Scaling up and Sustainability:
the experience of rural India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18472/SustDeb.v2n2.2011.5817Keywords:
Sustainability, Rural India, Agriculture, Scaling up, MultidimensionalAbstract
From its genesis as a primarily ecological concept, the notion of sustainability has
come a long way to encompass multiple dimensions, including cultural, social and
economic. The modern-day emphasis on efficiency, profits and scaling up has
posed threats to the multiple realms of sustainability. This paper provides insights
into the conflicts between scaling up and sustainability in the agricultural sector in
India. Using a graphical representation of sustainability, the paper illustrates the
conflicts that are created when there is scaling up of one dimension. This graphical
tool is used to illustrate the consequence of scaling up on overall sustainability in
the context of rural India. It suggests alternative and more sustainable approaches
to secure the livelihoods of the rural poor.
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References
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Zed Books Ltd, p. 1-22. 1999.
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sustainability function for Dutch dairy farming
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2004
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162,1990.
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science and management of sustainability.
Columbia: Columbia University Press. 1991.
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Political Weekly, v. 35, n. 10, p. 823- 835, 2000.
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Sustainability Index: benchmarking national
environmental stewardship. Yale Center for
Environmental Law and Policy, New Haven, 2005.
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Impact of the Green Revolution, 1960 to 2000.
Science, v.300, n.5620, p. 758-762. 2003.
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Farm size, productivity and poverty in Asian
agriculture. Agricultural Economics, 32 s1 (01),
p. 135-146, 2005
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Pro-poor growth in Rural India. IFPRI Discussion
Paper 00716. International Food Policy Research
Institute, New Delhi, India. 2007. Available at <
http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/
publications/ifpridp00716.pdf >. Access on: 24
Jun.2011
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Supports Program Working paper 12. Available
at: <http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/j2602e/
j2602e00.htm> Access on: 10th Oct.2011.
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Understanding Globalisation. New York:
Farrar, Straus and Giroux, p. 475, 1999.
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Farm Level Indicators of Sustainable Land
Management for the Development of Decision
Support Systems. In: Proc Internationall
workshop on geo-information for sustainable land
management, Enschede, The Netherlands, 1997
HAZELL, P. B. R. The Asian Green Revolution.
IFPRI Discussion Paper 00911. International Food
Policy Research Institute. 2009.
HEDIGER, W. Reconciling weak and strong
sustainability. International Journal of Social
Economics, v. 26 Iss: 7/8/9, p.1120 ”“ 1144. 1999.
HERLICH, P.R.; HOLDREN, J.P. Impact of
population growth. Science 26 March 1971: 1212-
1217.
JHA, R. Vulnerability of Consumption Growth in Rural India. Economic and Political Weekly,
v. 42, n.8, p. 711-715. 2007.
JODHA, N. S. Intercropping in traditional farming
systems. Journal of Development Studies, v.16,
n.4, p. 427-442, 1980.
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Rural Poor in Dry Regions of India. Economic
and Political Weekly, v. 21, n. 27, p. 1169-1181.
1986.
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Guarantee Scheme for India. Final Report
.International Federation of Organic Agriculture
Movements, Bonn, Germany. 2006. Available
online: <http://www.ifoam.org/about_ifoam/
standards/pgs_projects/pgs_downloads/
PGSforIndia_FinalReport.pdf. > Access on: 20
Jun.2011.
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Agriculture. Seedling, 14:1-4, 1994 Available at:
http://www.grain.org/article/entries/514-
reviving-diversity-in-india-s-agriculture. Access on:
10Jan2011.
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Towards the Conservation and Development of
Indian Cattle Breeds. In: Traditional Knowledge
Systems of India and Sri Lanka: Papers
presented at the COMPAS Asian Regional
Workshop on Traditional Knowledge Systems and
their Current Relevance and Applications. 305 Jul,
p. 104-113. 2006.
LASALLE, T. J.; HEPPERLY P. Regenerative
Organic Farming: A Solution to Global
Warming, Rodale Institute, USA. 2008 Available
online: <http://www.rodaleinstitute.org/files/
Rodale_Research_Paper-07_30_08.pdf> Access
on: 20 Jun.2011.
MALGHAN, D. On the relationship between
scale, allocation, and distribution. Ecological
Economics 69(11): 2261-2270. 2010.
MARTÍNEZ-ALIER, J. From Political Economy
to Political Ecology. (eds) Ramachandra Guha
and Joan Martiìnez-Alier. Varieties of
Environmentalism: Essays North and
South. London: Earthscan Publications, p.230,
1997.
MCDONALD, R. Towards a New
Conceptualization of Gross National Happiness
and its Foundations. Journal of Bhutan Studies,
v.11, Summer 2005.
MEADOWS, D. H.; MEADOWS, D. L.;
RANDERS, J.; BEHRENS, W. W. The Limits to
Growth. New York: Universe Books. 1972. 205
p.
MEHROTRA, N. Agriculture Credit: The Truth
behind the Aggregate Numbers. Economic and
Political Weekly, v.46, n.42, p. 22-26, 2011.
MURCH, M.; REEDER, K. Selling Health:
Hindustan Lever Limited and the Soap Market.
Michigan Business School Case Study Series. 2003.
NAAS. High Value Agriculture in India:
Prospects and Policies. National Academy of
Agricultural Sciences, Policy Paper 20. 2008.
Available at: < http://www.naasindia.org/
Policy%20Papers/policy%2040.pdf>. Access on:
10Oct2011.
NABARD. Action plan to address agrarian distress
in India. Independent Expert panel Report to
National Bank for Agriculture and Rural
Development (NABARD), New Delhi. 2008.
NORGAARD, R. Development Betrayed: the
End of Progress and a Coevolutionary
Envisioning of the Future, London: Routledge,
p.296, 1994.
PAEHLKE, R. Sustainability as a Bridging
Concept. Conservation Biology, v. 19, n.1, p.
36-38, 2005.
PATHAK, H.; BYJESH, K.; CHAKRABARTI,
B.; AGGARWAL, P.K.Potential and costs of
carbon sequestration in Indian agriculture:
Estimates from long-term field experiments. Field Crops Research, v. 120, issue 1, 2010.
PLANNING COMMISSION. Mid-term
Appraisal Eleventh Five Year Plan 2007-2012.
Government of India, Oxford University Press,
New Delhi, 2011.
PRADHAN, B. K.; ROY, P. K.; SALUJA, M. R.;
VENKATRAM, S. Rural-Urban Disparities.
Economic and Political Weekly, v. 35, n. 28,
2000.
PRAHALAD, C. K. Fortune at the Bottom of
Economic Pyramid, New Jersey: Wharton
School Publishing, p. 273, 2005.
PRETTY, J. N. Facilitating Sustainable
Agriculture: participatory learning and
adaptive management in times of
environmental uncertainty. (ed). Roling, N.G.;
Wagemakers, M.E.A. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, p.348, 2000.
PURUSHOTHAMAN, S. Land-use strategies,
economic options and stakeholder
preferences: A study of tribal communities in
forest peripheries. Working Paper 13-05, South
Asian Network for Development and
Environmental Economics (SANDEE)
Kathmandu, Nepal. 2005
PURUSHOTHAMAN, S.; PATIL S.; FRANCIS,
I. D9.2 Implementation of assessment of the
impact of elected land use related policy(ies) on
sustainable development and critical factors of
its implementation in the case study of
India. LUPIS integrated project, EU 6th
Framework Programme (www.lupis.eu), 2011.
QIZILBASH, M. Vague language and precise
measurement: the case of poverty, Journal of
Economic Methodology, v. 10, n.1, pp. 41-58, 2003.
SACHS, I. Social Sustainability and Whole
Development: Exploring the Dimensions of
Sustainable Development. In Sustainability and
the Social Sciences. Becker, E.; Thomas, J. 1999.
New York: Zed Books Ltd. p 25-36.
SALETH, R. M.; M. S. SWAMINATHAN.
“Sustainable Livelihood Security Index: Towards
a Welfare Concept and Robust Indicator for
Sustainability” in Anton Moser, ed., Ecological
Sustainability and Biotechnology, Inter-Science
Wiley, London.1997
SARAP, K. Factors Affecting Small Farmers’
Access to Institutional Credit in Rural Credit in
Rural Orissa, India. Development and Change
v. 21, pp. 281-307, 2008.
SCHUMACHER, E. F. Small is beautiful: a
study of economics as if people mattered.
London: Blond & Briggs, 1973.
SHIVA, V. The violence of the Green
Revolution: Ecological degradation and political
conflict in Punjab. 1992. New Delhi:Zed Press.
SINHA, A. Impact of the international banking
on the Indian financial system. BIS Papers No.
54. Bank for International Settlements, Basel,
Switzerland. 2011. Available on <http://bis.org/
publ/bppdf/bispap54m.pdf>. Access on: 24
Jun.2011.
SINGH, R. B. Environmental consequences of
agricultural development: a case study from the
Green Revolution state of Haryana, India.
Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, v.82,
n. 1-3, p. 97-103, 2000.
SUBRAMANIAN, S.; DEATON, A. The demand
for food and calories. Journal of Political
Economy, v.104, n. 1, p.133-162, 1996.
SURYANARAYANA, M. H. Food Security:
Measures, Norms and Issues. Development and
Change, v.28, p. 771-789. 1997.
TISDELL, C. A. Economics of Environmental
Conservation. Massachusetts: Edward Elger
Publishing Limited, 2005. p. 320.
VERBURG, R.; BEZLEPKINA, I.; MCNEILL,
D.; BONIN, M.; SIEBER, S.; REIDSMA, P.;
GCAHIMBI, L.; GICHERU, P.; SGHAIER, M.;
FENG, S.; PURUSHOTHAMAN, S.; WIDYATMANTI, W.; SARTOHADI,
J.;RODRIGUES, S. D2.3: Defining sustainable
development in the context of LUPIS. LUPIS
project, EU 6th Framework Programme, contract
no. 36955, www.lupis.eu <http://www.lupis.eu/>,
p. 70, 2003
WACKERNAGEL, M., REES,W. Our
Ecological Footprint: Reducing Human
Impact on the Earth. 1996. Gabriola Island: New
Society Publishers,.
WALKER, B., C.; HOLLING, S.; CARPENTER,
S. R. ; KINZIG, A.. Resilience, adaptability and
transformability in social”“ecological systems.
Ecology and Society, v. 9, n.2:5. 2004. Available
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Purushothaman, S., & Abraham, R. (2011). Scaling up and Sustainability:: the experience of rural India. Sustainability in Debate, 2(2), 21–42. https://doi.org/10.18472/SustDeb.v2n2.2011.5817
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