Problemas conceituais no estudo da aquisição e da extinção do comportamento de esquiva
Résumé
Os processos de aquisição e extinção do comportamento de esquiva foram estudados em dois experimentos. No Experimento I, oito ratos foram expostos a duas condições experimentais. Na primeira, os sujeitos foram submetidos à contingência de esquiva livre e as horas de treino variaram de 3 a 102. Na segunda condição, choques inevitáveis foram apresentados de acordo com um esquema de tempo variável (VT30s). Os resultados indicaram aquisição da resposta de pressão à barra por todos os sujeitos durante a condição de esquiva, e persistência do responder para 5 sujeitos mesmo quando as respostas não mais evitavamos choques (procedimento de extinção). No Experimento II foram programadas quatro condições experimentais: (1) Nfvel operante: nenhum choque programado; (2) Choques inevitáveis apresentados em VT30s; (3) Esquiva; e (4) Choques inevitáveis apresentados em VT 30s. Seis ratos foram expostos a todas estas fases e dez foram submetidos apenas à s duas primeiras. Os resultados mostraram o desenvolvimento do responder na primeira condição de choques inevitáveis e aumentos nas taxas de respostas na condição de esquiva. Durante o procedimento de extinção (condição 4) as taxas de respostas retornaram aos nfveis observados na segunda condição. Estes resultados indicam a possibilidadedo responder ser determinado por reforço negativo acidental durante os choques inevitáveis.
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Références
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Bersh, P. J., & Alloy, L. B. (1978). Avoidance based on shock intensity reduction with
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intensity on responding during inescapable shock. Journal of the Experimental
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Herrnstein, R. J., & Hineline, P. N. (1966). Negative reinforcement as shock-frequency
reduction. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 9, 421-430.
Higgins, S. T„ & Morris, E. K. (1984). Generality of free-operant avoidance
conditioning to human behavior. Phychological Bulletin, 96, 247-272.
Hineline, P. N. (1970). Negative reinforcement without shock-frequency reduction.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavor, 14, 259-268.
Hineline, P. N. (1977). Negative reinforcement and avoidance. Em W. K. Honig, & J. E.
R. Staddon (Orgs.). Handbook of operant behavior. Erglewood Cliffs, N. J.:
Prentice-Hall.
Hineline, P. N. (1981). The several roles of stimuli in negative reinforcement. Em P.
Harzem, & M. D. Zeiler (Orgs.). Advances in analysis of behavior (vol. 2):
Predictability, correlation and contiguity. New York: Wiley.
Hineline, P. N. (1984). Aversive control: A separate domain? Journal of the
Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 42, 495-509.
Kelleher, R. Т., & Morse, W. H. (1968). Schedules using noxious stimuli III.
Responding maintained with response-produced electric shocks. Journal of the
Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 11, 819-838.
Lambert, J. V., Bersh, P. J., Hineline, P. N., & Smith, G. D. (1973). Avoidance
conditioning with shock contingent upon the avoidance response. Journal of the
Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 19, 361-367.
Lewis, P., Gardner, E. Т., & Lopatto, D. (1980). Shock-duration reduction as negative
reinforcement. Psychological Record, 30, 219-228.
Migler, B. (1963). Experimental self-punishment and superstitious escape behavior.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 6, 371-385.
Morse, W. H., & Kelleher, R. T. (1966). Schedules using noxious stimuli I. Multiple
fixed-ratio and fixed-interval termination of schedules complexes. Journal of the
Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 9, 267-290.
Morse, W. H., Mead, R. N., & Kelleher, R. T. (1967). Modulation of elicited behavior by
a fixed-interval schedule of eletric shock presentation. Science, 157, 215-217.
Powell, R. W., & Peck, S. (1969). Persistent shock-elicited responding engendered by
a negative-reinforcement procedure. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of
Behavior, 12,1049-1062.
Seligman, M. E. P., Maier, S. F., & Solomon, R. L. (1971). Unpredictable and
uncontrolable aversive events. Em F. R. Brush (Org.). Aversive conditioning and
learning. New York: Academic Press.
Sidman, M. (1953a). Avoidance coditioning with brief shock and no exteroceptive
warning signal. Science, 118, 157-158.
Sidman, M. (1953b). Two temporal parameters in the maintenance of avoidance
behavior by the white rat. Journal, of Comparative and Physiological Psychology,
46, 253-261.
Sidman, M. (1955). On the persistence of avoidance behavior. Journal of Abnormal
and Social Psychology, 50, 217-220.
Sidman, M. (1962). Reduction of shock frequency as reinforcement for avoidance
behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 5,247-257.
Todorov, J. C. (1981). Aquisição e manutenção do comportamento em situações de
estimulação aversiva não contingente. Trabalho apresentado na XI Reunião Anual
de Psicologia. Ribeirão Preto: Sociedade de Psicologia de Ribeirão Preto.
Todorov, J. C, Ferrari, E. A. M., & Souza, D. G, (1974). Key pecking as a function of
response-shock and shock-shock intervals in unsignalled avoidance. Journal of
the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 22,215-218.
Todorov, J. C, Ferreira de Carvalho, L. С., & Menandro, P. R. M. (1977). The
standard Sidman avoidance procedure as a temporal differentation schedule.
Revista Mexicana de Analisis de la Conducta, 3,151-160.
Ulrich, R. E., & Azrin, N. H. (1962). Reflexive fighting in response to aversive
stimulation. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 5,511 -520.
behavior: areas of research and application. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice Hall.
Bersh, P. J., & Alloy, L. B. (1978). Avoidance based on shock intensity reduction with
no change in shock probability. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior,
30, 293-300.
de Villiers, P. A. (1974). The law of effect and avoidance: a quantitative relationship
between response rate and shock-frequency reduction. Journal of the Experimental
Analysis of Behavior, 21, 223-235.
Domjan, M. P. (1969). Superstitious escape in the albino rat. Psychological Record,
19, 53-58.
Domjan, M. P., & Rowell, J. W. (1969). The effects of escape conditioning and shock
intensity on responding during inescapable shock. Journal of the Experimental
Analysis of Behavior, 12, 1045-1048.
Gardner, E. Т., & Lewis, P. (1976). Negative reinforcement with shock-frequency
increase. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 25, 3-14.
Goodman, E. D., Dyal, J. A., Zinser, O., & Golub, A. (1966). UCR Morphology and
shock intensity. Phychonomic Science, 5, 431-432.
Gorayeb, R., & Todorov, J. C. (1977). Key-pecking maintained by negative
reinforcement multiple schedules. Revista Mexicana de Analisis de la Conducta, 3,
161-168.
Herrnstein, R. J., & Hineline, P. N. (1966). Negative reinforcement as shock-frequency
reduction. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 9, 421-430.
Higgins, S. T„ & Morris, E. K. (1984). Generality of free-operant avoidance
conditioning to human behavior. Phychological Bulletin, 96, 247-272.
Hineline, P. N. (1970). Negative reinforcement without shock-frequency reduction.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavor, 14, 259-268.
Hineline, P. N. (1977). Negative reinforcement and avoidance. Em W. K. Honig, & J. E.
R. Staddon (Orgs.). Handbook of operant behavior. Erglewood Cliffs, N. J.:
Prentice-Hall.
Hineline, P. N. (1981). The several roles of stimuli in negative reinforcement. Em P.
Harzem, & M. D. Zeiler (Orgs.). Advances in analysis of behavior (vol. 2):
Predictability, correlation and contiguity. New York: Wiley.
Hineline, P. N. (1984). Aversive control: A separate domain? Journal of the
Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 42, 495-509.
Kelleher, R. Т., & Morse, W. H. (1968). Schedules using noxious stimuli III.
Responding maintained with response-produced electric shocks. Journal of the
Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 11, 819-838.
Lambert, J. V., Bersh, P. J., Hineline, P. N., & Smith, G. D. (1973). Avoidance
conditioning with shock contingent upon the avoidance response. Journal of the
Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 19, 361-367.
Lewis, P., Gardner, E. Т., & Lopatto, D. (1980). Shock-duration reduction as negative
reinforcement. Psychological Record, 30, 219-228.
Migler, B. (1963). Experimental self-punishment and superstitious escape behavior.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 6, 371-385.
Morse, W. H., & Kelleher, R. T. (1966). Schedules using noxious stimuli I. Multiple
fixed-ratio and fixed-interval termination of schedules complexes. Journal of the
Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 9, 267-290.
Morse, W. H., Mead, R. N., & Kelleher, R. T. (1967). Modulation of elicited behavior by
a fixed-interval schedule of eletric shock presentation. Science, 157, 215-217.
Powell, R. W., & Peck, S. (1969). Persistent shock-elicited responding engendered by
a negative-reinforcement procedure. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of
Behavior, 12,1049-1062.
Seligman, M. E. P., Maier, S. F., & Solomon, R. L. (1971). Unpredictable and
uncontrolable aversive events. Em F. R. Brush (Org.). Aversive conditioning and
learning. New York: Academic Press.
Sidman, M. (1953a). Avoidance coditioning with brief shock and no exteroceptive
warning signal. Science, 118, 157-158.
Sidman, M. (1953b). Two temporal parameters in the maintenance of avoidance
behavior by the white rat. Journal, of Comparative and Physiological Psychology,
46, 253-261.
Sidman, M. (1955). On the persistence of avoidance behavior. Journal of Abnormal
and Social Psychology, 50, 217-220.
Sidman, M. (1962). Reduction of shock frequency as reinforcement for avoidance
behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 5,247-257.
Todorov, J. C. (1981). Aquisição e manutenção do comportamento em situações de
estimulação aversiva não contingente. Trabalho apresentado na XI Reunião Anual
de Psicologia. Ribeirão Preto: Sociedade de Psicologia de Ribeirão Preto.
Todorov, J. C, Ferrari, E. A. M., & Souza, D. G, (1974). Key pecking as a function of
response-shock and shock-shock intervals in unsignalled avoidance. Journal of
the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 22,215-218.
Todorov, J. C, Ferreira de Carvalho, L. С., & Menandro, P. R. M. (1977). The
standard Sidman avoidance procedure as a temporal differentation schedule.
Revista Mexicana de Analisis de la Conducta, 3,151-160.
Ulrich, R. E., & Azrin, N. H. (1962). Reflexive fighting in response to aversive
stimulation. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 5,511 -520.
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Publié-e
2012-08-16
Comment citer
Todorov, J. C., & Cameschi, C. E. (2012). Problemas conceituais no estudo da aquisição e da extinção do comportamento de esquiva. Psicologia: Teoria E Pesquisa, 6(3), 215–231. Consulté à l’adresse https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/revistaptp/article/view/17095
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