Normas de Associação Livre para 1004 Palavras do Português Brasileiro
Palavras-chave:
Normas, Associação livre, Força associativa direta, Força associativa reversaResumo
Normas de associação para 1004 palavras do português brasileiro são apresentadas. Aplicando-se o paradigma da Associação Livre, coletou-se a primeira palavra que viesse à mente dos participantes, evitando-se efeitos de inibição e encadeamento de respostas. Associadas de cada pista foram produzidas por um mínimo de 100 participantes. Oriundos de IES pública e privada, matriculados em 44 cursos, 871 estudantes universitários participaram da coleta. As normas relatam a Força Associativa Direta de todas as associadas, e várias incluem a Força Associativa Reversa. O número de associadas por pista variou de 2 a 26, sendo que as palavras mais fortemente associadas ocuparam as primeiras seis posições associativas. Discutem-se a generalidade e a validade de normas de associação.
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Referências
Anderson, J. R. (1983). A spreading activation theory of memory.
Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 22(3), 261-
295. doi:10.1016/S0022-5371(83)90201-3
Anderson, J. R. (1996). ACT: A simple theory of complex cognition.
American Psychologist, 51(4), 355-365. doi:org/10.1037/0003-
066X.51.4.355
Battig, W. F., & Montague, W. E. (1969). Category norms for
verbal items in 56 categories: A replication and extension
of the Connecticut category norms. Journal of Experimental
Psychology, 80(3, Pt.2), 1-46. doi:org/10.1037/h0027577
Castilho, G. M., & Janczura, G. A. (2012). Raciocínio condicional: A
conclusão depende do conhecimento armazenado na memória.
Estudos de Psicologia, 17(1), 53-61.
Chomsky, N. (1965). Aspects of a Theory of Syntax. Cambridge,
MA: MIT Press.
Cofer, C. N. (1967). Conditions for the use of verbal associations.
Psychological Bulletin, 68(1), 1-12. doi:org/10.1037/h0024713
Collins, A. M., & Loftus, E. F. (1975). A spreading-activation theory
of semantic processing. Psychological Review, 82(6), 407-428.
doi:org/10.1037/0033-295X.82.6.407
Deese, J. (1965). On the prediction of occurrence of particular
verbal intrusions in immediate recall. Journal of Experimental
Psychology, 58(1), 17-22. doi:org/10.1037/h0046671
Galton, E. (1879). Psychometric experiments. Brain, 2(2), 149-162.
doi:org/10.1093/brain/2.2.149
Gazdar, G., Klein, E., Pullum, G., & Sag, I. (1985). Generalized
Phrase Structure Grammar. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Gee, N. R. (1997). Implicit memory and word ambiguity. Journal
of Memory and Language, 36(2), 253-275. doi:org/10.1006/
jmla.1996.2481
Gee, N. R., Nelson, D. L., & Krawczyk, D. (1999). Is the concreteness
effect a result of underlying network interconnectivity? Journal
of Memory and Language, 40(4), 479-497. doi:org/10.1006/
jmla.1998.2627
Gorman, A. M. (1961). Recognition memory for nouns as a function
of abstractness and frequency. Journal of Experimental
Psychology, 61(1), 23-29. doi:org/10.1037/h0040561
Haberlandt, K. F., & Graesser, A. C. (1985). Component processes
in text comprehension and some of their interactions. Journal
of Experimental Psychology: General, 114(3), 357-375. doi:
org/10.1037/0096-3445.114.3.357
Hall, J. F. (1954). Learning as a function of word frequency.
The American Journal of Psychology, 67(1), 138-140.
doi:10.2307/1418080
Janczura, G. A. (1996). Normas associativas para 69 categorias
semânticas. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 12(3), 237-244.
Janczura, G. A. (2005). Contexto e normas de associação para
palavras: a redução do campo semântico. Paideia, 15(32),
417-425. doi:10.1590/S0103-8632005000300011
Janczura, G. A., & Nelson, D. L. (1999). Concept accessibility as
the determinant of typicality judgments. The American Journal
of Psychology, 112(1), 1-19.
Janczura, G. A., & Nelson, D. L. (2006). A hipótese da acessibilidade
conceitual para a tipicidade e a produção linguística.
Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 19(3), 491-497. doi:10.1590/
S010279722006000300018
Janczura, G. A., Castilho, G. M., & Rocha, N. O. (no prelo).
Normas do tamanho da categoria para 906 palavras da língua
portuguesa. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa.
Janczura, G. A., Castilho, G. M., Rocha, N. O., & van Erven, T. J.
C. (2007). Normas de concretude para 909 palavras da língua
portuguesa. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 23(2), 195-204.
Kausler, D. H., & Kollasch, S. F. (1970). Word association to
homographs. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior,
9(4), 444-449. doi:10.1016/S0022-5371(70)80086-X
Kucera, H., & Francis, W. N. (1967). Computational Analysis
of Present-day American English. Providence, RI: Brown
University Press.
McEvoy, C. L., Nelson, D. L., & Komatsu, T. (1999). What
is the connection between true and false memories?
The differential roles of interitem associations in recall
and recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology:
Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 25(5), 1177-1194. doi:
org/10.1037/0278-7393.25.5.1177
Meyer, D. E., Schvaneveldt, R. W., & Ruddy, M. E. (1974).
Functions of graphemic and phonemic codes in visual word
recognition. Memory & Cognition, 2(2), 309-321. doi:10.3758/
BF03209002
Nairne, J. S., Pusen, C. P., & Widner, R. L. (1985). Representation
in mental lexicon: Implications for theories of the generation
effect. Memory & Cognition, 13(2), 183-191. doi:10.3758/
BF03197011
Nelson, D. L., Bennett, D. J., Gee, N. R., Schreiber, T. A., &
McKinney, M. (1993). Implicit memory: Effects of network
size and interconnectivity on cued recall. Journal of
Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition,
19(4), 747-764. doi:org/10.1037/0278-7393.19.4.747
Nelson, D. L., Dyrdal, G. M., & Goodmon, L. B. (2005). What is
pre-existing strength? Predicting free association probabilities,
similarity ratings, and cued recall probabilities. Psychonomic
Bulletin & Review, 12(4), 711-719. doi:10.3758/BF03196762
Nelson, D. L., & Goodmon, L. B. (2002). Experiencing a word can
prime its accessibility and its associative connections to related
words. Memory & Cognition, 30(3), 380-398. doi:10.3758/
BF03194939
Nelson, D. L., & Goodmon, L. B. (2003). Disrupting attention: The
need for retrieval cues in working memory theories. Memory
& Cognition, 31(1), 65-76. doi:10.3758/BF03196083
Nelson, D. L., & McEvoy, C. L. (1979). Encoding context and set
size. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and
Memory, 5(3), 292-314. doi:org/10.1037/0278-7393.5.3.292
Nelson, D. L., & McEvoy, C. L. (2005). Implicitly activated
memories: The missing links of remembering. In C. Izawa
& N. Ohta (Eds.), Human Learning and Memory: Advances
in Theory and Application: The 4th Tsukuba International
Conference on Memory (pp. 177-198). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Nelson, D. L., McEvoy, C. L., & Dennis, S. (2000). What is free
association and what does it measure? Memory & Cognition,
28(6), 887-899. doi:10.3758/BF03209337
Nelson, D. L., McEvoy, C. L., & Pointer, L. (2003). Spreading
activation or spooky action at a distance? Journal of
Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition,
29(1), 42-52. doi:org/10.1037/0278-7393.29.1.42
Nelson, D. L., McEvoy, C. L., & Schreiber, T. A. (2004). The
University of South Florida free association, rhyme, and word
fragment norms. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, &
Computers, 36(3), 402-407. doi:10.3758/BF03195588
Nelson, D. L., McKinney, V. M., Gee, N., & Janczura, G. A. (1998).
Interpreting the influence of implicitly activated memories on
recall and recognition. Psychological Review, 105(2), 299-324.
doi:org/10.1037/0033-295X.105.2.299
Nelson, D. L., & Schreiber, T. A. (1992). Word concreteness and
word structure as independent determinants of recall. Journal
of Memory and Language, 31(2), 237-260.doi:10.1016/0749-
596X(92)90013-N
Nelson, D. L., Schreiber, T. A., & Holley, P. E. (1992a). The
retrieval of controlled and automatic aspects of meaning on
direct and indirect tests. Memory & Cognition, 20(6), 671-684.
doi:10.3758/BF03202717
Nelson, D. L., Schreiber, T. A., & McEvoy, C. L. (1992b).
Processing implicit and explicit representations. Psychological
Review, 99(2), 322-348. doi:org/10.1037/0033-295X.99.2.322
Nelson, D. L., & Xu, J. (1995). Effects of implicit memory on explicit
recall: Set size and word frequency effects. Psychological
Research, 57(3), 203-214. doi:10.1007/BF00431281
Oliveira, N. R., Janczura, G. A., & Castilho, G. M. (2013). Normas
de alerta e valência para 908 palavras da língua portuguesa.
Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 29(2), 185-200.
Paivio, A., Yuille, J. C., & Madigan, S. A. (1968). Concreteness,
imagery, and meaningfulness values for 925 nouns. Journal of
Experimental Psychology, 76(1, Pt.2), 1-25. doi:org/10.1037/
h0025327
Reich, R. R., & Goldman, M. S. (2005). Exploring the alcohol
expectancy memory network: The utility of free associates.
Psychology of Additive Behaviors, 19(3), 317-325.
doi:org/10.1037/0893-164X.19.3.317
Sadoski, M., & Paivio, A. (2001). Imagery and text: A dual coding
theory of reading and writing. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence
Erlbaum.
Salles, J. F., Holderbaum, C. S., Becker, N., Rodrigues, J. C.,
Liedtke, F. V., Zibetti, M. R., & Piccoli, L. F. (2008). Normas de
associação semântica para 88 palavras do português brasileiro.
Psico, 39(3), 260-268.
Schacter, D. L. (1989). On the relation between memory and
consciousness: Dissociable interactions and conscious
experience. In H. L. Roediger, III, & E. I. M. Craik (Eds.),
Varieties of Memory and Consciousness: Essays in Honor of
Endel Tulving (pp. 335-89). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbanm.
Schreiber, T. A., & Nelson, D. L. (1998). The relation between
feelings of knowing and the number of neighboring concepts
linked to the test cue. Memory & Cognition, 26(5), 869-883.
doi:10.3758/BF03201170
Stacy, A. W. (1997). Memory activation and expectancy as
prospective predictor of alcohol and marijuana use. Journal of
Abnormal Psychology, 106(1), 61-73. doi:org.ez54.periodicos.
capes.gov.br/10.1037/0021-843X.106.1.61
Stein, L. M., & Gomes, C. F. A. (2009). Normas brasileiras
para listas de palavras associadas: Associação semântica,
concretude, frequencia e emocionalidade. Psicologia: Teoria
e Pesquisa, 25(4), 537-546.
Thorndike, E. L., & Lorge, I. (1944). The teacher’s wordbook of
30,000 words. New York: Teacher’s College Press, Columbia
University.
Tulving, E. (1985). How many memory systems are there? The
American Psychologist, 40(4), 385-398. doi:org/10.1037/0003-
066X.40.4.385
Underwood, B. J. (1965). False recognition produced by implicit
verbal responses. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 70(1),
122-129. doi:org/10.1037/h0022014
Yoon, C., Feinberg, F., Hu, P., Gutchees, A. H., Hedden, T., Chen,
H-Y. M., Park, D. C. (2004). Category norms as a function
of culture and age: Comparisons of item responses to 105
categories by American and Chinese adults. Psychology and
Aging, 19(3), 379-393. doi:org/10.1037/0882-7974.19.3.379
Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 22(3), 261-
295. doi:10.1016/S0022-5371(83)90201-3
Anderson, J. R. (1996). ACT: A simple theory of complex cognition.
American Psychologist, 51(4), 355-365. doi:org/10.1037/0003-
066X.51.4.355
Battig, W. F., & Montague, W. E. (1969). Category norms for
verbal items in 56 categories: A replication and extension
of the Connecticut category norms. Journal of Experimental
Psychology, 80(3, Pt.2), 1-46. doi:org/10.1037/h0027577
Castilho, G. M., & Janczura, G. A. (2012). Raciocínio condicional: A
conclusão depende do conhecimento armazenado na memória.
Estudos de Psicologia, 17(1), 53-61.
Chomsky, N. (1965). Aspects of a Theory of Syntax. Cambridge,
MA: MIT Press.
Cofer, C. N. (1967). Conditions for the use of verbal associations.
Psychological Bulletin, 68(1), 1-12. doi:org/10.1037/h0024713
Collins, A. M., & Loftus, E. F. (1975). A spreading-activation theory
of semantic processing. Psychological Review, 82(6), 407-428.
doi:org/10.1037/0033-295X.82.6.407
Deese, J. (1965). On the prediction of occurrence of particular
verbal intrusions in immediate recall. Journal of Experimental
Psychology, 58(1), 17-22. doi:org/10.1037/h0046671
Galton, E. (1879). Psychometric experiments. Brain, 2(2), 149-162.
doi:org/10.1093/brain/2.2.149
Gazdar, G., Klein, E., Pullum, G., & Sag, I. (1985). Generalized
Phrase Structure Grammar. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Gee, N. R. (1997). Implicit memory and word ambiguity. Journal
of Memory and Language, 36(2), 253-275. doi:org/10.1006/
jmla.1996.2481
Gee, N. R., Nelson, D. L., & Krawczyk, D. (1999). Is the concreteness
effect a result of underlying network interconnectivity? Journal
of Memory and Language, 40(4), 479-497. doi:org/10.1006/
jmla.1998.2627
Gorman, A. M. (1961). Recognition memory for nouns as a function
of abstractness and frequency. Journal of Experimental
Psychology, 61(1), 23-29. doi:org/10.1037/h0040561
Haberlandt, K. F., & Graesser, A. C. (1985). Component processes
in text comprehension and some of their interactions. Journal
of Experimental Psychology: General, 114(3), 357-375. doi:
org/10.1037/0096-3445.114.3.357
Hall, J. F. (1954). Learning as a function of word frequency.
The American Journal of Psychology, 67(1), 138-140.
doi:10.2307/1418080
Janczura, G. A. (1996). Normas associativas para 69 categorias
semânticas. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 12(3), 237-244.
Janczura, G. A. (2005). Contexto e normas de associação para
palavras: a redução do campo semântico. Paideia, 15(32),
417-425. doi:10.1590/S0103-8632005000300011
Janczura, G. A., & Nelson, D. L. (1999). Concept accessibility as
the determinant of typicality judgments. The American Journal
of Psychology, 112(1), 1-19.
Janczura, G. A., & Nelson, D. L. (2006). A hipótese da acessibilidade
conceitual para a tipicidade e a produção linguística.
Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 19(3), 491-497. doi:10.1590/
S010279722006000300018
Janczura, G. A., Castilho, G. M., & Rocha, N. O. (no prelo).
Normas do tamanho da categoria para 906 palavras da língua
portuguesa. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa.
Janczura, G. A., Castilho, G. M., Rocha, N. O., & van Erven, T. J.
C. (2007). Normas de concretude para 909 palavras da língua
portuguesa. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 23(2), 195-204.
Kausler, D. H., & Kollasch, S. F. (1970). Word association to
homographs. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior,
9(4), 444-449. doi:10.1016/S0022-5371(70)80086-X
Kucera, H., & Francis, W. N. (1967). Computational Analysis
of Present-day American English. Providence, RI: Brown
University Press.
McEvoy, C. L., Nelson, D. L., & Komatsu, T. (1999). What
is the connection between true and false memories?
The differential roles of interitem associations in recall
and recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology:
Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 25(5), 1177-1194. doi:
org/10.1037/0278-7393.25.5.1177
Meyer, D. E., Schvaneveldt, R. W., & Ruddy, M. E. (1974).
Functions of graphemic and phonemic codes in visual word
recognition. Memory & Cognition, 2(2), 309-321. doi:10.3758/
BF03209002
Nairne, J. S., Pusen, C. P., & Widner, R. L. (1985). Representation
in mental lexicon: Implications for theories of the generation
effect. Memory & Cognition, 13(2), 183-191. doi:10.3758/
BF03197011
Nelson, D. L., Bennett, D. J., Gee, N. R., Schreiber, T. A., &
McKinney, M. (1993). Implicit memory: Effects of network
size and interconnectivity on cued recall. Journal of
Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition,
19(4), 747-764. doi:org/10.1037/0278-7393.19.4.747
Nelson, D. L., Dyrdal, G. M., & Goodmon, L. B. (2005). What is
pre-existing strength? Predicting free association probabilities,
similarity ratings, and cued recall probabilities. Psychonomic
Bulletin & Review, 12(4), 711-719. doi:10.3758/BF03196762
Nelson, D. L., & Goodmon, L. B. (2002). Experiencing a word can
prime its accessibility and its associative connections to related
words. Memory & Cognition, 30(3), 380-398. doi:10.3758/
BF03194939
Nelson, D. L., & Goodmon, L. B. (2003). Disrupting attention: The
need for retrieval cues in working memory theories. Memory
& Cognition, 31(1), 65-76. doi:10.3758/BF03196083
Nelson, D. L., & McEvoy, C. L. (1979). Encoding context and set
size. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and
Memory, 5(3), 292-314. doi:org/10.1037/0278-7393.5.3.292
Nelson, D. L., & McEvoy, C. L. (2005). Implicitly activated
memories: The missing links of remembering. In C. Izawa
& N. Ohta (Eds.), Human Learning and Memory: Advances
in Theory and Application: The 4th Tsukuba International
Conference on Memory (pp. 177-198). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Nelson, D. L., McEvoy, C. L., & Dennis, S. (2000). What is free
association and what does it measure? Memory & Cognition,
28(6), 887-899. doi:10.3758/BF03209337
Nelson, D. L., McEvoy, C. L., & Pointer, L. (2003). Spreading
activation or spooky action at a distance? Journal of
Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition,
29(1), 42-52. doi:org/10.1037/0278-7393.29.1.42
Nelson, D. L., McEvoy, C. L., & Schreiber, T. A. (2004). The
University of South Florida free association, rhyme, and word
fragment norms. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, &
Computers, 36(3), 402-407. doi:10.3758/BF03195588
Nelson, D. L., McKinney, V. M., Gee, N., & Janczura, G. A. (1998).
Interpreting the influence of implicitly activated memories on
recall and recognition. Psychological Review, 105(2), 299-324.
doi:org/10.1037/0033-295X.105.2.299
Nelson, D. L., & Schreiber, T. A. (1992). Word concreteness and
word structure as independent determinants of recall. Journal
of Memory and Language, 31(2), 237-260.doi:10.1016/0749-
596X(92)90013-N
Nelson, D. L., Schreiber, T. A., & Holley, P. E. (1992a). The
retrieval of controlled and automatic aspects of meaning on
direct and indirect tests. Memory & Cognition, 20(6), 671-684.
doi:10.3758/BF03202717
Nelson, D. L., Schreiber, T. A., & McEvoy, C. L. (1992b).
Processing implicit and explicit representations. Psychological
Review, 99(2), 322-348. doi:org/10.1037/0033-295X.99.2.322
Nelson, D. L., & Xu, J. (1995). Effects of implicit memory on explicit
recall: Set size and word frequency effects. Psychological
Research, 57(3), 203-214. doi:10.1007/BF00431281
Oliveira, N. R., Janczura, G. A., & Castilho, G. M. (2013). Normas
de alerta e valência para 908 palavras da língua portuguesa.
Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 29(2), 185-200.
Paivio, A., Yuille, J. C., & Madigan, S. A. (1968). Concreteness,
imagery, and meaningfulness values for 925 nouns. Journal of
Experimental Psychology, 76(1, Pt.2), 1-25. doi:org/10.1037/
h0025327
Reich, R. R., & Goldman, M. S. (2005). Exploring the alcohol
expectancy memory network: The utility of free associates.
Psychology of Additive Behaviors, 19(3), 317-325.
doi:org/10.1037/0893-164X.19.3.317
Sadoski, M., & Paivio, A. (2001). Imagery and text: A dual coding
theory of reading and writing. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence
Erlbaum.
Salles, J. F., Holderbaum, C. S., Becker, N., Rodrigues, J. C.,
Liedtke, F. V., Zibetti, M. R., & Piccoli, L. F. (2008). Normas de
associação semântica para 88 palavras do português brasileiro.
Psico, 39(3), 260-268.
Schacter, D. L. (1989). On the relation between memory and
consciousness: Dissociable interactions and conscious
experience. In H. L. Roediger, III, & E. I. M. Craik (Eds.),
Varieties of Memory and Consciousness: Essays in Honor of
Endel Tulving (pp. 335-89). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbanm.
Schreiber, T. A., & Nelson, D. L. (1998). The relation between
feelings of knowing and the number of neighboring concepts
linked to the test cue. Memory & Cognition, 26(5), 869-883.
doi:10.3758/BF03201170
Stacy, A. W. (1997). Memory activation and expectancy as
prospective predictor of alcohol and marijuana use. Journal of
Abnormal Psychology, 106(1), 61-73. doi:org.ez54.periodicos.
capes.gov.br/10.1037/0021-843X.106.1.61
Stein, L. M., & Gomes, C. F. A. (2009). Normas brasileiras
para listas de palavras associadas: Associação semântica,
concretude, frequencia e emocionalidade. Psicologia: Teoria
e Pesquisa, 25(4), 537-546.
Thorndike, E. L., & Lorge, I. (1944). The teacher’s wordbook of
30,000 words. New York: Teacher’s College Press, Columbia
University.
Tulving, E. (1985). How many memory systems are there? The
American Psychologist, 40(4), 385-398. doi:org/10.1037/0003-
066X.40.4.385
Underwood, B. J. (1965). False recognition produced by implicit
verbal responses. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 70(1),
122-129. doi:org/10.1037/h0022014
Yoon, C., Feinberg, F., Hu, P., Gutchees, A. H., Hedden, T., Chen,
H-Y. M., Park, D. C. (2004). Category norms as a function
of culture and age: Comparisons of item responses to 105
categories by American and Chinese adults. Psychology and
Aging, 19(3), 379-393. doi:org/10.1037/0882-7974.19.3.379
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Publicado
2017-05-23
Como Citar
Janczura, G. A., Castilho, G. M., Keller, V. N., & Oliveira, N. R. (2017). Normas de Associação Livre para 1004 Palavras do Português Brasileiro. Psicologia: Teoria E Pesquisa, 32(5). Recuperado de https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/revistaptp/article/view/19384
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Estudos Empíricos
