Validity of the TAT in Brazil: Theoretical and Methodological Issues

Autores/as

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1590/0102.3772e36521%20

Palabras clave:

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), Projective techniques, Test validity

Resumen

Although the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is popular in Brazil, showing evidences of its validity remains a challenge. In the present article, we discuss such issue by analyzing the definition of the TAT as a projective method and a psychological test, its use by different theoretical traditions, relations between nomothetic and idiographic analysis levels, limitations of Classical Test Theory for evaluating the instrument’s properties, and challenges regarding research and practice with the instrument in Brazil. We advocate that overcoming a traditional view of projective techniques, using multidimensional methods and performing wider empirical studies on norms and validation evidences with multicenter databases may allow more secure and informed practices with the instrument among researchers and practitioners in the country.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Biografía del autor/a

Alessandro Antonio Scaduto, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil

Professor Adjunto - Departamento de Psicologia ”“ Universidade Federal do Paraná (DEPSI-UFPR)

Valéria Barbieri, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil

Professora do Departamento de Psicologia ”“ Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto - Universidade de São Paulo

Manoel Antônio dos Santos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil

Professor do Departamento de Psicologia ”“ Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto - Universidade de São Paulo (FFCLRP-USP)

Citas

Ackerman, T. (2005) Multidimensional Item Response Theory Modeling. In A. Maydeu-Olivares & J. J. McArdle (Eds.) Contemporary psychometrics: a festschrift for Roderick P. McDonald (pp. 3-26). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Alves, I. C. B. (2006). Considerações sobre a Validade e Precisão nas Técnicas Projetivas [Considerations on Validity and Reliability of Projective Techniques]. In A. P. P. Noronha, A. A. A. Santos, & F. F. Sisto (Eds.) Facetas do Fazer em Avaliação Psicológica (pp. 173-190). Vetor.

American Educational Research Association (AERA), American Psychological Association (APA), National Council on Measurement in Education (NCME) (2014). Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing. American Educational Research Association.

Annotti, L. A. & Teglasi, H. (2017). Functioning in the Real World: Using Storytelling to Improve Validity in the Assessment of Executive Functions. Journal of Personality Assessment, 99(3), 254-264. http://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2016.1205075

Anzieu, D. (1981). Problemas de Validação [Validation Problems] (M. L. E. Silva, Trans.). In D. Anzieu, Os Métodos Projetivos (pp. 227-241). Campus. (Original work published 1961).

Aronow, E., Weiss, K. M., & Reznikoff, M. (2001). A Practical Guide to the Thematic Apperception Test: The TAT in Clinical Practice. Routledge.

Ávila-Espada, A. (2000) Objective Scoring for the TAT. In R. H. Dana (Ed.). Handbook of Cross-Cultural and Multicultural Personality Assessment (pp 465-480). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Barbieri, V. (2008). Por Uma Ciência-Profissão: O Psicodiagnóstico Interventivo Como Método De Investigação Científica [For a Science-Profession: Interventive Psychodiagnosis as a Method of Scientific Research]. Psicologia em Estudo, 13(3), 575-584. http://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-73722008000300019

Blankenship, V., Vega, C. M., Ramos, E., Romero, K., Warren, K., Keenan, K., Rosenow, V., Vasquez, J., & Sullivan, A. (2006). Using the Multifaceted Rasch Model To Improve The Tat/Pse Measure Of Need For Achievement. Journal of Personality Assessment, 86, 100-114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa8601_11

Bornstein, R. F. (2007). Toward a Process-Based Framework for Classifying Personality Tests: Comment on Meyer and Kurtz (2006). Journal of Personality Assessment, 89(2), 202-207. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890701518776

Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research (2nd ed.). Guilford.

Conselho Federal de Psicologia - CFP (2018). Resolução Nº 009/2018 [Resolution number 009/2018]. Brasília, DF: CFP.

Cramer, P. (1999). Future Directions for the Thematic Apperception Test. Journal of Personality Assessment, 72(1), 74-92. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa7201_5

Cramer, P. (2004). Storytelling, Narrative and the Thematic Apperception Test. The Guilford Press.

Cramer, P. (2015). Defense Mechanisms: 40 Years of Empirical Research. Journal of Personality Assessment, 97, 114-122. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2014.947997

Cramer, P. (2017). Defense Mechanism Card Pull in TAT Stories. Journal of Personality Assessment, 99(1), 15-24. http://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2016.1207080

Costantino, G., Dana, R. & Malgady, R. (2007). TEMAS (Tell-Me-A-Story) assessment in multicultural societies. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Damásio, B. F. (2012). Uso da Análise Fatorial Exploratória em Psicologia [Uses of Exploratory Factorial Analysis in Psychology]. Avaliação Psicológica, 11(2), 213-228.

Fried, E. I. (2017). What are Psychological Constructs? On the Nature and Statistical Modelling of emotions, Intelligence, Personality Traits and mental Disorders. Health Psychology Review, 11(2), 130-134. http://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2017.1306718

Gelo, O., Braakmann, D., & Benetka, G. (2008). Quantitative and Qualitative Research: Beyond the Debate. Integrative Psychology and Behaviour, 42, 266-290. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12124-008-9078-3

Gouveia, V. V., Santos, W. S., & Milfont, T. L. (2009). O Uso da Estatística na Avaliação Psicológica: Comentários e Considerações Práticas [The Use of Statistics in Psychological Assessment: Comments and Sensible Considerations]. In C. S. Hutz (Ed.). Avanços e Polêmicas em Avaliação Psicológica (pp. 127-155). Casa do Psicólogo.

Haase, V. G., Gauer, G., & Gomes, C. M. A. (2010). Neuropsicometria: Modelos Nomotético e Idiográfico [Neuropsychometrics: Nomothetic and Idiographic Models]. In L. F. Malloy-Diniz, D. Fuentes, P. Mattos, & N. Abreu (Eds.) Avaliação Neuropsicológica (pp. 31-37). Artmed.

Hartig, J.; & Höler, J. (2009). Multidimensional IRT Models for the Assessment of Competencies. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 35, 57-63. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.stueduc.2009.10.002

Herzberg, E. (1993). Estudos Normativos do Desenho da Figura Humana (DFH) e do Teste de Apercepção Temática (TAT) em Mulheres: Implicações para o Atendimento a Gestantes [Normative Studies on the Human Drawing Test and the Thematic Apperception Test in women: Implications for Pregnants’ Assisting] [Doctoral dissertation, University of São Paulo]. Institutional Repository. https://repositorio.usp.br/single.php?_id=000739199

Hibbard, S., Mitchell, D., & Porcerelli, J. (2001) Internal Consistency of the Object Relations and Social Cognition Scales for the Thematic Apperception Test. Journal of Personality Assessment, 77:3, 408-419. http://doi.org/10.1207/S15327752JPA7703_03

Holt, R. R. (1999). Empiricism and the Thematic Apperception Test: Validity Is the Payoff. In M. T. Gieser & M. I. Stein (Eds.) Evocative Images: The Thematic Apperception Test and the Art of Projection, (pp. 99-105), American Psychological Association.

Hoy-Watkins, M., & Jenkins-Monroe, V. (2008). The Contemporized Themes Concerning Blacks Test (C-TCB). In S. R. Jenkins (Ed.), Handbook of Clinical Scoring Systems for Thematic Apperceptive Techniques (pp. 659-684). Erlbaum.

Jenkins, S. R. (2008). A Handbook of Clinical Scoring Systems for Thematic Apperceptive Techniques. Erlbaum.

Jenkins, S. R. (2014). Thematic Apperceptive Techniques Inform a Science of Individuality. Rorschachiana, 35(2), 92-102. http://doi.org/10.1027/1192-5604/a000065

Jenkins, S. R. (2017a). The Narrative Arc of TATs: Introduction to the JPA Special Section on Thematic Apperceptive Techniques. Journal of Personality Assessment, 99(3), 225-237. http://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2016.1244066

Jenkins, S. R. (2017b). Not Your Same Old Story: New Rules for Thematic Apperceptive Techniques (TATs). Journal of Personality Assessment, 99(3), 238-253. http://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2016.1248972

Keiser, R. E., & Prather, E. N. (1990). What is the TAT? A Review of Ten Years of Research. Journal of Personality Assessment, 55(3-4), 800-803. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5503&4_36

Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (4th Ed.). Guilford.

Lelé, A. J. (2018). Teste de Apercepção Temática (TAT): Abordagem da Escola de Paris [Thematic Apperception Test: Parisian School Approach]. In C. S. Hutz, D. R. Bandeira, &C. M. Trentini (Eds.). Avaliação Psicológica da inteligência e da personalidade (pp. 365-384). Artmed.

Lelé, A. J., Flores-Mendoza, C. E., & Tardivo, L. S. D. L. P. C. (2014). Emergence of Primary Processes in The TAT of The Parisian School in Adults with Schizophrenia. Rorschachiana, 35(2), 134-153. http://doi.org/10.1027/1192-5604/a000059

Lundy, A. (1985). The Reliability of the Thematic Apperception Test. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(2), 141-145. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4902_6

Marques, A., Tardivo, L. S. P. C., Moraes, M. C. V. M, & Tosi, S. D. (2013a). Teste de Apercepção Infantil (CAT-A) - Adaptação Brasileira [Children Apperception Test (CAT-A) - Brazilian Adaptation]. Vetor.

Marques, A., Tardivo, L. S. P. C., Moraes, M. C. V. M, & Tosi, S. D. (2013b). Teste de Apercepção para Idosos (SAT) - Adaptação Brasileira [Senior Apperception Test (SAT-A) - Brazilian Adaptation]. Vetor.

Marques, A., Tardivo, L. S. P. C., Moraes, M. C. V. M, & Tosi, S. D. (2016). Teste de Apercepção Infantil (CAT-H) - Adaptação Brasileira [Children Apperception Test (CAT-H) - Brazilian Adaptation]. Vetor.

Meyer, J. M. (2004). The Reliability and Validity of The Rorschach And Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Compared to Other Psychological and Medical Procedures: An Analysis of Systematically Gathered Evidence. In Hilsenroth, M. J. & Segal, D. L. (Eds.) Comprehensive Handbook of Psychological Assessment, Vol. 2: Personality assessment, (pp. 315-342). John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Meyer, G. J., & Kurtz, J. E. (2006). Advancing Personality Assessment Terminology: Time to Retire “Objective” and “Projective” as Personality Test Descriptors. Journal of Personality Assessment, 87, 223-225. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa8703_01

Meyer, G. J.; Williams, A., & Lafferty, M. (2019). Hello Potential R-PAS Normative Data Collectors. Invitation Letter for Participation in Research, 4p.

Meyer, G. J., Viglione, D. J., Mihura, J. L., Erard, R. E., & Erdberg, P. (2017). R-PAS: Sistema de Avaliação por Performance no Rorschach [R-PAS: Rorschach Personality Assessemt System] (F. K. Miguel, & D. R. Silva, Trans.). Hogrefe.

Miranda, M. M. (2000). Aspectos Dinâmicos de Personalidade de Autores de Crimes Sexuais Cometidos contra Crianças [Dynamic Aspects of Personality in Authors of Sexual Crimes against Children] [Poster presentation]. IV Mostra de TGI, 2.

Mishima-Gomes, F. K. T.; Dezan, S. Z. & Barbieri, V. (2014). “Não Pode!”: A Função Paterna e a Obesidade Infantil [“No, you can’t!”: Paternal Function and Childhood Obesity]. Psico, 45(2), 176-186. http://dx.doi.org/10.15448/1980-8623.2014.2.13307

Murray, H. A. (2005). Teste de Apercepção Temática: Henry A. Murray e colaboradores da Clínica Psicológica de Harvard [Thematic Apperception test: Henry A. Murray and colaborators of Harvard Psychology Clinic] (M. C. V. Silva, Trans., Ed.) (3rd ed.). Casa do Psicólogo. (Original work published 1943)

Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric Theory (2nd Ed.). Wiley.

Parada, A. P. & Barbieri, V. (2011). Reflexões sobre o Uso Clínico do TAT na Contemporaneidade [Reflection about the Clinical Use of TAT in Contemporaneity]. Psico-USF, 16(1), 117-125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-82712011000100013

Pasquali, L. (1997). Psicometria: Teoria e aplicações [Psychometry: Theory and Application]. Editora Universidade de Brasília.

Primi, R. (2012). A Validade DOS Métodos Projetivos para o Estudo da Personalidade[Validity of Projective Methods for The Study of Personality] [Conference session]. 6 Congresso Nacional da Associação Brasileira de Rorschach e Outros Métodos Projetivos (p. 66). Associação Brasileira de Rorschach e Outros Métodos Projetivos.

Primi, R., Muniz, M., Nunes, C. H. S. S. (2009). Definições Contemporâneas de Validade de Testes Psicológicos [Contemporary Definitions on Validity of Psychological Tests]. In C. S. Hutz (Ed.). Avanços e Polêmicas em Avaliação Psicológica (pp. 243-265). Casa do Psicólogo.

Reckase, M. D. (2009). Multidimensional Item Response Theory. Springer.

Revelle, W. & Zinbarg, R. (2009). Coefficients Alpha, Beta, Omega, and the GLB: Comments on Sijtsma. Psychometrika, 74, 145-154. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11336-008-9102-z

Rietlzer, B. (2006). Aplicações Culturais do Rorschach, Testes de Apercepção e Desenhos de Figuras [Cultural aplications of the Rorschach, apperception tests and figure drawings]. In N. A. Silva Neto & D. M. Amparo (Eds.) Métodos Projetivos: Instrumentos atuais para a investigação psicológica e da cultura (pp. 46-69). Vetor.

Scaduto, A. A., & Barbieri, V. (2013). Em defesa do TAT: uma revisão crítica das pesquisas sobre o teste no Brasil [In Defense of the TAT: A Critical Review of The Test Research in Brazil]. Avaliação Psicológica, 12(3), 299-305.

Scaduto, A. A. (2016). O Teste de Apercepção Temática (TAT) em adultos: Dados normativos para o sistema morvaliano [The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) in adults: Normative data for the morvalian system] [Doctoral dissertation, University of São Paulo]. Institutional Repository. https://doi.org/10.11606/T.59.2016.tde-11052016-104942

Scaduto, A. A., Barbieri, V., & Santos, M. A. (2015). Adesão aos Princípios da Comunidade Terapêutica e Processo de Mudança ao Longo do Tratamento [Adherence to the Principles of the Therapeutic Community Treatment and the Process of Change]. Psicologia: Ciência e Profissão, 35(3), 781-796. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-3703000792013

Scaglia, A. P., Mishima-Gomes, F. K. T, & Barbieri, V. (2018). Paternidade em Diferentes Configurações Familiares e o Desenvolvimento Emocional da Filha [Paternity in Different Family Settings and Daughter’s Emotional Development]. Psico-USF, 23(2), 267-278. http://doi.org/10.1590/1413-82712018230207

Schmittmann, V. D., Cramer, A. O. J., Waldorp, L. J., Epskamp, S., Kievit, R. A., & Borsboom, D. (2013). Deconstructing the Construct: A Network Perspective on Psychological Phenomena. New Ideas in Psychology, 31(1) 43-53. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.newideapsych.2011.02.007

Schwartz, L. E. & Caride, M. R. (2004a). Test de Apercepción Temática: Actualización de Los Clishés de Las Láminas Universales. similitudes y Diferencias [TAT: Actualization of Clishés (Universal Pictures). Similarities and Diferences]. Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnostico y Evaluación Psicológica, 17(1), 107-121.

Schwartz, L. E. & Caride, M. R. (2004b). Clishé de las Láminas específicas del TAT. Elaboraciones [Clishés for specific TAT pictures]. Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnostico y Evaluación Psicológica, 18(2), 43-59.

Silva, M C. V. M. (2011). Da Aproximação à Reificação [From Approximation to Reification]. In M C. V. M. Silva. História dos Testes Psicológicos (pp 103-114), Vetor.

Silva, M. C. V. M. (1989). TAT: Aplicação e Interpretação do Teste de Apercepção Temática [TAT: Application and Interpretation of the Thematic Apperception Test]. Editora Pedagógica e Universitária.

Siefert, C. J.; Stein, M. B.; Slavin-Mulford, J.; Sinclair, S. J.; Haggerty, G. & Blais, M. A. (2016) Estimating the Effects of Thematic Apperception Test Card Content on SCORS-G Ratings: Replication With a Nonclinical Sample. Journal of Personality Assessment, 98:6, 598-607. http://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2016.1167696

Stein, M. B., Slavin-Mulford, J., Siefert, C. J., Sinclair, S. J., Smith, M., Chung, W., Liebman, R., & Blais, M. A. (2015). External Validity of SCORS-G Ratings of Thematic Apperception Test Narratives in a Sample of Outpatients and Inpatients. Rorschachiana, 36, 58-81. http://doi.org/10.1027/1192-5604/a000057

Stein, M. B.; Siefert, C. J. (2018). Introduction to the Special Section on the Social Cognition and Object Relations Scale-Global Rating Method: From Research to Practice. Journal of Personality Assessment, 100(2), 117-121. http://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2017.1418749

Stein, M. B. & Slavin-Mulford, J. (2018). The Social Cognition and Object Relations Scale-Global Rating Method (SCORS-G): A comprehensive guide for clinicians and researchers. Routledge.

Tavares, M. (2003). Validade Clínica [Clinical Validity]. Psico-USF, 8(2), 125-136. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-82712003000200004

Tuerlinckx, F., De Boeck, P. & Lens, W. (2002). Measuring Needs with the Thematic Apperception Test: a Psychometric Study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(3): 448-461. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.3.448

Urbina, S. (2007). Introdução aos Testes Psicológicos e Seus Usos [Introduction to Psychological Tests and Their Uses]. In S. Urbina, Fundamentos da Testagem Psicológica (pp. 11-41). Casa do Psicólogo.

Vane, J. R. (1981). The Thematic Apperception Test: A Review. Clinical Psychology Review, 1(3), 319-336. https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-7358(81)90009-X

Verdon, B., Chabert, C., Azoulay, C., Emmanuelli, M., Neau, F., Vibert, S., & Louët, E. (2014). The Dynamics of TAT Process Psychoanalytical and Psychopathological Perspectives. Rorschachiana, 35(2), 103-133. http://doi.org/10.1027/1192-5604/a000056

Westen, D. (1991). Social Cognition and Object Relations. Psychological Bulletin, 109(3), 429-455. http://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.109.3.429

Westen, D.; Lohr, N.; Silk, K.; Kerber, K., & Goodrich, S. (1990). Social Cognition and Object Relations Scale (SCORS): Manual for Coding TAT Data [Unpublished manuscript]. University of Michigan.

Descargas

Publicado

2021-01-11

Cómo citar

Scaduto, A. A., Barbieri, V., & Santos, M. A. dos. (2021). Validity of the TAT in Brazil: Theoretical and Methodological Issues. Psicologia: Teoria E Pesquisa, 36. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102.3772e36521

Número

Sección

Artigos Teóricos

Artículos más leídos del mismo autor/a

1 2 > >>