THE CONCEPT OF CONTINGENCY IN EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
Keywords:
Contingency, Behavior and environmental eventsAbstract
A contingency is defined as a relation between environmental
events or between behavior and environmental events in the conditional
statement "if.., then...". Simple contingencies specify relations
between stimuli (SS contingencies) or between responses and stimuli (RS
contingencies). The present work presents a variety of experimental procedures
made possible by the concept of contingency, from Pavlov's
conditional reflexes to the quantification of the Law of Effect.
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References
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the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 5, 213-233.
Brown, P. L., & Jenkins, H. M. (1968). Auto-shaplng of the pigeon's key peck. Journal
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of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 17, 433-442.
Dews, P. B„ & Morse, W. H. (1968). Some observations on an operant in human
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Anaysis of Behavior, 1, 359-364.
Felton, M., & Lyon, D. O. (1966). The post-reinforcement pause. Journal of the ExperimentalAnalysis
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Findley, J. D. (1958). Preference and switching under concurrent scheduling. Journal
of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1, 123-144
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frequency of reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 4,
267-272.
Herrnstein, R. J. (1970). On the law of effect. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of
Behavior, 13, 243-366.
Herrnstein, R. J., & Morse, W. H. (1958). A conjunctive Schedule of reinforcement.
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Honig, W. K. (1966). Operant behavior: Áreas of research and application. New York:
Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Honig, W. K., & Staddon, J. E. R. (1977). Handbook of operant behavior. Englewood
Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall.
Hursh, S. R. (1980). Economic concepts for the analysis of behavior. Journal of the
Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 34, 219-238.
Keller, F. S., & Schoenfeld, W. N. (1950). Principies of psychology. New York: Appleton-
Century-Crofts.
Kelleher, R. T., & Cook, L. (1959). An analysis of the behavior of rats and monkeys on
concurrent fixed-ratio avoidance schedules. Journal of the Experimental Analysis
of Behavior, 2, 203-211.
Rachlin, H. (1973). Contrast and matching. Psychological Review, 80, 217-234.
Rachlin, H. (1976). Introduction to modem behaviorsm. Second edition. San Francisco:
Freeman.
Schwartz, B., & Gamzu, E. (1977). Pavlovian control of operant behavior. Em W. K.
Honig & J. E. R. Staddon (Orgs.). Handbook of operant behavior. Englewood
Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall.
Shimp, C. P., & Wheatley, K. L. (1971). Matching to relative reinforcement frequency in
multiple schedules with a short component duration. Journal of the Experimental
Anaysis of Behavior, 15, 205-210.
Sidman, M., & Fletcher, F. G. (1968). A demonstration of autoshaping with monkeys.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 11, 307-309.
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problemas de interpretação dos efeitos de variáveis controladoras. Dissertação
de Mestrado. Universidade de Brasília.
Skinner, B. F. (1938). The behavior of organisms. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Skinner, B. F. (1948). "Superstition" in the pigeon. Journal of Experimental Psychology,
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Skinner, B. F. (1969). Contingencies of reinforcement: A theoretical analysis. New
York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Skinner, B. F. (1974). About behaviorism. New York, Knopf.
Skinner, B. F., & Morse, W. H. (1958). Sustained performance during very long experimental
sess\ons. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1, 235-244.
Staddon, J. E. R. (1977). Schedule-induced behavior. Em W. K. Honig & J. E. R.
Staddon (Orgs.). Handbook of operant behavior. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-
Hall.
Staddon, J. E. R., & Simmelhag, V. L. (1971). The "superstition" experiment: A reexamination
of its implications for the principies of adaptive behavior. Psychological
Review, 78, 3-53.
Todorov, J. C. (1971). Análise experimental do comportamento de escolha: algumas
considerações sobre método em psicologia. Ciência e Cultura, 23, 585-594.
Todorov, J. C. (1972). Component duration and relative response rates in multiple
schedules. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 17, 45-49.
Todorov, J. G (1981). Aquisição e manutenção do comportamento em situações de
estimulação aversiva não-contingente. Anais da XI Reunião Anual de Psicologia.
Ribeirão Preto: Sociedade de Psicologia de Ribeirão Preto.
Todorov, J.C. (1985). O conceito de contingência trfplice na análise do comportamento
humano. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 1, 140-146
Todorov, J. C. (1989). A psicologia como o estudo de interações. Psicologia: Teoria e
Pesquisa, 5, -325-347.
Williams. B. A. (1988). Reinforcement, choice, and responde strength. Em R. C.
Atkinson, R. J. Herrnstein, G. Lindzey, & R. D. Luce (Orgs.), Stevens' handbook
of experimental psychology. Second edition. Vol. 2: Learning and cognition. New
York: Wiley.
the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 5, 213-233.
Brown, P. L., & Jenkins, H. M. (1968). Auto-shaplng of the pigeon's key peck. Journal
of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 11, 503-516.
Carranza, N. J., & Naranjo, C. F. A. (1978). Automoldeamiento de respostas de contacto
hacia un estímulo auditivo en ratas. Tese Profissional. Universidade Nacional
Autônoma do México.
Collier, G. H., Hirsch, E., & Hamlin, P. H. (1972). The ecológical determinants of reinforcement
in the rat. Psychology and Behavior, 9, 705-716.
Dardano, J. F. (1972). Variable location of punishment in a response sequence. Journal
of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 17, 433-442.
Dews, P. B„ & Morse, W. H. (1968). Some observations on an operant in human
subjects and its modification by dextro-amphetamine. Journal of the Experimental
Anaysis of Behavior, 1, 359-364.
Felton, M., & Lyon, D. O. (1966). The post-reinforcement pause. Journal of the ExperimentalAnalysis
of Behavior, 9, 131-134.
Ferster, C. B., & Skinner, B. F. (1957). Schedules of reinforcement. Englewood Cliffs,
N. J.: Prentice-Hall.
Findley, J. D. (1958). Preference and switching under concurrent scheduling. Journal
of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1, 123-144
Herrnstein, R. J. (1961). Relative and absolute strength of response as a function of
frequency of reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 4,
267-272.
Herrnstein, R. J. (1970). On the law of effect. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of
Behavior, 13, 243-366.
Herrnstein, R. J., & Morse, W. H. (1958). A conjunctive Schedule of reinforcement.
Journal ofthe Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1 15-24.
Honig, W. K. (1966). Operant behavior: Áreas of research and application. New York:
Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Honig, W. K., & Staddon, J. E. R. (1977). Handbook of operant behavior. Englewood
Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall.
Hursh, S. R. (1980). Economic concepts for the analysis of behavior. Journal of the
Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 34, 219-238.
Keller, F. S., & Schoenfeld, W. N. (1950). Principies of psychology. New York: Appleton-
Century-Crofts.
Kelleher, R. T., & Cook, L. (1959). An analysis of the behavior of rats and monkeys on
concurrent fixed-ratio avoidance schedules. Journal of the Experimental Analysis
of Behavior, 2, 203-211.
Rachlin, H. (1973). Contrast and matching. Psychological Review, 80, 217-234.
Rachlin, H. (1976). Introduction to modem behaviorsm. Second edition. San Francisco:
Freeman.
Schwartz, B., & Gamzu, E. (1977). Pavlovian control of operant behavior. Em W. K.
Honig & J. E. R. Staddon (Orgs.). Handbook of operant behavior. Englewood
Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall.
Shimp, C. P., & Wheatley, K. L. (1971). Matching to relative reinforcement frequency in
multiple schedules with a short component duration. Journal of the Experimental
Anaysis of Behavior, 15, 205-210.
Sidman, M., & Fletcher, F. G. (1968). A demonstration of autoshaping with monkeys.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 11, 307-309.
Simonassi, L. E. (1980). Manutenção de respostas por contingências de omissão:
problemas de interpretação dos efeitos de variáveis controladoras. Dissertação
de Mestrado. Universidade de Brasília.
Skinner, B. F. (1938). The behavior of organisms. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Skinner, B. F. (1948). "Superstition" in the pigeon. Journal of Experimental Psychology,
38, 168-172.
Skinner, B. F. (1969). Contingencies of reinforcement: A theoretical analysis. New
York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Skinner, B. F. (1974). About behaviorism. New York, Knopf.
Skinner, B. F., & Morse, W. H. (1958). Sustained performance during very long experimental
sess\ons. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1, 235-244.
Staddon, J. E. R. (1977). Schedule-induced behavior. Em W. K. Honig & J. E. R.
Staddon (Orgs.). Handbook of operant behavior. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-
Hall.
Staddon, J. E. R., & Simmelhag, V. L. (1971). The "superstition" experiment: A reexamination
of its implications for the principies of adaptive behavior. Psychological
Review, 78, 3-53.
Todorov, J. C. (1971). Análise experimental do comportamento de escolha: algumas
considerações sobre método em psicologia. Ciência e Cultura, 23, 585-594.
Todorov, J. C. (1972). Component duration and relative response rates in multiple
schedules. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 17, 45-49.
Todorov, J. G (1981). Aquisição e manutenção do comportamento em situações de
estimulação aversiva não-contingente. Anais da XI Reunião Anual de Psicologia.
Ribeirão Preto: Sociedade de Psicologia de Ribeirão Preto.
Todorov, J.C. (1985). O conceito de contingência trfplice na análise do comportamento
humano. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 1, 140-146
Todorov, J. C. (1989). A psicologia como o estudo de interações. Psicologia: Teoria e
Pesquisa, 5, -325-347.
Williams. B. A. (1988). Reinforcement, choice, and responde strength. Em R. C.
Atkinson, R. J. Herrnstein, G. Lindzey, & R. D. Luce (Orgs.), Stevens' handbook
of experimental psychology. Second edition. Vol. 2: Learning and cognition. New
York: Wiley.
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Published
2012-08-16
How to Cite
Todorov, J. C. (2012). THE CONCEPT OF CONTINGENCY IN EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY. Psicologia: Teoria E Pesquisa, 7(1), 59–70. Retrieved from https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/revistaptp/article/view/17107
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