Norms for Word Set Size for 906 Portuguese Words
Keywords:
Word set size, Free association, NormsAbstract
Norms are presented of Word Set Size (WSS)for 906 Portuguese words.WSS corresponds to the number of
different associates produced by, at least, two subjects. The free association technique, which considered only the first response, was usedto collect the associates. Seven hundred fifty six undergraduates from different schools and majors participated in this study. Associates were produced by at least 100 subjects per cue word. Results indicated that WSS distribution resembles a normal distribution and it is orthogonal to measures of concreteness, word frequency, valence and arousal whose values are presented for each word.
Downloads
References
Anderson, J. R. (1983). The architecture of cognition. Cambridge,
MA: Harvard University Press.
Aquino, J. M., & Arnell, K. M. (2007). Attention and the
processing of emotional words: Dissociating effects of arousal.
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 14(3), 430-435. doi: 10.3758/
BF03194084
Barca, L., Burani, C., & Arduino, L. S. (2002). Word naming
times and psycholinguistic norms for Italian nouns. Behavior
Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 34(3), 424-434.
doi: 10.3758/BF03195471
Barsalou, L. W. (1992). Cognitive Psychology: An overview for
cognitive scientists. Hillsdale, New Jersey: LEA.
Battig, W. F., & Montague, W. E. (1969). Category norms of
verbal items in 56 categories: A replication and extension
of the Connecticut category norms. Journal of Experimental
Psychology, 80(3), 1-46.
Castilho, G. M., & Janczura, G. A. (2012). Raciocínio condicional: A
conclusão depende do conhecimento armazenado na memória.
Estudos de Psicologia, 17(1), 53-61.
Collins, A. M., & Loftus, E. F. (1975). A spreading-activation theory
of semantic processing. Psychological Review, 82(6), 407-428.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.82.6.407
Dasí, C., Soler, M. J., & Ruiz, J. C. (2004). Normative data on
the familiarity and difficulty of 196 spanish word fragments.
Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36(3),
-563. doi: 10.3758/BF03195602
Dresler, T., Mériau, K., Heekeren, H. R., & Van der Meer, E. (2009).
Emotional Stroop task: Effect of word arousal and subject
anxiety on emotional interference. Psychological Research
PRPF, 73(3), 364-371. doi: 10.1007/s00426-008-0154-6
Glanzer, M., & Bowles, N. (1976). Analysis of the word-frequency
effect in recognition memory. Journal of Experimental
Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 2(1), 21-31.
http://dx.doi.org.ez54.periodicos.capes.gov.br/10.1037/0278-
2.1.21
Gorman, A. M. (1961). Recognition memory for nouns as a function
of abstractness and frequency. Journal of Experimental
Psychology, 61(1), 23-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0040561
Haberlandt, K. F., & Graesser, A. C. (1985). Component processes
in text comprehension and some of their interactions. Journal
of Experimental Psychology: General, 114(3), 357-375. http://
dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.114.3.357
Hackley, S. A., & Valle-Inclan, F. (1999). Accessory stimulus
effects on selection: Does arousal speed decision making?
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 11(3), 321-329.
doi:10.1162/089892999563427
Hall, J. F. (1954). Learning as a function of word frequency.
The American Journal of Psychology, 67(1), 138-140. doi:
2307/1418080
Herrmann, D. J., Chaffin, R. J. S., & Corbett, A. T. (1973). A
factor analysis of six measures extracted from the Battig
and Montague (1969) category norms: Evidence for three
properties of categories in semantic memory. Journal of Verbal
Learning and Verbal Behavior, 12, 666-674. doi:10.1016/
S0022-5371(73)80046-5
Holderbaum, C. S., & Salles, J. F. D. (2010). Priming semântico em
crianças: Efeitos da força de associação semântica e frequência
do alvo. Aletheia, 33, 95-108.
Janczura, G. A. (1996). Normas associativas para 69 categorias
semânticas. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 12(3), 237-244.
Janczura, G.A. (2005). Contexto e normas de associação para
palavras: A redução do campo semântico. Paidéia, 15(32),
-425.
Janczura, G. A., Castilho, G. M., Rocha, N. O., & van Erven, T. J.
C. (2007). Normas de concretude para 909 palavras da língua
portuguesa. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 23(2), 195-204.
Kensinger, E. A., & Corkin, S. (2003). Memory enhancement
for emotional words: Are emotional words more vividly
remembered than neutral words? Memory & Cognition, 31(8),
-1180. doi: 10.3758/BF03195800
Kissler, J., Herbert, C., Winkler, I., & Junghofer, M. (2009).
Emotion and attention in visual word processing””An ERP
study. Biological Psychology, 80(1), 75-83. doi:10.1016/j.
biopsycho.2008.03.004
Kousta, S. T., Vinson, D. P., & Vigliocco, G. (2009). Emotion
words, regardless of polarity, have a processing advantage
over neutral words. Cognition, 112(3), 473-481. doi:10.1016/j.
cognition.2009.06.007
Linguistica Aplicada e Estudos da Linguagem. (2006). Banco de
Português, sub-corpora escrito. Retrieved from http://ww2.
lael.pucsp.br/corpora/bp/index.htm.
Li, Y., Liu, Y.,& Du, X. (2003). The effect of word concreteness on
implicit and explicit memory. Psychological Science, 26(5),
-828.
Mandler, G., Goodman, G. O., & Wilkes-Gibbs, D. L. (1982). The
word-frequency paradox in recognition. Memory & Cognition,
(1), 33-42. doi: 10.3758/BF03197623
Marques, J. F. (1997). Normas de tipicidade e familiaridade para
diferentes categorias de itens verbais. Revista Portuguesa de
Psicologia, 32, 35-55.
Marx, B. P., Marshall, P. J., & Castro, F. (2008). The moderating
effects of stimulus valence and arousal on memory suppression.
Emotion, 8(2), 199-207. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.8.2.199
Mathewson, K. J., Arnell, K. M., & Mansfield, C. A. (2008).
Capturing and holding attention: The impact of emotional
words in rapid serial visual presentation. Memory & Cognition,
(1), 182-200. doi: 10.3758/MC.36.1.182
McEvoy, C. L., & Nelson, D. L. (1982). Category norms and
instance norms for 106 categories of various sizes. American
Journal of Psychology, 95(4), 581-634.
Murphy, K. R., & Davidshofer, C. O. (1988). Psychological testing:
Principles, and applications. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Nelson, D. L. Schreiber, T. A., & McEvoy, C. L. (1992). Processing
implicit and explicit representations. Psychological Review,
(2), 322-348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.99.2.322
Nelson, D. L., McEvoy, C.L., & Dennis, S. (2000). What is and
what does free association measure. Memory and Cognition,
(6), 887-899.
Nelson, D. L., McEvoy, C. L., & Schreiber, T. A. (2004). The
University of South Florida free association, rhyme, and word
fragment norms. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, &
Computers, 36(3), 402”“407. doi: 10.3758/BF03195588
Nelson, D. L., McEvoy, C. L., Walling, J. R., & Wheeler, J. W.
(1980). The university of South Florida homograph norms.
Behavior Research Methods & Instrumentation, 12(1), 16-37.
doi: 10.3758/BF03208320
Nelson, D. L., McKinney, V. M., Gee, N., & Janczura, G. A. (1998).
Interpreting the influence of implicitly activated memories on
recall and recognition. Psychological Review, 105(2), 299-324.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.105.2.299
Nelson, D.L.,& Schreiber, T.A. (1992). Word concreteness and
word structure as independent determinants of recall. Journal
of Memory and Language, 31, 237-260.doi:10.1016/0749-
X(92)90013-N
Ohman, A., Flykt, A., & Esteves, F. (2001). Emotion drives
attention: Detecting the snake in the grass. Journal of
Experimental Psychology: General, 130, 466-478. doi:
1037/0096-3445.130.3.466
Ohman, A., Lundqvist, D., & Esteves, F. (2001). The face in the
crowd revisited: A threat advantage with schematic stimuli.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 381-396.
doi:10.1037//0022-3514.80.3.381
Oliveira, N. R., Janczura, G. A., & Castilho, G. M. (2013). Normas
de alerta e valência para 908 palavras da língua portuguesa.
Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 29(2), 185-200.
Pincus, T., Pearce, S., McClelland, A., Farley, S., & Vogel, S.
(1994). Interpretation bias in responses to ambiguous cues
in pain patients. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38 (4),
-353. doi:10.1016/0022-3999(94)90039-6
Pinheiro, A.M.V. (1996). Contagem de frequência de ocorrência
de palavras expostas a crianças na faixa pré-escolar e séries
iniciais do 1o. grau. São Paulo: Associação Brasileira de
Dislexia.
Pompéia, S., Paes, A.T.,& Bueno, O.F.A. (2003). Teste de
complementação de letras: Estímulos para uso no Brasil.
Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 19(1), 65-73.
Pratto, F., & John, O. P. (1991). Automatic vigilance: The attention
grabbing power of negative social information. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 61(3), 380-391. http://
dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.78.6.1024
Ruts, W., De Deyne, S., Ameel, E., Vanpaemel, W., Verbeemen, T., &
Storms, G. (2004). Dutch norm data for 13 semantic categories
and 338 exemplars. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments,
& Computers, 36(3), 506-515. doi: 10.3758/BF03195597
Sadoski, M. & Paivio, A. (2001). Imagery and text: A dual coding
theory of reading and writing. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence
Erlbaum.
Sadoski, M., Kealy, W. A., Goetz , E. T., & Paivio, A. (1997).
Concreteness and imagery effects in the written composition
of definitions. Journal of Educational Psychology, 89, 518-526.
doi: 10.1037/0022-0663.89.3.518
Salles, J. F., Holderbaum, C. S., Becker, N., Rodrigues, J. D.,
Liedtke, F. V., Zibetti, M. R., & Piccoli, L. F. (2008). Normas de
associação semântica para 88 palavras do português brasileiro.
Psico, 39(3), 362-370.
Salles, J. F. D., Holderbaum, C. S., & Machado, L. L. (2009).
Normas de associação semântica de 50 palavras do português
brasileiro para crianças: Tipo, força de associação e set size.
Interamerican Journal of Psychology, 43(1), 57-67.
Salles, J. F., Machado, L. L., & Janczura, G. A. (2011). Efeitos de
priming semântico em tarefa de decisão lexical em crianças
de 3ª. série. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 24(3), 597-608.
Santos, R. F., Silveira, R. A. T., Gomes, C. F. A., & Stein, L. M.
(2009). Normas de emocionalidade para a versão brasileira do
paradigma Desse-Roediger-McDermott (DRM). Psicologia:
Teoria e Pesquisa, 25(3), 387-394.
Sardinha, T.B. (2004). Lingüística de Corpus. Barueri: Manole.
Stacy, A. W. (1997). Memory activation and expectancy as
prospective predictors of alcohol and marijuana use. Journal
of Abnormal Psychology, 106(1), 61-73. doi: 10.1037/0021-
X.106.1.61
Stein, L. M. (2010). Falsas memórias. Porto Alegre: Artmed.
Stein, L. M., & Gomes, C. F. A. (2009). Normas brasileiras
para listas de palavras associadas: Associação semântica,
concretude, frequência e emocionalidade. Psicologia: Teoria
e Pesquisa, 25(4), 537-546.
Stein, L. M., Feix, L. F., & Rohenkohl, G. (2006). Avanços
metodológicos no estudo das falsas memórias: Construção
e normatização do procedimento de palavras associadas.
Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 19(2), 166-176.
Sumby, W. H. (1963). Word frequency and serial position effect.
Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1(6), 443-450.
doi:10.1016/S0022-5371(63)80030-4
Underwood, B. J. (1965). False recognition produced by implicit
verbal responses. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 70(1),
-129. doi: org/10.1037/h0022014.
Underwood, B. J. (1983). Attributes of memory. Glenview, IL:
Scott, Foresman.
Watkins, P. C., Vache, K., Verney, S. P., & Mathews, A. (1996).
Unconscious mood-congruent memory bias in depression.
Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105(1), 34-41. http://dx.doi.
org/10.1037/0021-843X.105.1.34
Wilson, E., MacLeod, C., & Campbell, L. (2007). The informationprocessing
approach to emotional research. In J. A. Coan & J. J.
B. Allen (Ed.), Handbook of emotion elicitation and assessment
(pp.184-202). New York: Oxford University Press.