Fathers’ Involvement During the Baby’s Third Month
Keywords:
Father involvement, Father-baby relationship, FatherhoodAbstract
This study investigated the involvement of fathers when their baby was three months old. Participants included 38 primiparous fathers with ages from 20 to 40 years. The fathers’ interviews were content analyzed, based on three dimensions of father involvement: interaction, accessibility and responsibility. Fathers reported their involvement in many care activities, although not always routinely. They also mentioned worries and a much involvement in decisions related to care, education and baby’s health. However, fathers considered their participation less than desired due to work-related time restrictions. These results indicated an increase in father involvement during the baby’s third month and the need for emotional support for the fathers during this family transition.
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References
Ahlborg, T., & Strandmark, M. (2001). The baby was the focus of attention - first-time parents’ experiences of their intimate relationship. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Science, 15(4), 318-325.
Allen, S., & Hawkins, A. (1999). Maternal gatekeeping: Mothers’ beliefs and behavior that inhibit greater father involvement in family work. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 61(1), 199-212.
Amato, P. R., & Gilbreth, J. G. (1999). Nonresident fathers and children’s well-being: A meta-analysis. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 61(3), 557-573.
Anderson, A. M. (1996). The father-infant relationship: Becoming connected. Journal of the Society of Pediatric Nurses, 1(2), 83-92.
Bailey, W. T. (1994). A longitudinal study of fathers’ involvement with young children: Infancy to age 5 years. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 155(3), 331-339.
Barclay, L., & Lupton, D. (1999). The experience of new fatherhood: a socio-cultural analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 29(4), 1013-1020.
Bardin, L. (1977). Análise de Conteúdo. São Paulo: Edições 70.
Belsky, J., Gilstrap, B., & Rovine, M. (1984). The Pennsylvania Infant and Family Development Project, I: Stability and change in mother-infant and father-infant interactions in a family setting at one, three, and nine months. Child Development, 55(3), 692-705.
Brazelton, T. B. (1988). O desenvolvimento do apego: Uma família em formação. Porto Alegre: Artes Médicas.
Brazelton, T. B., & Cramer, B. G. (1992). As primeiras relações. São Paulo: Martins Fontes.
Buist, A., Morse, C., & Durkin, S. (2003). Men’s adjustment to fatherhood: Implications for obstetric health care. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing, 32(2), 172-180.
Cabrera, N. J., Tamis-LeMonda, C. S., Bradley, R. H., Hofferth, S., & Lamb, M. E. (2000). Fatherhood in the twenty-first century. Child Development, 71(1), 127-136.
Corwyn, R. F., & Bradley, R. H. (1999). Determinants of paternal and maternal investment in children. Infant Mental Health Journal, 20(3), 238-256.
Cramer, B., & Palacio-Espasa, F. (1993). Técnicas psicoterápicas mãe-bebê. Porto Alegre: Artes Médicas.
Daly, K. J. (1996). Spending time with the kids: Meanings of family time for fathers. Family Relations, 45(4), 466-476.
Delmore-Ko, P., Pancer, S. M., Hunsberger, B., & Pratt, M. (2000). Becoming a parent: The relation between prenatal expectations and postnatal experience. Journal of Family Psychology, 14(4), 625-640.
Doherty, W. J., Kouneski, E. F., & Erickson, M. F. (1998). Responsible fathering: An overview and conceptual framework. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 60(2), 277-292.
Easterbrooks, M. A., & Goldberg, W. A. (1984). Toddler development in the family: Impact of father involvement and parenting characteristics. Child Development, 55(3), 740-752.
Garfield, C. F., & Chung, P. J. (2006). A qualitative study of early differences in fathers’ expectations of their child care responsibilities. Ambulatory Pediatrics, 6(4), 215-220.
Goodman, J. H. (2005). Becoming an involved father of an infant. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing, 34(2), 190”“200.
Grupo de Interação Social, Desenvolvimento e Psicopatologia (1998a). Ficha de Contato Inicial. Porto Alegre: Instituto de Psicologia, UFRGS. Instrumento não publicado.
Grupo de Interação Social, Desenvolvimento e Psicopatologia (1998b). Entrevista de Dados Demográficos do Casal. Porto Alegre: Instituto de Psicologia, UFRGS. Instrumento não publicado.
Grupo de Interação Social, Desenvolvimento e Psicopatologia (1999). Entrevista sobre a Experiência da Paternidade e o Desenvolvimento do Bebê no Primeiro Trimestre Porto Alegre: Instituto de Psicologia, UFRGS. Instrumento não publicado.
Henwood, K., & Procter, J. (2003). The ‘good father’: Reading men’s account of parental involvement during the transition to first-time fatherhood. British Journal of Social Psychology, 42(3), 337- 355.
Hewlett, B. S. (2000). Culture, history, and sex: Anthropological contributions to conceptualizing father involvement. Marriage & Family Review, 29 (2/3), 59-73.
Hollingshead, A. B. (1975). Four factor index of social status. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Sociology. Yale University.
Houzel, D. (2004). As implicações da parentalidade. In L. Solis-Ponton (Ed.), Ser pai, ser mãe: Parentalidade: Um desafio para o terceiro milênio: Uma Homenagem internacional para Serge Lebovici (pp. 47-51). São Paulo: Casa do Psicológo.
Lamb, M. E. (Ed.) (1997). The role of the father in child development. New York: John Wiley.
Lamb, M. E., Pleck, J. H., Charnov, E. L., & Levine, J. A. (1985). Paternal behavior in humans. American Zoologist, 25(3), 883-894.
Laville, C., & Dione, J. (1999). A construção do saber. Porto Alegre: Artmed.
Lebovici, S. (1987). O bebê, a mãe e o psicanalista. Porto Alegre: Artes Médicas.
Levy-Shiff, R. (1994). Individual and contextual correlates of marital change across the transition to parenthood. Developmental Psychology, 30(4), 591-601.
Lewis, C., & Dessen, M. A. (1999). O pai no contexto familiar. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 15(1), 09-16.
Lupton, D., & Barclay, L. (1997). Constructing fatherhood. Discourses and experiences. London: SAGE.
Marsiglio, W., Amato, P., Day, R. D., & Lamb, M. E. (2000). Scholarship on fatherhood in the 1990s and beyond. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 62(4), 1173-1191.
Masciadrelli, B., Pleck, J., & Stueve, J. (2006). Fathers’ role model perceptions: Themes and linkages with involvement. Men and Masculinities, 9(1), 23-34.
May, K. (1982). Three phases of father involvement in pregnancy. Nursing Research, 31(6), 337-342.
Mezulis, A. H., Hyde, J. S., & Clark, R. (2004). Father involvement moderates the effect of maternal depression during a child’s infancy on child behavior problems in kindergarten. Journal of Family Psychology, 18(4), 575-588.
Ninio, A., & Rinott, N. (1988). Father’s involvement in the care of their infants and their attributions of cognitive competence to infants. Child Development, 59(3), 652-663.
Niström, K., & Öhrling, K. (2004). Parenthood experiences during the child’s first year: literature review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 46(3), 319”“330.
Parke, R. D. (1996). Fatherhood. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Piccinini, C. A., Tudge, J., Lopes, R. S., & Sperb, T. M. (1998). Estudo Longitudinal de Porto Alegre: Da Gestação à Escola. Porto Alegre: Instituto de Psicologia, UFRGS. Projeto de Pesquisa.
Piccinini, C. A., Silva, M. R, Gonçalves, T. R., Lopes, R. S., & Tudge, J. (2004). O envolvimento paterno durante a gestação. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 17(3), 303-314.
Pleck, J. H. (1997). Paternal involvement: levels, sources, and consequences. In M. Lamb. (Ed.), The Role of the Father in Child Development (pp. 66-103). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Ramires, V. (1997). O exercício da paternidade. Rio de Janeiro: Ed. Rosa dos Ventos.
Rezende, A. L., & Alonso, I. L. (1995). O perfil do pai cuidador. Revista Brasileira de Crescimento e Desenvolvimento Humano, 5 (1/2), 66-81.
Roggman, L. A. (2004). Do fathers just want to have fun? Commentary on theorizing the father-child relationship. Human Development, 47(4), 228-236.
Roggman, L., Boyce, L., Cook, G., & Cook, J. (2003). Getting dads involved: Predictors of father involvement in early Head Start and with their children. Infant Mental Health Journal, 23(1-2), 62-78.
Rustia, J. G., & Abott, D. (1993). Father involvement in infant care: two longitudinal studies. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 30(6), 467-47 6.
Sanderson, S., & Thompson, V. T. (2002). Factors associated with perceived parental involvement in childbearing. Sex Roles, 46 (3/4), 99-111.
Silva, M. R. (2003). Sentimentos sobre a paternidade e envolvimento de pais que residem e pais que não residem com seus filhos. Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre.
Silva, M. R., & Piccinini, C. A. (2004). O envolvimento paterno em pais não-residentes: algumas questões teóricas. Psico, 35(2), 185-194.
Stern, D. N. (1997). A constelação da maternidade. Porto Alegre: Artes Médicas.
Tamis-Lemonda, C. (2004). Conceptualizing fathers’ roles: Playmates and more. Human Development, 47(4), 220-227.
Trindade, Z. A., Andrade, C. A., & Souza, Q. J. (1997). Papéis parentais e representações da paternidade: A perspectiva do pai. Psico, 28(1), 207-222.
Tudge, J., Doucet, E., Odero, D., Sperb, T., Piccinini., C., & Lopes, R. (2006). A window into different cultural worlds: Young children’s everyday activities in the United States, Kenya, and Brazil. Child Development, 77(5), 1446-1469.
Winnicott, D. W. (1983). Teoria do relacionamento paterno-filial. In D. W. Winnicott. (Ed.), O Ambiente e os Processos de Maturação (pp. 38-54). Porto Alegre: Artmed (Original publicado em 1960).
Yeung, W. J., Sandberg, J. F., Davis-Kean, P. E.,. & Hofferth, S. L. (2001). Children’s time with fathers in intact families. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63(1), 136”“154.
Allen, S., & Hawkins, A. (1999). Maternal gatekeeping: Mothers’ beliefs and behavior that inhibit greater father involvement in family work. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 61(1), 199-212.
Amato, P. R., & Gilbreth, J. G. (1999). Nonresident fathers and children’s well-being: A meta-analysis. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 61(3), 557-573.
Anderson, A. M. (1996). The father-infant relationship: Becoming connected. Journal of the Society of Pediatric Nurses, 1(2), 83-92.
Bailey, W. T. (1994). A longitudinal study of fathers’ involvement with young children: Infancy to age 5 years. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 155(3), 331-339.
Barclay, L., & Lupton, D. (1999). The experience of new fatherhood: a socio-cultural analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 29(4), 1013-1020.
Bardin, L. (1977). Análise de Conteúdo. São Paulo: Edições 70.
Belsky, J., Gilstrap, B., & Rovine, M. (1984). The Pennsylvania Infant and Family Development Project, I: Stability and change in mother-infant and father-infant interactions in a family setting at one, three, and nine months. Child Development, 55(3), 692-705.
Brazelton, T. B. (1988). O desenvolvimento do apego: Uma família em formação. Porto Alegre: Artes Médicas.
Brazelton, T. B., & Cramer, B. G. (1992). As primeiras relações. São Paulo: Martins Fontes.
Buist, A., Morse, C., & Durkin, S. (2003). Men’s adjustment to fatherhood: Implications for obstetric health care. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing, 32(2), 172-180.
Cabrera, N. J., Tamis-LeMonda, C. S., Bradley, R. H., Hofferth, S., & Lamb, M. E. (2000). Fatherhood in the twenty-first century. Child Development, 71(1), 127-136.
Corwyn, R. F., & Bradley, R. H. (1999). Determinants of paternal and maternal investment in children. Infant Mental Health Journal, 20(3), 238-256.
Cramer, B., & Palacio-Espasa, F. (1993). Técnicas psicoterápicas mãe-bebê. Porto Alegre: Artes Médicas.
Daly, K. J. (1996). Spending time with the kids: Meanings of family time for fathers. Family Relations, 45(4), 466-476.
Delmore-Ko, P., Pancer, S. M., Hunsberger, B., & Pratt, M. (2000). Becoming a parent: The relation between prenatal expectations and postnatal experience. Journal of Family Psychology, 14(4), 625-640.
Doherty, W. J., Kouneski, E. F., & Erickson, M. F. (1998). Responsible fathering: An overview and conceptual framework. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 60(2), 277-292.
Easterbrooks, M. A., & Goldberg, W. A. (1984). Toddler development in the family: Impact of father involvement and parenting characteristics. Child Development, 55(3), 740-752.
Garfield, C. F., & Chung, P. J. (2006). A qualitative study of early differences in fathers’ expectations of their child care responsibilities. Ambulatory Pediatrics, 6(4), 215-220.
Goodman, J. H. (2005). Becoming an involved father of an infant. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing, 34(2), 190”“200.
Grupo de Interação Social, Desenvolvimento e Psicopatologia (1998a). Ficha de Contato Inicial. Porto Alegre: Instituto de Psicologia, UFRGS. Instrumento não publicado.
Grupo de Interação Social, Desenvolvimento e Psicopatologia (1998b). Entrevista de Dados Demográficos do Casal. Porto Alegre: Instituto de Psicologia, UFRGS. Instrumento não publicado.
Grupo de Interação Social, Desenvolvimento e Psicopatologia (1999). Entrevista sobre a Experiência da Paternidade e o Desenvolvimento do Bebê no Primeiro Trimestre Porto Alegre: Instituto de Psicologia, UFRGS. Instrumento não publicado.
Henwood, K., & Procter, J. (2003). The ‘good father’: Reading men’s account of parental involvement during the transition to first-time fatherhood. British Journal of Social Psychology, 42(3), 337- 355.
Hewlett, B. S. (2000). Culture, history, and sex: Anthropological contributions to conceptualizing father involvement. Marriage & Family Review, 29 (2/3), 59-73.
Hollingshead, A. B. (1975). Four factor index of social status. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Sociology. Yale University.
Houzel, D. (2004). As implicações da parentalidade. In L. Solis-Ponton (Ed.), Ser pai, ser mãe: Parentalidade: Um desafio para o terceiro milênio: Uma Homenagem internacional para Serge Lebovici (pp. 47-51). São Paulo: Casa do Psicológo.
Lamb, M. E. (Ed.) (1997). The role of the father in child development. New York: John Wiley.
Lamb, M. E., Pleck, J. H., Charnov, E. L., & Levine, J. A. (1985). Paternal behavior in humans. American Zoologist, 25(3), 883-894.
Laville, C., & Dione, J. (1999). A construção do saber. Porto Alegre: Artmed.
Lebovici, S. (1987). O bebê, a mãe e o psicanalista. Porto Alegre: Artes Médicas.
Levy-Shiff, R. (1994). Individual and contextual correlates of marital change across the transition to parenthood. Developmental Psychology, 30(4), 591-601.
Lewis, C., & Dessen, M. A. (1999). O pai no contexto familiar. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 15(1), 09-16.
Lupton, D., & Barclay, L. (1997). Constructing fatherhood. Discourses and experiences. London: SAGE.
Marsiglio, W., Amato, P., Day, R. D., & Lamb, M. E. (2000). Scholarship on fatherhood in the 1990s and beyond. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 62(4), 1173-1191.
Masciadrelli, B., Pleck, J., & Stueve, J. (2006). Fathers’ role model perceptions: Themes and linkages with involvement. Men and Masculinities, 9(1), 23-34.
May, K. (1982). Three phases of father involvement in pregnancy. Nursing Research, 31(6), 337-342.
Mezulis, A. H., Hyde, J. S., & Clark, R. (2004). Father involvement moderates the effect of maternal depression during a child’s infancy on child behavior problems in kindergarten. Journal of Family Psychology, 18(4), 575-588.
Ninio, A., & Rinott, N. (1988). Father’s involvement in the care of their infants and their attributions of cognitive competence to infants. Child Development, 59(3), 652-663.
Niström, K., & Öhrling, K. (2004). Parenthood experiences during the child’s first year: literature review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 46(3), 319”“330.
Parke, R. D. (1996). Fatherhood. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Piccinini, C. A., Tudge, J., Lopes, R. S., & Sperb, T. M. (1998). Estudo Longitudinal de Porto Alegre: Da Gestação à Escola. Porto Alegre: Instituto de Psicologia, UFRGS. Projeto de Pesquisa.
Piccinini, C. A., Silva, M. R, Gonçalves, T. R., Lopes, R. S., & Tudge, J. (2004). O envolvimento paterno durante a gestação. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 17(3), 303-314.
Pleck, J. H. (1997). Paternal involvement: levels, sources, and consequences. In M. Lamb. (Ed.), The Role of the Father in Child Development (pp. 66-103). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Ramires, V. (1997). O exercício da paternidade. Rio de Janeiro: Ed. Rosa dos Ventos.
Rezende, A. L., & Alonso, I. L. (1995). O perfil do pai cuidador. Revista Brasileira de Crescimento e Desenvolvimento Humano, 5 (1/2), 66-81.
Roggman, L. A. (2004). Do fathers just want to have fun? Commentary on theorizing the father-child relationship. Human Development, 47(4), 228-236.
Roggman, L., Boyce, L., Cook, G., & Cook, J. (2003). Getting dads involved: Predictors of father involvement in early Head Start and with their children. Infant Mental Health Journal, 23(1-2), 62-78.
Rustia, J. G., & Abott, D. (1993). Father involvement in infant care: two longitudinal studies. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 30(6), 467-47 6.
Sanderson, S., & Thompson, V. T. (2002). Factors associated with perceived parental involvement in childbearing. Sex Roles, 46 (3/4), 99-111.
Silva, M. R. (2003). Sentimentos sobre a paternidade e envolvimento de pais que residem e pais que não residem com seus filhos. Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre.
Silva, M. R., & Piccinini, C. A. (2004). O envolvimento paterno em pais não-residentes: algumas questões teóricas. Psico, 35(2), 185-194.
Stern, D. N. (1997). A constelação da maternidade. Porto Alegre: Artes Médicas.
Tamis-Lemonda, C. (2004). Conceptualizing fathers’ roles: Playmates and more. Human Development, 47(4), 220-227.
Trindade, Z. A., Andrade, C. A., & Souza, Q. J. (1997). Papéis parentais e representações da paternidade: A perspectiva do pai. Psico, 28(1), 207-222.
Tudge, J., Doucet, E., Odero, D., Sperb, T., Piccinini., C., & Lopes, R. (2006). A window into different cultural worlds: Young children’s everyday activities in the United States, Kenya, and Brazil. Child Development, 77(5), 1446-1469.
Winnicott, D. W. (1983). Teoria do relacionamento paterno-filial. In D. W. Winnicott. (Ed.), O Ambiente e os Processos de Maturação (pp. 38-54). Porto Alegre: Artmed (Original publicado em 1960).
Yeung, W. J., Sandberg, J. F., Davis-Kean, P. E.,. & Hofferth, S. L. (2001). Children’s time with fathers in intact families. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63(1), 136”“154.
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Published
2012-10-01
How to Cite
Piccinini, C. A., Silva, M. da R., Gonçalves, T. R., Sobreira Lopes, R. de C., & Tudge, J. (2012). Fathers’ Involvement During the Baby’s Third Month. Psicologia: Teoria E Pesquisa, 28(3), 303–314. Retrieved from https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/revistaptp/article/view/18164
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Estudos Empíricos
