Efeitos Tardios do Bullying e Transtorno de Estresse Pós-Traumático:
Uma Revisão Crítica
Mots-clés :
Psicologia, Comportamento Social e Violência, Bullying, TEPT, Violência, TraumaRésumé
Apesar de haver lacunas na literatura sobre os efeitos tardios que podem ocorrer em indivíduos que foram vítimas bullying na escola, o Transtorno de Estresse Pós-Traumático tem sido apontado como o principal transtorno psiquiátrico associado à violência. O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de identificar e organizar a produção científica atual na área. Para tanto, foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica considerando livros e artigos publicados, bem como pesquisa eletrônica em bases de dados. Percebeu-se que há necessidade de mais estudos que elucidem os efeitos tardios do bullying e, assim, embasar a prevenção desse fenômeno, contribuindo para o planejamento de intervenções no contexto escolar e, também, para o tratamento de indivíduos que apresentem efeitos de vitimização por bullying.
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Références
Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Integrative guide for the 1991 CBCL/4-18, YSR and TRF profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Departament of Psychiatry.
Associação Americana de Psiquiatria. (2002). Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais (DSM-IV-TR) (4a.ed.). Porto Alegre: Editora Artmed.
Ateah, A., & Cohen, I. (2009). School victimization and bullying experiences: cross-national comparisons between Canada and the United States. New Scholarship in the Human Services, 8, 1-22.
Baldry, A. C. (2003). Bullying in schools and exposure to domestic violence. Child Abuse and Neglect, 27, 713-732.
Batsche, G. M., & Knoff, H. M. (1994). Bullies and their victims: understanding a pervasive problem in the schools. School Psychological Review, 23, 165-175.
Bauer, N. S., Herrenkohl, T. I., Lozano, P., Rivara, F. P., Hill, K. G., & Hawkins, J. D. (2006). Childhood bullying involvement and exposure to intimate partner violence. Pediatrics, 118, 235-242.
Bond, L. Carlin, J. B., Thomas, L., Rubin, K., & Patton, G. (2001). Does bullying cause emotional problems? A prospective study of young teenagers. British Medical Journal, 323, 480-484.
Brito, D. (2012). Alunos de Realengo tentam superar trauma um ano após o massacre. Folha de São Paulo. Disponível em: http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/cotidiano/1072668-alunos-de-realengo-tentam-superar-trauma-um-ano-apos-o-massacre.shtml
Caminha, R. M. (2005). Transtornos do estresse pós-traumático (TEPT): da neurobiologia à terapia cognitiva. São Paulo: Casa do Psicólogo.
Campbell, M. A. (2004). School victims: an analysis of ‘my worst experience in school’ scale. In E. McWilliam, S. Danby, & J. Knight (Eds.), Performing Educational Research: Theories, Methods and Practices. (pp. 1-27). Flaxton, Australia: Post Pressed Flaxton.
Carlisle, N., & Rofes, E. (2007). School bullying: do adult survivors perceive long-term effects? Traumatology, 13, 16-26.
Cepeda-Cuervo, E., Pacheco-Durán, P. N., García-Barco, L, & Piraquive-Penã, C. J. (2008). Acoso escolar a estudiantes de educación básica y media. Revista de Salud Pública, 10, 517-528
Cerezo, F., & Ato, M. (2010). Social status, gender, classroom climate and bullying among adolescents pupils. Anales de Psicologia, 26, 137-144.
Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P., & Deblinger, E. (2006). Treating trauma and traumatic grief in children and adolescents. New York: The Guilford Press.
Cook-Cottone, C. (2004). Childhood posttraumatic stress disorder: diagnosis, treatment, and school reintegration. School Psychology Review, 33, 127-139.
Craig, W., Harel-Fisch, Y., Fogel-Grinvald, H., Dostaler, S., Hetland, J., Simons-Morton, B., Molcho, M., Mato, M. G., Overpeck, M., Due, P., & Picket, W. (2009). A cross-national profile of bullying and victimization among adolescents in 40 countries. International Journal of Public Health, 54, 216-224.
Craig, W. M., & Pepler, D. J. (2003). Identifying and targeting risk for involvement in bullying and victimization. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 48, 577-582.
Crosby, J. W., Oehler, J., & Capaccioli, K. (2010). The relationship between peer victimization and post-traumatic stress symptomatology in a rural sample. Psychology in the Schools, 47, 297-310.
Elklit, A., & Petersen, T. (2008). Exposure to traumatic events among adolescents in four nations. Torture, 18, 2-11.
Fekkes, M., Pijpers, F. I. M., Fridriks, M., Vogels, T., & Verloove-Vanhorick, S. P. (2010). Do bullied children get ill, or do ill children get bullied? A prospective cohort study on the relationship between bullying and health-related symptoms. Pediatrics, 117, 1568-1574.
Figueira, I., & Mendlowicz, M. (2003). Diagnóstico do transtorno de estresse pós-traumático. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 25, 12-16.
Finkelhor, D., Turner, H. A., & Hamby, S. (2012). Let’s prevent peer victimization, not just bullying. Child Abuse and Neglect, 36, 271-274.
Fiszman, A., Cabizuca, M., Lanfredi, C., & Figueira, I. (2005). A adaptação transcultural para o português do instrumento Trauma History Questionnaire para identificar experiências traumáticas. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 27, 63-66.
Francisco, M. V., & Libório, R. M. C. (2009). Um estudo sobre bullying entre escolares do ensino fundamental. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 22, 200-207.
Furlong, M. J., Morrison, G. M., & Jimerson, S. R. (2004). Externalizing behaviors of agression and violence and the school context. In Jr. R. B. Rutherford, M. M. Quinn & S. R. Mathur (Eds.), Handbook of research in emotional and behavioral disorders (pp. 243-261). The Guilford Press: Nova York.
Grassi-Oliveira, R., & Stein, L. M. (2008). Childhood maltreatment associated with PTSD and emotional distress in low-income adults: The burden of neglect. Child Abuse and Neglect, 32, 1089-1094.
Hyman, I., Kay, B., Mahon, M., Cohen, I., Tabori, A., Weber, M., Siegel, N., & Glass, J. (2003). A cross national study of victimization of students: determining a typology of stressors and symptoms (Projeto de Pesquisa), National Center for the Study of Corporal Punishment and Alternatives, Temple University.
Idsoe, T., Dyregrov, A., & Idsoe, E. C. (2012). Bullying and PTSD symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40, 901-911.
Lamb, J., Pepler, D. J., & Craig, W. (2009). Approach to bullying and victimization. Canadian Family Physician, 55, 356-360.
Lien, L., Green, K., Welander-Vatn, A., & Bjertness, E. (2009). Mental and somatic health complaints associated with school bullying between 10 e 12 grade students: results from cross sectional studies in Oslo, Norway. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health, 5, 1-8.
Lipschitz, D. S., Rasmusson, A. M., Anyan, W., Cromwell, P., & Southwick, S. M. (2000). Clinical and functional correlates of posttraumatic stress disorder in urban adolescent girls at a primary care clinic. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 1104-1111.
Lopes Neto, A. A., & Saavedra, L. H. (2003). Diga não para o bullying: programa de redução do comportamento agressivo entre estudantes. Rio de Janeiro: ABRAPIA.
Lopes-Neto, A. A. (2005). Bullying ”“ comportamento agressivo entre estudantes. Jornal de Pediatria, 81, 164-172.
Marty, C. M. & Carvajal, C. A. (2005). Maltrato infantil como factor de riesgo de transtorno por estres postraumático en la adultez. Revista Chilena de Neuro-Psiquiatría, 43, 180-187.
McGuckin, C., Lewis, C. A., Cummins, P. K., & Cruise, S. M. (2011). The stress and trauma of school victimization in Ireland: A retrospective account. Psychology, Society & Education, 3, 55-67.
Miller, T. W. (2007). Trauma, change, and psychological health in the 21st Century. American Psychologist, 62, 889-898.
Mynard, H., Joseph, S., Alexander, J. (2000). Peer-victimization and posttraumatic stress in adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 29, 815-821.
Neme, C. M. B., Mello, L. C. de, Gazzola, R. A., & Justi, M. M. (2008). Fenômeno bullying: análise de pesquisas em Psicologia publicadas no período de 2000 a 2006. Pediatria Moderna, 4, 200-204.
Olweus, D. (1991). Bully/victim problems among school children: Basic facts and effects of a school based intervention program. In D. Pepler & K. Rubin (Eds.), The development and treatment of childhood aggression (pp 411-448). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school: what we know and what we can do. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
Orpinas, P., & Horne, A. M. (2006). Bullies and victims: a challenge for schools. In J. R. Lutzker (Ed.), Preventing violence: research and evidence-based intervention strategies (pp. 147-165). Washington: American Psychological Association.
Pinheiro, F. M. F., & Williams, L. C. A. (2009). Violência intrafamiliar e intimidação entre colegas no Ensino Fundamental. Cadernos de Pesquisa, 39, 995-1018.
Ruotti, C., Alves, R., & Cubas, V. O. (2007). Violência na escola: um guia para pais e professores. São Paulo: Andhep: Imprensa Oficial do Estado de São Paulo.
Schestatsky, S., Shansis, F., Ceitlin, L. H. Abreu, P. B. S. & Hauck, S. (2003). A evolução histórica do conceito de estresse pós-traumático. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 25, 8-11.
Scholte, R. H. J., Engels, R. C. M. E., Overbeek, G., Kemp, R. A. T. de., & Haselager, G. J. T. (2007). Stability in bullying and victimization and its association with social adjustment in childhood and adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37, 217-228.
Spriggs, M. A., Iannotti, R. J., Nansel, T. R., & Haynie, D. L. (2007). Adolescent bullying involvement and perceived family, peer and school relations: commonalities and differences across race/ethnicity. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41, 283-293.
Storch, E. A., Esposito, L. E. (2003). Peer victimization and posttraumatic stress among children. Child Study Journal, 33, 91-98.
Trautmann, A. M. (2008). Maltrato entre pares o “bullying”. Una vision actual. Revista Chilena de Pediatria, 79, 13-20.
Vossekuil, B., Fein, R., Reddy, M., Borum, R., & Modzeleski, W. (2002). The final report and findings of the Safe school initiative: Implications for the prevention of school attacks in the United States. Washington: United States Secret Service and United States Department of Education.
Weil, K. P., Florenzano, R. U., Vitriol, V. G., Cruz, C. M., Carvajal, C. A., Fullerton, C. U., & Muñiz, C. D. (2004). Trauma infanto juvenil y psicopatología adulta: Un estudio empírico. Revista Médica de Chile, 132, 1499-1504.
Whitted, K. S., & Dupper, D. R. (2008). Do teachers bully students? Findings from a survey of students in an alternative education setting. Education and Urban Society, 40, 329-341.
Williams, L. C. A. (2004). Violência e suas diferentes representações. In: G. C. Solfa, (Ed.), Gerando cidadania: Reflexões, propostas e construções práticas sobre direitos da criança e do adolescente. (pp. 141-153). São Carlos: Rima.
Williams, L. C. A., D’Affonseca, S. M., Correia, T. A., & Albuquerque, P. P. (2011). Efeitos a longo prazo da vitimização escolar. Gerais: Revista Interinstitucional de Psicologia, 4, 187-199.
Ximenes, L. F., Oliveira, R. V. C., & Assis, S. G. (2009). Violência e transtorno de estresse pós-traumático na infância. Ciência e Saúde Coletiva, 14, 417-433.
Associação Americana de Psiquiatria. (2002). Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais (DSM-IV-TR) (4a.ed.). Porto Alegre: Editora Artmed.
Ateah, A., & Cohen, I. (2009). School victimization and bullying experiences: cross-national comparisons between Canada and the United States. New Scholarship in the Human Services, 8, 1-22.
Baldry, A. C. (2003). Bullying in schools and exposure to domestic violence. Child Abuse and Neglect, 27, 713-732.
Batsche, G. M., & Knoff, H. M. (1994). Bullies and their victims: understanding a pervasive problem in the schools. School Psychological Review, 23, 165-175.
Bauer, N. S., Herrenkohl, T. I., Lozano, P., Rivara, F. P., Hill, K. G., & Hawkins, J. D. (2006). Childhood bullying involvement and exposure to intimate partner violence. Pediatrics, 118, 235-242.
Bond, L. Carlin, J. B., Thomas, L., Rubin, K., & Patton, G. (2001). Does bullying cause emotional problems? A prospective study of young teenagers. British Medical Journal, 323, 480-484.
Brito, D. (2012). Alunos de Realengo tentam superar trauma um ano após o massacre. Folha de São Paulo. Disponível em: http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/cotidiano/1072668-alunos-de-realengo-tentam-superar-trauma-um-ano-apos-o-massacre.shtml
Caminha, R. M. (2005). Transtornos do estresse pós-traumático (TEPT): da neurobiologia à terapia cognitiva. São Paulo: Casa do Psicólogo.
Campbell, M. A. (2004). School victims: an analysis of ‘my worst experience in school’ scale. In E. McWilliam, S. Danby, & J. Knight (Eds.), Performing Educational Research: Theories, Methods and Practices. (pp. 1-27). Flaxton, Australia: Post Pressed Flaxton.
Carlisle, N., & Rofes, E. (2007). School bullying: do adult survivors perceive long-term effects? Traumatology, 13, 16-26.
Cepeda-Cuervo, E., Pacheco-Durán, P. N., García-Barco, L, & Piraquive-Penã, C. J. (2008). Acoso escolar a estudiantes de educación básica y media. Revista de Salud Pública, 10, 517-528
Cerezo, F., & Ato, M. (2010). Social status, gender, classroom climate and bullying among adolescents pupils. Anales de Psicologia, 26, 137-144.
Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P., & Deblinger, E. (2006). Treating trauma and traumatic grief in children and adolescents. New York: The Guilford Press.
Cook-Cottone, C. (2004). Childhood posttraumatic stress disorder: diagnosis, treatment, and school reintegration. School Psychology Review, 33, 127-139.
Craig, W., Harel-Fisch, Y., Fogel-Grinvald, H., Dostaler, S., Hetland, J., Simons-Morton, B., Molcho, M., Mato, M. G., Overpeck, M., Due, P., & Picket, W. (2009). A cross-national profile of bullying and victimization among adolescents in 40 countries. International Journal of Public Health, 54, 216-224.
Craig, W. M., & Pepler, D. J. (2003). Identifying and targeting risk for involvement in bullying and victimization. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 48, 577-582.
Crosby, J. W., Oehler, J., & Capaccioli, K. (2010). The relationship between peer victimization and post-traumatic stress symptomatology in a rural sample. Psychology in the Schools, 47, 297-310.
Elklit, A., & Petersen, T. (2008). Exposure to traumatic events among adolescents in four nations. Torture, 18, 2-11.
Fekkes, M., Pijpers, F. I. M., Fridriks, M., Vogels, T., & Verloove-Vanhorick, S. P. (2010). Do bullied children get ill, or do ill children get bullied? A prospective cohort study on the relationship between bullying and health-related symptoms. Pediatrics, 117, 1568-1574.
Figueira, I., & Mendlowicz, M. (2003). Diagnóstico do transtorno de estresse pós-traumático. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 25, 12-16.
Finkelhor, D., Turner, H. A., & Hamby, S. (2012). Let’s prevent peer victimization, not just bullying. Child Abuse and Neglect, 36, 271-274.
Fiszman, A., Cabizuca, M., Lanfredi, C., & Figueira, I. (2005). A adaptação transcultural para o português do instrumento Trauma History Questionnaire para identificar experiências traumáticas. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 27, 63-66.
Francisco, M. V., & Libório, R. M. C. (2009). Um estudo sobre bullying entre escolares do ensino fundamental. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 22, 200-207.
Furlong, M. J., Morrison, G. M., & Jimerson, S. R. (2004). Externalizing behaviors of agression and violence and the school context. In Jr. R. B. Rutherford, M. M. Quinn & S. R. Mathur (Eds.), Handbook of research in emotional and behavioral disorders (pp. 243-261). The Guilford Press: Nova York.
Grassi-Oliveira, R., & Stein, L. M. (2008). Childhood maltreatment associated with PTSD and emotional distress in low-income adults: The burden of neglect. Child Abuse and Neglect, 32, 1089-1094.
Hyman, I., Kay, B., Mahon, M., Cohen, I., Tabori, A., Weber, M., Siegel, N., & Glass, J. (2003). A cross national study of victimization of students: determining a typology of stressors and symptoms (Projeto de Pesquisa), National Center for the Study of Corporal Punishment and Alternatives, Temple University.
Idsoe, T., Dyregrov, A., & Idsoe, E. C. (2012). Bullying and PTSD symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40, 901-911.
Lamb, J., Pepler, D. J., & Craig, W. (2009). Approach to bullying and victimization. Canadian Family Physician, 55, 356-360.
Lien, L., Green, K., Welander-Vatn, A., & Bjertness, E. (2009). Mental and somatic health complaints associated with school bullying between 10 e 12 grade students: results from cross sectional studies in Oslo, Norway. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health, 5, 1-8.
Lipschitz, D. S., Rasmusson, A. M., Anyan, W., Cromwell, P., & Southwick, S. M. (2000). Clinical and functional correlates of posttraumatic stress disorder in urban adolescent girls at a primary care clinic. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 1104-1111.
Lopes Neto, A. A., & Saavedra, L. H. (2003). Diga não para o bullying: programa de redução do comportamento agressivo entre estudantes. Rio de Janeiro: ABRAPIA.
Lopes-Neto, A. A. (2005). Bullying ”“ comportamento agressivo entre estudantes. Jornal de Pediatria, 81, 164-172.
Marty, C. M. & Carvajal, C. A. (2005). Maltrato infantil como factor de riesgo de transtorno por estres postraumático en la adultez. Revista Chilena de Neuro-Psiquiatría, 43, 180-187.
McGuckin, C., Lewis, C. A., Cummins, P. K., & Cruise, S. M. (2011). The stress and trauma of school victimization in Ireland: A retrospective account. Psychology, Society & Education, 3, 55-67.
Miller, T. W. (2007). Trauma, change, and psychological health in the 21st Century. American Psychologist, 62, 889-898.
Mynard, H., Joseph, S., Alexander, J. (2000). Peer-victimization and posttraumatic stress in adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 29, 815-821.
Neme, C. M. B., Mello, L. C. de, Gazzola, R. A., & Justi, M. M. (2008). Fenômeno bullying: análise de pesquisas em Psicologia publicadas no período de 2000 a 2006. Pediatria Moderna, 4, 200-204.
Olweus, D. (1991). Bully/victim problems among school children: Basic facts and effects of a school based intervention program. In D. Pepler & K. Rubin (Eds.), The development and treatment of childhood aggression (pp 411-448). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school: what we know and what we can do. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
Orpinas, P., & Horne, A. M. (2006). Bullies and victims: a challenge for schools. In J. R. Lutzker (Ed.), Preventing violence: research and evidence-based intervention strategies (pp. 147-165). Washington: American Psychological Association.
Pinheiro, F. M. F., & Williams, L. C. A. (2009). Violência intrafamiliar e intimidação entre colegas no Ensino Fundamental. Cadernos de Pesquisa, 39, 995-1018.
Ruotti, C., Alves, R., & Cubas, V. O. (2007). Violência na escola: um guia para pais e professores. São Paulo: Andhep: Imprensa Oficial do Estado de São Paulo.
Schestatsky, S., Shansis, F., Ceitlin, L. H. Abreu, P. B. S. & Hauck, S. (2003). A evolução histórica do conceito de estresse pós-traumático. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 25, 8-11.
Scholte, R. H. J., Engels, R. C. M. E., Overbeek, G., Kemp, R. A. T. de., & Haselager, G. J. T. (2007). Stability in bullying and victimization and its association with social adjustment in childhood and adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37, 217-228.
Spriggs, M. A., Iannotti, R. J., Nansel, T. R., & Haynie, D. L. (2007). Adolescent bullying involvement and perceived family, peer and school relations: commonalities and differences across race/ethnicity. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41, 283-293.
Storch, E. A., Esposito, L. E. (2003). Peer victimization and posttraumatic stress among children. Child Study Journal, 33, 91-98.
Trautmann, A. M. (2008). Maltrato entre pares o “bullying”. Una vision actual. Revista Chilena de Pediatria, 79, 13-20.
Vossekuil, B., Fein, R., Reddy, M., Borum, R., & Modzeleski, W. (2002). The final report and findings of the Safe school initiative: Implications for the prevention of school attacks in the United States. Washington: United States Secret Service and United States Department of Education.
Weil, K. P., Florenzano, R. U., Vitriol, V. G., Cruz, C. M., Carvajal, C. A., Fullerton, C. U., & Muñiz, C. D. (2004). Trauma infanto juvenil y psicopatología adulta: Un estudio empírico. Revista Médica de Chile, 132, 1499-1504.
Whitted, K. S., & Dupper, D. R. (2008). Do teachers bully students? Findings from a survey of students in an alternative education setting. Education and Urban Society, 40, 329-341.
Williams, L. C. A. (2004). Violência e suas diferentes representações. In: G. C. Solfa, (Ed.), Gerando cidadania: Reflexões, propostas e construções práticas sobre direitos da criança e do adolescente. (pp. 141-153). São Carlos: Rima.
Williams, L. C. A., D’Affonseca, S. M., Correia, T. A., & Albuquerque, P. P. (2011). Efeitos a longo prazo da vitimização escolar. Gerais: Revista Interinstitucional de Psicologia, 4, 187-199.
Ximenes, L. F., Oliveira, R. V. C., & Assis, S. G. (2009). Violência e transtorno de estresse pós-traumático na infância. Ciência e Saúde Coletiva, 14, 417-433.
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2013-04-22
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Albuquerque, P. P. de, D’Affonseca, S. M., & Williams, L. C. de A. (2013). Efeitos Tardios do Bullying e Transtorno de Estresse Pós-Traumático:: Uma Revisão Crítica. Psicologia: Teoria E Pesquisa, 29(1), 91–98. Consulté à l’adresse https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/revistaptp/article/view/17596
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