Representing Water
visual anthropology and divergent trajectories in human environmental relations
Palavras-chave:
seres aquáticos, cosmologia, relações humano-ambientais, representações da águaResumo
Este artigo baseia-se em pesquisa sobre representações visuais de seres aquáticos e sua capacidade de articular relacionamentos humano-ambientais. Seres aquáticos (como serpentes arco-íris e taniwhas) são relevantes em muitas cosmologias culturais diferentes, mais particularmente aquelas que se orientam no sentido de “religiões da natureza”, nas quais as paisagens terrestres e aquáticas são vistas como animadas por seres sensíveis. As análises destas imagens visuais, e suas transformações ao longo do tempo, sugerem que, como reflexo de crenças cosmológicas e valores, elas podem iluminar o passado e fornecer insights úteis para mudanças fundamentais nas relações humanas com a água. Como representações das visões de mundo de grupos particulares, elas também têm uma função vital nos debates contemporâneos sobre gestão ambiental, propriedade e controle dos recursos hídricos. Baseando-se em exemplos da Austrália e Nova Zelândia, este artigo considera, portanto, o papel das imagens como indicadores temporais de mudança e como representações simbólicas de cosmologias subalternas em sociedades pós-coloniais. Examina também as implicações potenciais da pesquisa para a teoria e o método em antropologia visual. Ao manter uma abordagem etnograficamente situada objetiva, demonstra que as transformações nas relações humanas com a água, expressas através de imagens visuais de seres aquáticos, continuam a dirigir os conflitos contemporâneos sobre a propriedade da água, sua gestão e utilização.
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Referências
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APPADURAI, A. 1986. The Social Life of Things: commodities in cultural perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
BACON, R. 1996. A Tamure Me Te Taniwha. Auckland: Waiatarua.
BARBER, K. 2012. “Interpreting Texts and Performances”. In: R. Fardon et al. (eds). A Handbook of Social Anthropology. London: Sage.
BARBER, M. 2005. “Where the Clouds Stand: Australian Aboriginal Relationships to Water, Place and the Marine Environment in Blue Mud Bay, Northern Territory”. PhD Thesis, Australian National University.
Best, E. 1941. The Maori. Volume II. Wellington: The Polynesian Society.
BOOMGAARD, P. (ed.). 2007. A World of Water: rain, rivers and seas in Southeast Asian histories. Leiden: KITLV Press.
BOURDIEU, P. 1977. Outline of a Theory of Practice. Transl. R. Nice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
CHALOUPKA, G. 1993. Journey in Time: the 50,000-year story of the Australian Aboriginal rock art of Arnhem Land. Chatswood, N.S.W.: Reed.
CHAMBERS, G. 2008. “Genetics and the Origins of the Polynesians”. In: Encylopedia of Life Sciences. Chichester UK: John Wiley.
CHRISTIE, J. 2007. “Water and Rice in Early Java and Bali”. In: Peter Boomgaard (ed.). A World of Water: rain, rivers and seas in Southeast Asian histories, Leiden: KITLV Press. pp. 235-258.
DAVIS, W. 1986. The Serpent and the Rainbow. London: Collins
DESCOLA, P. and PALSSON, G. (eds). 1996. Nature and Society: anthropological perspectives. London: Routledge.
DREWAL, H. 2008. Sacred Waters: arts for Mami Wata and other divinities in Africa and the diaspora. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
DURKHEIM, E. 1966. The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life. New York: Collier Books.
GAL, S. (in press). “The Role of Language in Ethnographic Method”. In: R. Fardon, O. et al. (eds.). A Handbook of Social Anthropology. London: Sage.
GIBLETT, R. 1996. Postmodern Wetlands: culture, history, ecology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
HARRIS, R. 2003. “Making a Place for Taniwha in Culture and Law”. Resource Management Journal, 11(1):18-22.
HARRISON, P. 1999. “Subduing the Earth: Genesis 1, early modern science, and the exploitation of nature”. The Journal of Religion, 79(1):86-109.
HOWE, K. 2006. Vaka Moana. Voyages of the ancestors: the discovery and settlement of the Pacific. Auckland: Bateman.
INGOLD, T. 2000. The Perception of the Environment. London: Routledge.
JUUTI, P.; KATKO, T. and VUORINEN, H. 2007. Environmental History of Water: global views on community water supply and sanitation. London: IWA Publishing.
KOLIG, E. 1987. The Noonkanbah Story. Dunedin N.Z.: University of Otago Press.
LAKOFF, G. and JOHNSON, M. 1980. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
LAYTON, R. and UCKO, P. (eds.). 1999. The Archaeology and Anthropology of Landscape: shaping your landscape. London: New York: Routledge.
LEA, J. and ZEHNER, R. 1986. Yellowcake and Crocodiles: town planning, Government and society in northern Australia. Sydney, Boston, London: Allen and Unwin.
LÉVI-STRAUSS, C. 1966. The Savage Mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
MERLAN, F. 1998. Caging the Rainbow: places, politics and Aborigines in a north Australian town. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
MORPHY, H. 1991. Ancestral Connections: art and an Aboriginal system of knowledge. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
____________. 2010. “Not Just Pretty Pictures”: relative autonomy and the articulations of Yolngu Art in its context”. In: V. Strang and M. Busse (eds.). Ownership and Appropriation. Oxford, New York: Berg. pp. 261-286.
MORPHY, H. and MORPHY, F. 2006. “Tasting the Waters: discriminating identities in the waters of Blue Mud Bay”. Journal of Material Culture, Vol 11(1/2):67-85.
MURU-LANNING, M. 2010. “Tupuna Awa and Te Awa Tupuna: competing discourses of the Waikato river”. PhD Thesis. University of Auckland.
OESTIGAARD, T. 2005. Water and World Religions: an introduction. Bergen: SFU and SMR.
OPPENHEIMER, S. 2003. Out of Africa’s Eden: the peopling of the world. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball.
ORBELL, M. 1995. Maori Myth and Legend. Christchurch: Canterbury University Press.
RIVAL, L. (ed.). 1998.The Social Life of Trees: anthropological perspectives on tree symbolism. Oxford, New York: Berg.
SCOTT, J. 2009. The Art of Not Being Governed: an anarchist history of upland Southeast Asi. New Haven: Yale University Press.
SHEPPARD, P., THOMAS, T. and SUMMERHAYES, G. 2009. Lapita: Ancestors and Descendants. Auckland: New Zealand Archaeological Association.
STRANG, V. 1998. “The Strong Arm of the Law: Aboriginal Rangers and Anthropology”. Australian Archaeology, December 1998, nº 47:10-29.
____________. 2001. “Negotiating the River: cultural tributaries in Far North Queensland”. In: B. Bender & M. Winer (eds.). Contested Landscapes: movement, exile and place. New York: Berg. pp. 69-86.
____________. 2002. “Life Down Under: water and identity in an Aboriginal cultural landscape”. Goldsmiths College Anthropology Research Papers, nº. 7. London: Goldsmiths College.
____________. 2004a. [2001] “Poisoning the Rainbow: cosmology and pollution in Cape York”. In: A. Rumsey & J. Winer (eds). Mining and Indigenous Lifeworlds in Australia and Papua New Guinea. Wantage: Sean Kingston Publishing. pp. 208-225.
____________. 2004b. The Meaning of Water. Oxford, New York: Berg.
____________. 2005. “Common Senses: water, sensory experience and the generation of meaning”. Journal of Material Culture, 10 (1):93-121.
____________. 2009a. “Water and Indigenous Religion: Aboriginal Australia”. In: T. Tvedt and T. Oestigaard (eds.). The Idea of Water. London: I.B Tauris. pp. 343-377.
____________. 2009b. Gardening the World: agency, identity and the ownership of water. Oxford, New York: Berghahn.
____________. 2010. “The Summoning of Dragons: ancestral serpents and indigenous water rights in Australia and New Zealand”. Anthropology News, Special Issue, The Meaning of Water: 5-7. http://blog.aaanet.org/2010/02/03/ the-meaning-of-water-february-an-now-online/
____________. 2011. “Living Water, Living Culture: the Rainbow Serpent and Aboriginal heritage in Cape York”. Public Lecture for International Day for Monuments and Sites, hosted by Cairns Institute, the Ministry of Environment and Resources and the International Council on Monuments and Sites, James Cook University, Cairns, April 18th 2011.
TACON, P., WILSON, M. and CHIPPINDALE, C. 1996. “Birth of the Rainbow Serpent in Arnhem land rock art and oral history”. Archaeology in Oceania, 31:103-124.
TAYLOR, J. 1984. Of Acts and Axes: an ethnography of socio-cultural change in an Aboriginal community, Cape York Peninsula. PhD thesis, James Cook University.
TVEDT, T. and JACOBSON, E. 2006. A History of Water. London: I.B. Tauris.
WHYTE, A., MARSHALL, S. and CHAMBERS, G. 2005. “Human Evolution in Polynesia”. Human Biology, 77:157-177.
ALTMAN, J. 2006. “Nomads Triumphing Today: how some hunters in Arnhem Land engage with the State, the market and globalisation”. Seminar paper. University of Auckland, May 3rd 2006.
APPADURAI, A. 1986. The Social Life of Things: commodities in cultural perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
BACON, R. 1996. A Tamure Me Te Taniwha. Auckland: Waiatarua.
BARBER, K. 2012. “Interpreting Texts and Performances”. In: R. Fardon et al. (eds). A Handbook of Social Anthropology. London: Sage.
BARBER, M. 2005. “Where the Clouds Stand: Australian Aboriginal Relationships to Water, Place and the Marine Environment in Blue Mud Bay, Northern Territory”. PhD Thesis, Australian National University.
Best, E. 1941. The Maori. Volume II. Wellington: The Polynesian Society.
BOOMGAARD, P. (ed.). 2007. A World of Water: rain, rivers and seas in Southeast Asian histories. Leiden: KITLV Press.
BOURDIEU, P. 1977. Outline of a Theory of Practice. Transl. R. Nice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
CHALOUPKA, G. 1993. Journey in Time: the 50,000-year story of the Australian Aboriginal rock art of Arnhem Land. Chatswood, N.S.W.: Reed.
CHAMBERS, G. 2008. “Genetics and the Origins of the Polynesians”. In: Encylopedia of Life Sciences. Chichester UK: John Wiley.
CHRISTIE, J. 2007. “Water and Rice in Early Java and Bali”. In: Peter Boomgaard (ed.). A World of Water: rain, rivers and seas in Southeast Asian histories, Leiden: KITLV Press. pp. 235-258.
DAVIS, W. 1986. The Serpent and the Rainbow. London: Collins
DESCOLA, P. and PALSSON, G. (eds). 1996. Nature and Society: anthropological perspectives. London: Routledge.
DREWAL, H. 2008. Sacred Waters: arts for Mami Wata and other divinities in Africa and the diaspora. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
DURKHEIM, E. 1966. The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life. New York: Collier Books.
GAL, S. (in press). “The Role of Language in Ethnographic Method”. In: R. Fardon, O. et al. (eds.). A Handbook of Social Anthropology. London: Sage.
GIBLETT, R. 1996. Postmodern Wetlands: culture, history, ecology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
HARRIS, R. 2003. “Making a Place for Taniwha in Culture and Law”. Resource Management Journal, 11(1):18-22.
HARRISON, P. 1999. “Subduing the Earth: Genesis 1, early modern science, and the exploitation of nature”. The Journal of Religion, 79(1):86-109.
HOWE, K. 2006. Vaka Moana. Voyages of the ancestors: the discovery and settlement of the Pacific. Auckland: Bateman.
INGOLD, T. 2000. The Perception of the Environment. London: Routledge.
JUUTI, P.; KATKO, T. and VUORINEN, H. 2007. Environmental History of Water: global views on community water supply and sanitation. London: IWA Publishing.
KOLIG, E. 1987. The Noonkanbah Story. Dunedin N.Z.: University of Otago Press.
LAKOFF, G. and JOHNSON, M. 1980. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
LAYTON, R. and UCKO, P. (eds.). 1999. The Archaeology and Anthropology of Landscape: shaping your landscape. London: New York: Routledge.
LEA, J. and ZEHNER, R. 1986. Yellowcake and Crocodiles: town planning, Government and society in northern Australia. Sydney, Boston, London: Allen and Unwin.
LÉVI-STRAUSS, C. 1966. The Savage Mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
MERLAN, F. 1998. Caging the Rainbow: places, politics and Aborigines in a north Australian town. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
MORPHY, H. 1991. Ancestral Connections: art and an Aboriginal system of knowledge. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
____________. 2010. “Not Just Pretty Pictures”: relative autonomy and the articulations of Yolngu Art in its context”. In: V. Strang and M. Busse (eds.). Ownership and Appropriation. Oxford, New York: Berg. pp. 261-286.
MORPHY, H. and MORPHY, F. 2006. “Tasting the Waters: discriminating identities in the waters of Blue Mud Bay”. Journal of Material Culture, Vol 11(1/2):67-85.
MURU-LANNING, M. 2010. “Tupuna Awa and Te Awa Tupuna: competing discourses of the Waikato river”. PhD Thesis. University of Auckland.
OESTIGAARD, T. 2005. Water and World Religions: an introduction. Bergen: SFU and SMR.
OPPENHEIMER, S. 2003. Out of Africa’s Eden: the peopling of the world. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball.
ORBELL, M. 1995. Maori Myth and Legend. Christchurch: Canterbury University Press.
RIVAL, L. (ed.). 1998.The Social Life of Trees: anthropological perspectives on tree symbolism. Oxford, New York: Berg.
SCOTT, J. 2009. The Art of Not Being Governed: an anarchist history of upland Southeast Asi. New Haven: Yale University Press.
SHEPPARD, P., THOMAS, T. and SUMMERHAYES, G. 2009. Lapita: Ancestors and Descendants. Auckland: New Zealand Archaeological Association.
STRANG, V. 1998. “The Strong Arm of the Law: Aboriginal Rangers and Anthropology”. Australian Archaeology, December 1998, nº 47:10-29.
____________. 2001. “Negotiating the River: cultural tributaries in Far North Queensland”. In: B. Bender & M. Winer (eds.). Contested Landscapes: movement, exile and place. New York: Berg. pp. 69-86.
____________. 2002. “Life Down Under: water and identity in an Aboriginal cultural landscape”. Goldsmiths College Anthropology Research Papers, nº. 7. London: Goldsmiths College.
____________. 2004a. [2001] “Poisoning the Rainbow: cosmology and pollution in Cape York”. In: A. Rumsey & J. Winer (eds). Mining and Indigenous Lifeworlds in Australia and Papua New Guinea. Wantage: Sean Kingston Publishing. pp. 208-225.
____________. 2004b. The Meaning of Water. Oxford, New York: Berg.
____________. 2005. “Common Senses: water, sensory experience and the generation of meaning”. Journal of Material Culture, 10 (1):93-121.
____________. 2009a. “Water and Indigenous Religion: Aboriginal Australia”. In: T. Tvedt and T. Oestigaard (eds.). The Idea of Water. London: I.B Tauris. pp. 343-377.
____________. 2009b. Gardening the World: agency, identity and the ownership of water. Oxford, New York: Berghahn.
____________. 2010. “The Summoning of Dragons: ancestral serpents and indigenous water rights in Australia and New Zealand”. Anthropology News, Special Issue, The Meaning of Water: 5-7. http://blog.aaanet.org/2010/02/03/ the-meaning-of-water-february-an-now-online/
____________. 2011. “Living Water, Living Culture: the Rainbow Serpent and Aboriginal heritage in Cape York”. Public Lecture for International Day for Monuments and Sites, hosted by Cairns Institute, the Ministry of Environment and Resources and the International Council on Monuments and Sites, James Cook University, Cairns, April 18th 2011.
TACON, P., WILSON, M. and CHIPPINDALE, C. 1996. “Birth of the Rainbow Serpent in Arnhem land rock art and oral history”. Archaeology in Oceania, 31:103-124.
TAYLOR, J. 1984. Of Acts and Axes: an ethnography of socio-cultural change in an Aboriginal community, Cape York Peninsula. PhD thesis, James Cook University.
TVEDT, T. and JACOBSON, E. 2006. A History of Water. London: I.B. Tauris.
WHYTE, A., MARSHALL, S. and CHAMBERS, G. 2005. “Human Evolution in Polynesia”. Human Biology, 77:157-177.
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2018-02-21
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Strang, Veronica. 2018. “Representing Water: Visual Anthropology and Divergent Trajectories in Human Environmental Relations”. Anuário Antropológico 36 (2):213-42. https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/anuarioantropologico/article/view/6971.
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