. “The Social and Economic Role of the Convent: Women and Nuns in Colonial Baria, 1977-1800. Hispanic American Historical Review 54:209-232, 1974.
STACK, Carol B. “Sex Roles and Survival Strategies in an Urban Black Community” In Woman, Culture and Society (M. Zimbalist Rosaldo e Louise Lamphere, org.). Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1974.
TANNER, Nancy. "Matrifocality in Indonesia and Africa, and among Black Americans” In Woman, Culture and Society (M. Zimbalist Rosaldo e Louise Lamphere, org.). Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1974.
TREVISAN, João Silvério. Devassos no Paraíso. São Paulo: Ed. Max Limonad, 1986.
VERGER, Pierre. Orixás. Deuses Iorubâs na Africa e no Novo Mundo. Salvador: Corrupio, 1981.
WILLIAMS, Jennifer A. “Psychological Androgyny and Mental Health” In Women. Sex Role Stereotyping (O. Hartnett, G. Boden e M. Fuller, org.). Londres: Tavistock Publications, 1979.
WILLIAMS, John e Susan BENNETT. “The Definiton of Sex Stereotypes Via the Adjective Chet* List. Sex Roles 1(4): 327-337, 1975.
AUGRAS, Monique. O Duplo e a Metamorfose. A Identidade Mítica em Comunidades Nagô. Petrópolis: Vozes, 1983.
BASTIDE, Roger. Imagens do Nordeste Místico em Branco e Preto. Rio de Janeiro: O Cruzeiro, 1945.
-------------------------â– . “Psicanálise do Cafuné” In Sociologia do Folclore Brasileiro. São Paulo: Anhambi, 1959.
------------------------- . “Dusky Venus, Black Apollo” In Race and Social Difference (P. Baxter e B. Sansom, o rg .). Londres: Penguin, 1972.
-------------------------. “Le Principe d’Individuation” In La Notion de Personne en Afrique Noire (Colloques Internationaux du C .N .R .S . 544:3-43). Paris: Centre National de la Recherce Scientifique, 1973.
___________________. “Introduction” in La Femme de Couleur en Amérique Latine (Roger Bastide, org.). Paris: Anthropos, 1974a.
------------------------- . “Les Données Statistiques: Brésil” In La Femme de Couleur en Amérique Latine (Roger Bastide, org.). Paris:: Anthropos, 1974b.
----------------------_ . o Candomblé da Bahia. São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional, 1978
BINON-COSSARD, Giselle “A Filha de Santo” In Oloorisa. Escritos sobre a Religião dos Orisas (Carlos E. Marcondes de Moura, org.) . São Paulo: Agora, 1981.
CARVALHO, José Jorge. Ritual and Music of the Sango Cults of Recife, Brazil. Tese de doutoramento: The Queen’s University of Belfast, 1984.
CLARKE, Edith. My Mother who Fathered, Me. Londres: George Allen & Unwin, 1957.
DEGLER, Carl. Neither Black Nor White. Slavery and Race Relations in Brazil and the United States. Nova Iorque: The Macmillan Company 1971.
ETTORRE, Elizabeth M. Lesbians, Women and Society. Londres: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1980.
EVANS-PRITCHARD, E. E. Some Aspects of Marriage and The Family Arrnn The Nuer. Rhodes ”” Livingstone Papers, N.° 11. London: Oxford University Press, 1945.
------------------------- Ӣ Kinship and Marriage Among The Nuer. London: Oxford University Press, 1951.
FERNANDES, Florestan. The Negro in Brazilian Society. Nova Iorque: Columbia University Press, 1969.
FRAZIER, E. Franklin. The Negro Family in Bahia, Brazil. American Sociological Review 7(4) : 465-478, 1942.
------------------------- . “Rejoinder” ao artigo de M. Herskovits: “The Negjro in Bahia, Brazil”. American Sociological Review 8(4): 402-404, 1943.
FREUD, Sigmund. Three Contributions to the Theory of Sex. New York: Dutton, 1962.
FREYRE, Gilberto. Casa Grande e Senzala. Formação da Família Brasileira sob o Regime da Economia Patriarcal. Rio de Janeiro: José Olímpio, 1973.
FRY, Peter. Medlunidade e Sexualidade. Religião e Sociedade 1-105-125 1977.
FRY, Peter e Edward MACRAE. O que é Homossexualidade. São Paulo: Abrll/Brasillense, 1985.
GIDDENS, Anthony. Central Problems in Social Theory. Londres: The Macmillan Press Ltd., 1979.
HERSKOVITS, Melville J. “The Negro in Bahia, Brazil: a problem of method”. American Sociological Review 8:394-402, 1943.
------------------------- . The New World Negro (Frances Herskovits, org.). Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1966.
HUTCHINSON, Bertram. ‘Colour, Social Status and Fertility in Brazil. América Latina 8(4):3-25, 1965.
IANNI, Octavio. Ragas e Classes Sociais no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 1972.
KING, Charles E. “The Negro Maternal Family: a Product of an Economic and a Culture System. Social Forces 24:100-104, 1945.
LANDES, Ruth. “A Cult Matriarchate and Male Homossexuality. Journal o/ Abnoral and Social Psychology 25:386-397, 1940.
”” --------------------- . “Negro Slavery and Female Status. Journal of the Royal African Society 52:54-57, 1953.
-------------------------â– A Cidaie das Mulheres. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 1967.
LEACOCK, Seth e Ruth LEACOCK. Spirits of the Deep. A Study of an Afho-American Past: A Caribbean Perspective. Filadélfia: Insti-
LEPINE, Claude. “Os Estereótipos da Personalidade no Candomblé Nago In Oloorisa. Escritos sobre a religião dos orisas (Carlos E. Marcondes de Moura, org.). São Paulo: Agora, 1981. I,EACH, Edmund.
“Social Anthropology: A Natural Science of Society?". Radcliffe-Brown Lecture 1976 ”” Proceedings of the British Academy vol. LX n . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976. U6VI-STRAUSS, Claude. “The Family” in Man, Culture and Society (H. Shapiro, o rg ). Londres: Oxford University Press, 1971.
””---------------------- .El Hombre Desnudo. México: Siglo Veintiuno Editores, 1983.
LIPSITZ BEM, Sandra. “The Measurement of Psychological Androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 42:155-162, 1974.
-------------------------. “Sex Role Adaptability, One Consequence of Psychological Androgyny. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 31:634-643, 1975.
------------ ------------ . Theory and Measurement of Androgyny, a Reply to the Pedhazur-Tetenbaum and Locksley-Colten Critiques. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37(6): 1047-1054, 1979.
LIPSITZ BEM, Sandra. “Gender Schema Theory: a Cognitive Account of Sex Typing. Psychological Review 88(4): 354-364, 1981.
MILLER, Jean Baker. Towards a New Psychology of Women. Londres: Penguin, 1979.
MINTZ, Sidney e Richard PRICE. An Anthropological Approach to the Afro-American Past: A Caribbean Perspective. Filadélfia: Institute for the Study of Human Issues, Occasional Papers in Social Change, 1976.
MITCHELL, Juliet. Psychoanalysis and Feminism. London: Penguin Books, 1982.
MOTT, Luis. Escravidão e Homossexualidade. Salvador, 1982a. mimeo).
------------------------- . Os Sodomitas no Brasil Colonial. Salvador, 1982a (mimeo).
MOTTA, Roberto “Proteína, Pensamento e Dança. Estratégias para Novas Investigações Antropológicas sobre o Xangô do Recife. PIMES. Comuniçáo de Cultura e Economia da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco 16:13-29, 1977.
O ’BRIEN, Denise. “Female Husbands in Southern Bantu Societies” In Sexual Stratification. A Cross-Cultural View. (Schlegel, Alice, org.). New York: Columbia University Press, 1977.
ORTNER, Sherry B. e Harriet WHITEHEAD. “Accounting for Sexual Meanings” In Sexual Meanings. The Cultural Construction of Gender and Sexuality S. Ortner e H. Whitehead, (org). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.
OTTERBEIN, Keith. “Caribbean Family Organization: a Comparative Analysis. American Anthropologist 67:66-79, 1965.
PATTERSON, Orlando. The Sociology of Slavery. Analysis of the Origins, Development and Structure of Negro Slave Society in Jamaica. Nova Iorque: Macgibbon and Kee, 1967.
PERLON.GHER, Néstor. “O Michê é Homossexual? ou: A Política da Identidade”. Comunicação apresentada na XV Reunião da ABA, Curitiba, 1986.
RIBEIRO, René. “On the Amaziado Relationship and Other Problems of the Family in Reife (Brazil). American Sociological Review 10:44-51, 1945.
------------------------- . “Personality and the Psychosexual Adjustment of Afro- Brazilian Cult-members. Journal de l - Societé des Américanistes LVIII: 109-119, 1969.
------------------ . “Psicopatologia e Pesquisa Antropológica. Universitas 6-7:123-134, 1970.
------------------ . Cultos Afro-Brasileiros ão Recife. Recife: IJNPS, 1978.
RIVIÈRE, Peter. “Marriage: A Reassessment” In Rethinking Kinship and Marriage (Rodney Needham, org). London: Tavistock Publications, 1971.
RUBIN, Gayle. “The Traffic in Women; Notes on the ‘Political Economy’ of Sex” In Toward an Anthropology of Women (Rayna Reiter, org.) Nova Iorque: Monthly Review Press, 1975.
RUSSELL-WOOD, A.J.R. “Women and Society Colonial Brazil.” Journal of Latin American Studies 9(1) :l-34, 1977.
SAUNDERS, J.V.D. Differential Fertility in Brasil. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1958.
SCHNEIDER, David. “Kinship, Nationality and Religion in American Culture: Toward a Definition of Kinship” In Symbolic Anthropology (J. Dolgin, D.S. Kemnitzer e D. Schneider, org.). Nova Iorque: Columbia University Press, 1977.
SEGATO, Rita Laura. A Folk Theory of Personality Types: Gods and their Symbolic Representation by Members of the Sango Cult in Recife. Brazil. Tese de Doutoramento, The Queen’s University of Belfast, 1984.
SILVERSTEIN, Leni M. “Mãe de Todo Mundo; Modos de Sobrevivência nas Comunidades de Candomblé da Bahia. Religião e Sociedade 4:143-171, 1979.
SMITH, M. G. “Some Aspects of Social Structure in the British Caribbean About 1829”. Social and Economic Studies 1(4): 55-79, 1953. SMITH, Raymond T. The Negro Family in British Guiana. Londres: Routledg¡ e & Kegan Paul, 1956.
------------------- . “The Nuclear Family in Afro-American Kinship. Journal of Comparative Family Studies 1:55-70, 1970.
SOEIRO, Susan A. “The Social and Economic Role of the Convent: Women and Nuns in Colonial Baria, 1977-1800. Hispanic American Historical Review 54:209-232, 1974.
STACK, Carol B. “Sex Roles and Survival Strategies in an Urban Black Community” In Woman, Culture and Society (M. Zimbalist Rosaldo e Louise Lamphere, org.). Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1974.
TANNER, Nancy. "Matrifocality in Indonesia and Africa, and among Black Americans” In Woman, Culture and Society (M. Zimbalist Rosaldo e Louise Lamphere, org.). Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1974.
TREVISAN, João Silvério. Devassos no Paraíso. São Paulo: Ed. Max Limonad, 1986.
VERGER, Pierre. Orixás. Deuses Iorubâs na Africa e no Novo Mundo. Salvador: Corrupio, 1981.
WILLIAMS, Jennifer A. “Psychological Androgyny and Mental Health” In Women. Sex Role Stereotyping (O. Hartnett, G. Boden e M. Fuller, org.). Londres: Tavistock Publications, 1979.
WILLIAMS, John e Susan BENNETT. “The Definiton of Sex Stereotypes Via the Adjective Chet* List. Sex Roles 1(4): 327-337, 1975.
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2018-01-25
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Segato, Rita Laura. 2018. “Inventando a Natureza: Família, Sexo E Gênero No Xangô Do Recife”. Anuário Antropológico 10 (1):11-54. https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/anuarioantropologico/article/view/6352.
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