Exotismo e Ciência
os Yanomami e a construção exoticista da alteridade
Keywords:
Exotismo, ciência, YanomamiAbstract
My goal is to critique the exoticist construction of alterity by unveiling the pursuit of domination and discipline in different discourses which persists to this day in literature, in, common sense, and even in anthropology. As Mason (1998) observed, exoticism works by taking objects out of their original context and then re-contextualize and re-signify them. Therefore, it seeks to fragment previous totalities with the purpose of re-ordering them according to a new model. I being with the conquest of the Amazon and then focus on a specific object, namely, the discourse on the Yanomami. I question or provide a broader context to the various assertions on this discourse about Yanomami violence and primitivism.
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References
ACUÑA, Christovão d’. 1865 [1641]. “Novo descobrimento do Grande Rio das Amazonas”. Revista Trimestral do Instituto Historico, Geographico, e Ethnographico do Brasil, Tomo XXVIII, 2° Trimestre de 1865. Rio de Janeiro: B. L. Garnier - Livreiro-editor.
ALBERT, Bruce. 1985. “Temps du Sang, Temps des Cendres”: Représentation de la maladie, système rituel et espace politique chez lesYanomami du sud-est (Amazonie brésilienne).Tese de doutorado, Universidade de Paris X.
ALVARADO, Margarita& PETER MASON. 2001. “La Desfiguración del Otro: Sobre una estética y una técnica de procción del retrato ‘etnográfico’”. Aisthesis, 34:242-257.
ASCH, Timothy. 1993. “Bias in Ethnographic Reporting and Using the Yanomamo Films in Teaching”. In: Timothy Asch & Gary Seaman (eds.). Yanomamo: Film Study Guide. Los Angeles: Ethnographics Press. pp. 1-12.
BOROFSKY, Robert. 2005. Yanomami: The Fierce Controversy and What We Can Learn from It. Berkeley: University of California Press.
CARVAJAL, Gaspar de; ROJAS, Alonso de & ACUÑA, Cristobal de. 1941. Descobrimentos do Rio Amazonas. Vol. 203. São Paulo:Companhia Editora Nacional/ Brasiliana.
CLIFFORD, James. 1986. “On Ethnographic Allegory”. In: J. Clifford & G. E. Marcus. Writing Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 98-121
CHAGNON, Napoleon. 1968. Yanomamö: The Fierce People. 1. ed. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.
_____. 1974. Studying the Yanomamö. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
_____.1975. “Genealogy, Solidarity, and Relatedness: Limits to Local Group Size and Partterns of Fissioning in an Expanding Population”. Yearbook of Fisical Antrhopology, 19: 95-110.
_____. 1977. Yanomamö: The Fierce People. 2. ed. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
_____. 1983. Yanomamö: The Fierce People. 3. ed. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.
_____.1980. “Kin-Selection Theory, Kinship, marriage and Fitness Among the Yanomamo”. In: George W. Barlow & James Silverberg (eds.). Sociobiology: Beyond Nature/ Nurture? Reports, Definitions and Debate. AAAS Selected Symposium N. 35. Boulder: Westview Press. pp. 545-571.
_____. 1988. ”Life histories, blood revenge, and warfare in a tribal population”. Science, 239: 985-992, 26 de fevereiro.
_____. 1992. Yanomamö. 4. ed. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.
_____. 1997. Yanomamö. 5. ed. Glendale, CA: Thomson Learning, Inc.
GADAMER, Hans-Georg. 2003. Verdade e Método I: Traços fundamentais de uma hermenêutica filosófica. Petrópolis: EditoraVozes.
GEERTZ, Clifford. 1987. Works and Lives. The Anthropologist as Author. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
GONDIM, Neide. 1994. A Invenção da Amazônia. São Paulo: Marco Zero.
GOOD, Kenneth & CHANOFF,David. 1991. Dentro do Coração: Uma viagem inesquecível pela cultura ianomami e pelos caminhos do amor. São Paulo: Editora Best Seller.
HOMERO. 1936 [séc. VIII a.C.]. “The Aethiopis (fragments)”. In: Hugh G. Evelyn-White (ed.). Hesiod, the Homeric Hymns, and Homerica. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 227.
HOBBES, Thomas. 1988. Leviatã ou Matéria, Forma e Poder de um Estado Eclesiástico e Civil. São Paulo: Nova Cultural.
HULME, Peter. 1986. Colonial Encounters: Europe and the native Caribbean. New York: Methuen & Co. Ltd.
LA CONDAMINE, Ch.-M. de. 1944 [1745]. Viagem na América Meridional descendo o rio das Amazonas. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Pan-Americana S/A.
_____. 1745. “Relation Abrégée D’un Voyage fait dans L’intérieur de l’Amérique méridionale, depuis la Côte de la Mer du Sud, jusques aux Côtes du Brésil & de la Guiane, en decendant la rivière des Amazones”. In: Académie des Sciences (France). Histoire de l’Académie Royale des Sciences.
MASON, Peter. 1998. Infelicities: Representations of the exotic. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
PAGDEN, Anthony. 2003. Peoples and Empires: a short history of European migration, exploration, and conquest, from Greece to the present. New York: Modern Library Paperback Edition.
PRATT, Mary Louise. 1992.Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation. London and New York: Routledge.
RAMOS, Alcida Rita. 1990. “Reflexos Yanomami”. In: Alcida R. Ramos.Memórias Sanumá. Cidade: Editora Marco Zero / Editora da Universidade de Brasília.
_____. 1995. Sanumá Memories: Yanomami Ethnography in Time of Crisis. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press.
_____. 2010. “A Tale of Gold and Tears: The El Dorado of the Yanomami”. Indiana, Berlim, v. 27: 125-139.
SAHLINS, Marshall. 1976.The Uses and Abuses of Biology. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
SAID, Edward W. 1990. Orientalismo: O Oriente como invenção do Ocidente. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras.
VIRGILIO, Públio. 2005 [Séc. I a.C.]. Eneida. Tradução e notas de Odorico Mendes. Cotia, Campinas: Ateliê editorial / Editora Unicamp.
WHITE, Hayden. 1994. Trópicos do Discurso: Ensaios sobre a crítica da cultura. São Paulo: Edusp.
ALBERT, Bruce. 1985. “Temps du Sang, Temps des Cendres”: Représentation de la maladie, système rituel et espace politique chez lesYanomami du sud-est (Amazonie brésilienne).Tese de doutorado, Universidade de Paris X.
ALVARADO, Margarita& PETER MASON. 2001. “La Desfiguración del Otro: Sobre una estética y una técnica de procción del retrato ‘etnográfico’”. Aisthesis, 34:242-257.
ASCH, Timothy. 1993. “Bias in Ethnographic Reporting and Using the Yanomamo Films in Teaching”. In: Timothy Asch & Gary Seaman (eds.). Yanomamo: Film Study Guide. Los Angeles: Ethnographics Press. pp. 1-12.
BOROFSKY, Robert. 2005. Yanomami: The Fierce Controversy and What We Can Learn from It. Berkeley: University of California Press.
CARVAJAL, Gaspar de; ROJAS, Alonso de & ACUÑA, Cristobal de. 1941. Descobrimentos do Rio Amazonas. Vol. 203. São Paulo:Companhia Editora Nacional/ Brasiliana.
CLIFFORD, James. 1986. “On Ethnographic Allegory”. In: J. Clifford & G. E. Marcus. Writing Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 98-121
CHAGNON, Napoleon. 1968. Yanomamö: The Fierce People. 1. ed. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.
_____. 1974. Studying the Yanomamö. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
_____.1975. “Genealogy, Solidarity, and Relatedness: Limits to Local Group Size and Partterns of Fissioning in an Expanding Population”. Yearbook of Fisical Antrhopology, 19: 95-110.
_____. 1977. Yanomamö: The Fierce People. 2. ed. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
_____. 1983. Yanomamö: The Fierce People. 3. ed. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.
_____.1980. “Kin-Selection Theory, Kinship, marriage and Fitness Among the Yanomamo”. In: George W. Barlow & James Silverberg (eds.). Sociobiology: Beyond Nature/ Nurture? Reports, Definitions and Debate. AAAS Selected Symposium N. 35. Boulder: Westview Press. pp. 545-571.
_____. 1988. ”Life histories, blood revenge, and warfare in a tribal population”. Science, 239: 985-992, 26 de fevereiro.
_____. 1992. Yanomamö. 4. ed. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.
_____. 1997. Yanomamö. 5. ed. Glendale, CA: Thomson Learning, Inc.
GADAMER, Hans-Georg. 2003. Verdade e Método I: Traços fundamentais de uma hermenêutica filosófica. Petrópolis: EditoraVozes.
GEERTZ, Clifford. 1987. Works and Lives. The Anthropologist as Author. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
GONDIM, Neide. 1994. A Invenção da Amazônia. São Paulo: Marco Zero.
GOOD, Kenneth & CHANOFF,David. 1991. Dentro do Coração: Uma viagem inesquecível pela cultura ianomami e pelos caminhos do amor. São Paulo: Editora Best Seller.
HOMERO. 1936 [séc. VIII a.C.]. “The Aethiopis (fragments)”. In: Hugh G. Evelyn-White (ed.). Hesiod, the Homeric Hymns, and Homerica. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 227.
HOBBES, Thomas. 1988. Leviatã ou Matéria, Forma e Poder de um Estado Eclesiástico e Civil. São Paulo: Nova Cultural.
HULME, Peter. 1986. Colonial Encounters: Europe and the native Caribbean. New York: Methuen & Co. Ltd.
LA CONDAMINE, Ch.-M. de. 1944 [1745]. Viagem na América Meridional descendo o rio das Amazonas. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Pan-Americana S/A.
_____. 1745. “Relation Abrégée D’un Voyage fait dans L’intérieur de l’Amérique méridionale, depuis la Côte de la Mer du Sud, jusques aux Côtes du Brésil & de la Guiane, en decendant la rivière des Amazones”. In: Académie des Sciences (France). Histoire de l’Académie Royale des Sciences.
MASON, Peter. 1998. Infelicities: Representations of the exotic. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
PAGDEN, Anthony. 2003. Peoples and Empires: a short history of European migration, exploration, and conquest, from Greece to the present. New York: Modern Library Paperback Edition.
PRATT, Mary Louise. 1992.Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation. London and New York: Routledge.
RAMOS, Alcida Rita. 1990. “Reflexos Yanomami”. In: Alcida R. Ramos.Memórias Sanumá. Cidade: Editora Marco Zero / Editora da Universidade de Brasília.
_____. 1995. Sanumá Memories: Yanomami Ethnography in Time of Crisis. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press.
_____. 2010. “A Tale of Gold and Tears: The El Dorado of the Yanomami”. Indiana, Berlim, v. 27: 125-139.
SAHLINS, Marshall. 1976.The Uses and Abuses of Biology. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
SAID, Edward W. 1990. Orientalismo: O Oriente como invenção do Ocidente. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras.
VIRGILIO, Públio. 2005 [Séc. I a.C.]. Eneida. Tradução e notas de Odorico Mendes. Cotia, Campinas: Ateliê editorial / Editora Unicamp.
WHITE, Hayden. 1994. Trópicos do Discurso: Ensaios sobre a crítica da cultura. São Paulo: Edusp.
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Published
2018-03-15
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Smiljanic, Maria Inês. 2018. “Exotismo E Ciência: Os Yanomami E a construção Exoticista Da Alteridade”. Anuário Antropológico 37 (1):121-54. https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/anuarioantropologico/article/view/7253.
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