Instituições sociais: Um diálogo entre sociologia de Chicago e filosofia pragmatista
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-6992-202136020005Palavras-chave:
Instituiçoes, Ecologia humana, pragmatismo, sociologia de Chicago, empowerment, inteligência coletivaResumo
Este artigo volta às propostas teóricas de Robert E. Park e William I. Thomas sobre o processo de desorganização/reorganização social e a forma como isso foi tratado em algumas das dissertações de sociologia de Chicago na década de 1920. As instituições sociais eram consideradas organismos vivos que nascem, crescem e morrem e que existem através de suas transações com seus ambientes e através da gênese destas transações. Os processos básicos desta ecologia de instituições sociais, nas ordens biótica e moral, foram apreendidos com as categorias de competição e seleção, isolamento, invasão e sucessão, cooperação, parasitismo e simbiose, conflito, acomodação e assimilação. As descrições e análises estatísticas e cartográficas tornaram possível dar conta de processos ecológicos de diferenciação funcional e territorial, étnica e racial, distribuição e segregação. Esta primeira etapa, nos anos 1920-30, ajuda a entender como W. F. Whyte, H. Blumer e E. C. Hughes estudaram o processo de institucionalização de hospitais, empresas, sindicatos, igrejas e organizações de movimentos sociais nos anos 1940-60. Esta perspectiva ecológica clássica é enriquecida aqui através de seu confronto com a filosofia pragmatista – da qual Park e Thomas eram próximos. As instituições sociais, além de sua base ecológica, são tomadas como campos experimentais e matrizes culturais, que crescem em torno de tentativas de definir e dominar os problemas sociais. As noções tomadas emprestadas a Dewey de razão pública, inteligência coletiva e aprendizagem coletiva pelas comunidades de debatedores, investigadores e experimentadores, entram em jogo. As instituições sociais são acumuladores, condensadores e geradores de experiência, know-how e conhecimento: elas empoderam ou des-empoderam seus membros ou beneficiários. Tal conjunto de questões nos permite abordar numa nova perspectiva algumas questões de sociologia das organizações.
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