Long Term Effects of Bullying and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder:
A Literature Review
Keywords:
Bullying, PTSD, Violence, TraumaAbstract
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has been identified as the main psychiatric disorder associated with violence. This paper had the objective of identifying and organizing current scientific knowledge on long term effects on bullying and the development of PTSD. Thus, a literature review was conducted involving published books and papers on the topic, as well as an electronic database survey. Although studies indicate a relation between PTSD and bullying during childhood and later, there is a lack of research clarifying how this relationship occurs. There is evidence showing that some individuals who are victimized by bullying may present greater vulnerability to develop PTSD.
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References
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Associação Americana de Psiquiatria. (2002). Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais (DSM-IV-TR) (4a.ed.). Porto Alegre: Editora Artmed.
Ateah, A., & Cohen, I. (2009). School victimization and bullying experiences: cross-national comparisons between Canada and the United States. New Scholarship in the Human Services, 8, 1-22.
Baldry, A. C. (2003). Bullying in schools and exposure to domestic violence. Child Abuse and Neglect, 27, 713-732.
Batsche, G. M., & Knoff, H. M. (1994). Bullies and their victims: understanding a pervasive problem in the schools. School Psychological Review, 23, 165-175.
Bauer, N. S., Herrenkohl, T. I., Lozano, P., Rivara, F. P., Hill, K. G., & Hawkins, J. D. (2006). Childhood bullying involvement and exposure to intimate partner violence. Pediatrics, 118, 235-242.
Bond, L. Carlin, J. B., Thomas, L., Rubin, K., & Patton, G. (2001). Does bullying cause emotional problems? A prospective study of young teenagers. British Medical Journal, 323, 480-484.
Brito, D. (2012). Alunos de Realengo tentam superar trauma um ano após o massacre. Folha de São Paulo. Disponível em: http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/cotidiano/1072668-alunos-de-realengo-tentam-superar-trauma-um-ano-apos-o-massacre.shtml
Caminha, R. M. (2005). Transtornos do estresse pós-traumático (TEPT): da neurobiologia à terapia cognitiva. São Paulo: Casa do Psicólogo.
Campbell, M. A. (2004). School victims: an analysis of ‘my worst experience in school’ scale. In E. McWilliam, S. Danby, & J. Knight (Eds.), Performing Educational Research: Theories, Methods and Practices. (pp. 1-27). Flaxton, Australia: Post Pressed Flaxton.
Carlisle, N., & Rofes, E. (2007). School bullying: do adult survivors perceive long-term effects? Traumatology, 13, 16-26.
Cepeda-Cuervo, E., Pacheco-Durán, P. N., García-Barco, L, & Piraquive-Penã, C. J. (2008). Acoso escolar a estudiantes de educación básica y media. Revista de Salud Pública, 10, 517-528
Cerezo, F., & Ato, M. (2010). Social status, gender, classroom climate and bullying among adolescents pupils. Anales de Psicologia, 26, 137-144.
Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P., & Deblinger, E. (2006). Treating trauma and traumatic grief in children and adolescents. New York: The Guilford Press.
Cook-Cottone, C. (2004). Childhood posttraumatic stress disorder: diagnosis, treatment, and school reintegration. School Psychology Review, 33, 127-139.
Craig, W., Harel-Fisch, Y., Fogel-Grinvald, H., Dostaler, S., Hetland, J., Simons-Morton, B., Molcho, M., Mato, M. G., Overpeck, M., Due, P., & Picket, W. (2009). A cross-national profile of bullying and victimization among adolescents in 40 countries. International Journal of Public Health, 54, 216-224.
Craig, W. M., & Pepler, D. J. (2003). Identifying and targeting risk for involvement in bullying and victimization. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 48, 577-582.
Crosby, J. W., Oehler, J., & Capaccioli, K. (2010). The relationship between peer victimization and post-traumatic stress symptomatology in a rural sample. Psychology in the Schools, 47, 297-310.
Elklit, A., & Petersen, T. (2008). Exposure to traumatic events among adolescents in four nations. Torture, 18, 2-11.
Fekkes, M., Pijpers, F. I. M., Fridriks, M., Vogels, T., & Verloove-Vanhorick, S. P. (2010). Do bullied children get ill, or do ill children get bullied? A prospective cohort study on the relationship between bullying and health-related symptoms. Pediatrics, 117, 1568-1574.
Figueira, I., & Mendlowicz, M. (2003). Diagnóstico do transtorno de estresse pós-traumático. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 25, 12-16.
Finkelhor, D., Turner, H. A., & Hamby, S. (2012). Let’s prevent peer victimization, not just bullying. Child Abuse and Neglect, 36, 271-274.
Fiszman, A., Cabizuca, M., Lanfredi, C., & Figueira, I. (2005). A adaptação transcultural para o português do instrumento Trauma History Questionnaire para identificar experiências traumáticas. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 27, 63-66.
Francisco, M. V., & Libório, R. M. C. (2009). Um estudo sobre bullying entre escolares do ensino fundamental. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 22, 200-207.
Furlong, M. J., Morrison, G. M., & Jimerson, S. R. (2004). Externalizing behaviors of agression and violence and the school context. In Jr. R. B. Rutherford, M. M. Quinn & S. R. Mathur (Eds.), Handbook of research in emotional and behavioral disorders (pp. 243-261). The Guilford Press: Nova York.
Grassi-Oliveira, R., & Stein, L. M. (2008). Childhood maltreatment associated with PTSD and emotional distress in low-income adults: The burden of neglect. Child Abuse and Neglect, 32, 1089-1094.
Hyman, I., Kay, B., Mahon, M., Cohen, I., Tabori, A., Weber, M., Siegel, N., & Glass, J. (2003). A cross national study of victimization of students: determining a typology of stressors and symptoms (Projeto de Pesquisa), National Center for the Study of Corporal Punishment and Alternatives, Temple University.
Idsoe, T., Dyregrov, A., & Idsoe, E. C. (2012). Bullying and PTSD symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40, 901-911.
Lamb, J., Pepler, D. J., & Craig, W. (2009). Approach to bullying and victimization. Canadian Family Physician, 55, 356-360.
Lien, L., Green, K., Welander-Vatn, A., & Bjertness, E. (2009). Mental and somatic health complaints associated with school bullying between 10 e 12 grade students: results from cross sectional studies in Oslo, Norway. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health, 5, 1-8.
Lipschitz, D. S., Rasmusson, A. M., Anyan, W., Cromwell, P., & Southwick, S. M. (2000). Clinical and functional correlates of posttraumatic stress disorder in urban adolescent girls at a primary care clinic. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 1104-1111.
Lopes Neto, A. A., & Saavedra, L. H. (2003). Diga não para o bullying: programa de redução do comportamento agressivo entre estudantes. Rio de Janeiro: ABRAPIA.
Lopes-Neto, A. A. (2005). Bullying ”“ comportamento agressivo entre estudantes. Jornal de Pediatria, 81, 164-172.
Marty, C. M. & Carvajal, C. A. (2005). Maltrato infantil como factor de riesgo de transtorno por estres postraumático en la adultez. Revista Chilena de Neuro-Psiquiatría, 43, 180-187.
McGuckin, C., Lewis, C. A., Cummins, P. K., & Cruise, S. M. (2011). The stress and trauma of school victimization in Ireland: A retrospective account. Psychology, Society & Education, 3, 55-67.
Miller, T. W. (2007). Trauma, change, and psychological health in the 21st Century. American Psychologist, 62, 889-898.
Mynard, H., Joseph, S., Alexander, J. (2000). Peer-victimization and posttraumatic stress in adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 29, 815-821.
Neme, C. M. B., Mello, L. C. de, Gazzola, R. A., & Justi, M. M. (2008). Fenômeno bullying: análise de pesquisas em Psicologia publicadas no período de 2000 a 2006. Pediatria Moderna, 4, 200-204.
Olweus, D. (1991). Bully/victim problems among school children: Basic facts and effects of a school based intervention program. In D. Pepler & K. Rubin (Eds.), The development and treatment of childhood aggression (pp 411-448). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school: what we know and what we can do. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
Orpinas, P., & Horne, A. M. (2006). Bullies and victims: a challenge for schools. In J. R. Lutzker (Ed.), Preventing violence: research and evidence-based intervention strategies (pp. 147-165). Washington: American Psychological Association.
Pinheiro, F. M. F., & Williams, L. C. A. (2009). Violência intrafamiliar e intimidação entre colegas no Ensino Fundamental. Cadernos de Pesquisa, 39, 995-1018.
Ruotti, C., Alves, R., & Cubas, V. O. (2007). Violência na escola: um guia para pais e professores. São Paulo: Andhep: Imprensa Oficial do Estado de São Paulo.
Schestatsky, S., Shansis, F., Ceitlin, L. H. Abreu, P. B. S. & Hauck, S. (2003). A evolução histórica do conceito de estresse pós-traumático. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 25, 8-11.
Scholte, R. H. J., Engels, R. C. M. E., Overbeek, G., Kemp, R. A. T. de., & Haselager, G. J. T. (2007). Stability in bullying and victimization and its association with social adjustment in childhood and adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37, 217-228.
Spriggs, M. A., Iannotti, R. J., Nansel, T. R., & Haynie, D. L. (2007). Adolescent bullying involvement and perceived family, peer and school relations: commonalities and differences across race/ethnicity. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41, 283-293.
Storch, E. A., Esposito, L. E. (2003). Peer victimization and posttraumatic stress among children. Child Study Journal, 33, 91-98.
Trautmann, A. M. (2008). Maltrato entre pares o “bullying”. Una vision actual. Revista Chilena de Pediatria, 79, 13-20.
Vossekuil, B., Fein, R., Reddy, M., Borum, R., & Modzeleski, W. (2002). The final report and findings of the Safe school initiative: Implications for the prevention of school attacks in the United States. Washington: United States Secret Service and United States Department of Education.
Weil, K. P., Florenzano, R. U., Vitriol, V. G., Cruz, C. M., Carvajal, C. A., Fullerton, C. U., & Muñiz, C. D. (2004). Trauma infanto juvenil y psicopatología adulta: Un estudio empírico. Revista Médica de Chile, 132, 1499-1504.
Whitted, K. S., & Dupper, D. R. (2008). Do teachers bully students? Findings from a survey of students in an alternative education setting. Education and Urban Society, 40, 329-341.
Williams, L. C. A. (2004). Violência e suas diferentes representações. In: G. C. Solfa, (Ed.), Gerando cidadania: Reflexões, propostas e construções práticas sobre direitos da criança e do adolescente. (pp. 141-153). São Carlos: Rima.
Williams, L. C. A., D’Affonseca, S. M., Correia, T. A., & Albuquerque, P. P. (2011). Efeitos a longo prazo da vitimização escolar. Gerais: Revista Interinstitucional de Psicologia, 4, 187-199.
Ximenes, L. F., Oliveira, R. V. C., & Assis, S. G. (2009). Violência e transtorno de estresse pós-traumático na infância. Ciência e Saúde Coletiva, 14, 417-433.
Associação Americana de Psiquiatria. (2002). Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais (DSM-IV-TR) (4a.ed.). Porto Alegre: Editora Artmed.
Ateah, A., & Cohen, I. (2009). School victimization and bullying experiences: cross-national comparisons between Canada and the United States. New Scholarship in the Human Services, 8, 1-22.
Baldry, A. C. (2003). Bullying in schools and exposure to domestic violence. Child Abuse and Neglect, 27, 713-732.
Batsche, G. M., & Knoff, H. M. (1994). Bullies and their victims: understanding a pervasive problem in the schools. School Psychological Review, 23, 165-175.
Bauer, N. S., Herrenkohl, T. I., Lozano, P., Rivara, F. P., Hill, K. G., & Hawkins, J. D. (2006). Childhood bullying involvement and exposure to intimate partner violence. Pediatrics, 118, 235-242.
Bond, L. Carlin, J. B., Thomas, L., Rubin, K., & Patton, G. (2001). Does bullying cause emotional problems? A prospective study of young teenagers. British Medical Journal, 323, 480-484.
Brito, D. (2012). Alunos de Realengo tentam superar trauma um ano após o massacre. Folha de São Paulo. Disponível em: http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/cotidiano/1072668-alunos-de-realengo-tentam-superar-trauma-um-ano-apos-o-massacre.shtml
Caminha, R. M. (2005). Transtornos do estresse pós-traumático (TEPT): da neurobiologia à terapia cognitiva. São Paulo: Casa do Psicólogo.
Campbell, M. A. (2004). School victims: an analysis of ‘my worst experience in school’ scale. In E. McWilliam, S. Danby, & J. Knight (Eds.), Performing Educational Research: Theories, Methods and Practices. (pp. 1-27). Flaxton, Australia: Post Pressed Flaxton.
Carlisle, N., & Rofes, E. (2007). School bullying: do adult survivors perceive long-term effects? Traumatology, 13, 16-26.
Cepeda-Cuervo, E., Pacheco-Durán, P. N., García-Barco, L, & Piraquive-Penã, C. J. (2008). Acoso escolar a estudiantes de educación básica y media. Revista de Salud Pública, 10, 517-528
Cerezo, F., & Ato, M. (2010). Social status, gender, classroom climate and bullying among adolescents pupils. Anales de Psicologia, 26, 137-144.
Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P., & Deblinger, E. (2006). Treating trauma and traumatic grief in children and adolescents. New York: The Guilford Press.
Cook-Cottone, C. (2004). Childhood posttraumatic stress disorder: diagnosis, treatment, and school reintegration. School Psychology Review, 33, 127-139.
Craig, W., Harel-Fisch, Y., Fogel-Grinvald, H., Dostaler, S., Hetland, J., Simons-Morton, B., Molcho, M., Mato, M. G., Overpeck, M., Due, P., & Picket, W. (2009). A cross-national profile of bullying and victimization among adolescents in 40 countries. International Journal of Public Health, 54, 216-224.
Craig, W. M., & Pepler, D. J. (2003). Identifying and targeting risk for involvement in bullying and victimization. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 48, 577-582.
Crosby, J. W., Oehler, J., & Capaccioli, K. (2010). The relationship between peer victimization and post-traumatic stress symptomatology in a rural sample. Psychology in the Schools, 47, 297-310.
Elklit, A., & Petersen, T. (2008). Exposure to traumatic events among adolescents in four nations. Torture, 18, 2-11.
Fekkes, M., Pijpers, F. I. M., Fridriks, M., Vogels, T., & Verloove-Vanhorick, S. P. (2010). Do bullied children get ill, or do ill children get bullied? A prospective cohort study on the relationship between bullying and health-related symptoms. Pediatrics, 117, 1568-1574.
Figueira, I., & Mendlowicz, M. (2003). Diagnóstico do transtorno de estresse pós-traumático. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 25, 12-16.
Finkelhor, D., Turner, H. A., & Hamby, S. (2012). Let’s prevent peer victimization, not just bullying. Child Abuse and Neglect, 36, 271-274.
Fiszman, A., Cabizuca, M., Lanfredi, C., & Figueira, I. (2005). A adaptação transcultural para o português do instrumento Trauma History Questionnaire para identificar experiências traumáticas. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 27, 63-66.
Francisco, M. V., & Libório, R. M. C. (2009). Um estudo sobre bullying entre escolares do ensino fundamental. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 22, 200-207.
Furlong, M. J., Morrison, G. M., & Jimerson, S. R. (2004). Externalizing behaviors of agression and violence and the school context. In Jr. R. B. Rutherford, M. M. Quinn & S. R. Mathur (Eds.), Handbook of research in emotional and behavioral disorders (pp. 243-261). The Guilford Press: Nova York.
Grassi-Oliveira, R., & Stein, L. M. (2008). Childhood maltreatment associated with PTSD and emotional distress in low-income adults: The burden of neglect. Child Abuse and Neglect, 32, 1089-1094.
Hyman, I., Kay, B., Mahon, M., Cohen, I., Tabori, A., Weber, M., Siegel, N., & Glass, J. (2003). A cross national study of victimization of students: determining a typology of stressors and symptoms (Projeto de Pesquisa), National Center for the Study of Corporal Punishment and Alternatives, Temple University.
Idsoe, T., Dyregrov, A., & Idsoe, E. C. (2012). Bullying and PTSD symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40, 901-911.
Lamb, J., Pepler, D. J., & Craig, W. (2009). Approach to bullying and victimization. Canadian Family Physician, 55, 356-360.
Lien, L., Green, K., Welander-Vatn, A., & Bjertness, E. (2009). Mental and somatic health complaints associated with school bullying between 10 e 12 grade students: results from cross sectional studies in Oslo, Norway. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health, 5, 1-8.
Lipschitz, D. S., Rasmusson, A. M., Anyan, W., Cromwell, P., & Southwick, S. M. (2000). Clinical and functional correlates of posttraumatic stress disorder in urban adolescent girls at a primary care clinic. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 1104-1111.
Lopes Neto, A. A., & Saavedra, L. H. (2003). Diga não para o bullying: programa de redução do comportamento agressivo entre estudantes. Rio de Janeiro: ABRAPIA.
Lopes-Neto, A. A. (2005). Bullying ”“ comportamento agressivo entre estudantes. Jornal de Pediatria, 81, 164-172.
Marty, C. M. & Carvajal, C. A. (2005). Maltrato infantil como factor de riesgo de transtorno por estres postraumático en la adultez. Revista Chilena de Neuro-Psiquiatría, 43, 180-187.
McGuckin, C., Lewis, C. A., Cummins, P. K., & Cruise, S. M. (2011). The stress and trauma of school victimization in Ireland: A retrospective account. Psychology, Society & Education, 3, 55-67.
Miller, T. W. (2007). Trauma, change, and psychological health in the 21st Century. American Psychologist, 62, 889-898.
Mynard, H., Joseph, S., Alexander, J. (2000). Peer-victimization and posttraumatic stress in adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 29, 815-821.
Neme, C. M. B., Mello, L. C. de, Gazzola, R. A., & Justi, M. M. (2008). Fenômeno bullying: análise de pesquisas em Psicologia publicadas no período de 2000 a 2006. Pediatria Moderna, 4, 200-204.
Olweus, D. (1991). Bully/victim problems among school children: Basic facts and effects of a school based intervention program. In D. Pepler & K. Rubin (Eds.), The development and treatment of childhood aggression (pp 411-448). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school: what we know and what we can do. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
Orpinas, P., & Horne, A. M. (2006). Bullies and victims: a challenge for schools. In J. R. Lutzker (Ed.), Preventing violence: research and evidence-based intervention strategies (pp. 147-165). Washington: American Psychological Association.
Pinheiro, F. M. F., & Williams, L. C. A. (2009). Violência intrafamiliar e intimidação entre colegas no Ensino Fundamental. Cadernos de Pesquisa, 39, 995-1018.
Ruotti, C., Alves, R., & Cubas, V. O. (2007). Violência na escola: um guia para pais e professores. São Paulo: Andhep: Imprensa Oficial do Estado de São Paulo.
Schestatsky, S., Shansis, F., Ceitlin, L. H. Abreu, P. B. S. & Hauck, S. (2003). A evolução histórica do conceito de estresse pós-traumático. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 25, 8-11.
Scholte, R. H. J., Engels, R. C. M. E., Overbeek, G., Kemp, R. A. T. de., & Haselager, G. J. T. (2007). Stability in bullying and victimization and its association with social adjustment in childhood and adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37, 217-228.
Spriggs, M. A., Iannotti, R. J., Nansel, T. R., & Haynie, D. L. (2007). Adolescent bullying involvement and perceived family, peer and school relations: commonalities and differences across race/ethnicity. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41, 283-293.
Storch, E. A., Esposito, L. E. (2003). Peer victimization and posttraumatic stress among children. Child Study Journal, 33, 91-98.
Trautmann, A. M. (2008). Maltrato entre pares o “bullying”. Una vision actual. Revista Chilena de Pediatria, 79, 13-20.
Vossekuil, B., Fein, R., Reddy, M., Borum, R., & Modzeleski, W. (2002). The final report and findings of the Safe school initiative: Implications for the prevention of school attacks in the United States. Washington: United States Secret Service and United States Department of Education.
Weil, K. P., Florenzano, R. U., Vitriol, V. G., Cruz, C. M., Carvajal, C. A., Fullerton, C. U., & Muñiz, C. D. (2004). Trauma infanto juvenil y psicopatología adulta: Un estudio empírico. Revista Médica de Chile, 132, 1499-1504.
Whitted, K. S., & Dupper, D. R. (2008). Do teachers bully students? Findings from a survey of students in an alternative education setting. Education and Urban Society, 40, 329-341.
Williams, L. C. A. (2004). Violência e suas diferentes representações. In: G. C. Solfa, (Ed.), Gerando cidadania: Reflexões, propostas e construções práticas sobre direitos da criança e do adolescente. (pp. 141-153). São Carlos: Rima.
Williams, L. C. A., D’Affonseca, S. M., Correia, T. A., & Albuquerque, P. P. (2011). Efeitos a longo prazo da vitimização escolar. Gerais: Revista Interinstitucional de Psicologia, 4, 187-199.
Ximenes, L. F., Oliveira, R. V. C., & Assis, S. G. (2009). Violência e transtorno de estresse pós-traumático na infância. Ciência e Saúde Coletiva, 14, 417-433.
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Published
2013-04-22
How to Cite
Albuquerque, P. P. de, D’Affonseca, S. M., & Williams, L. C. de A. (2013). Long Term Effects of Bullying and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder:: A Literature Review. Psicologia: Teoria E Pesquisa, 29(1), 91–98. Retrieved from https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/revistaptp/article/view/17596
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Artigos Metodológicos
