Content of Stereotypes and Racial Prejudice: Effects of Cordiality and Competence
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102.3772e37546Keywords:
stereotypes; competence; warmth; implicit and explicit prejudiceAbstract
Using the Stereotype Content Model (SCT), we analyzed in two studies the relationship between the dimensions of warmth and competence of stereotypes with the racial prejudice expressions. In the first study, 169 undergraduates participated (M age=21.7 years, 47% brown skin). We found implicit prejudice, greater attribution of competence to whites than to blacks and a relationship between modern racism and attribution of competence to whites. In the second study, 143 undergraduates took part (M age=25.4, 64.9% brown skin). We found that blacks described as incompetent-friendly received greater competence stereotyping than whites incompetent-cold. We concluded that: 1) the dimension of warmth did not apply to blacks and 2) there is a relationship between SCT and racial prejudice expressions.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Almeida, J. B. L.(2014) A invenção dos outros: Estereótipos étnicos, raciais e regionais no Brasil e na Espanha. Tese de doutorado não publicada. Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa ”“ Paraíba.
Asbrock, F. (2010). Stereotypes of Social Groups in Germany. Social Psychology, 41, 76”“81.
Asch, S. E. (1946). Forming impressions of personality. Journal of Abnormal and social Psychology, 41, 1230-1240.
Banton, M. (1991). The race relations problematic. British Journal of Sociology, 42, 115-30.
Batista, J.R.M., Leite, E.L., Torres, A.R.R., & Camino, L. (2014). Negros e Nordestinos: similaridades nos estereótipos raciais e regionais. Psicologia Política. 14, 325-345.
Brown, R.J. (1995). Prejudice: its social psychology. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
Cuddy, A. J. C., Fiske, S. T., Kwan, V. S. Y., Glick, P., Demoulin, S., Leyens, J.P., & Bond, M.H. (2009). Stereotype content model across cultures: Toward universal similarities and some differences. British Journal of Social Psychology. 48, 1-33.
Devine, P.G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 1, 1-18.
Dovidio, J.F. & Gaertner, S.L. (1998). On the nature of contemporary prejudice: the causes, consequences, and challenges of aversive racism. In J.L. Eberhardt & S.T. Fiske (Eds.), Confronting Racism: The problem and the response (pp. 3-32). Califórnia: SAGE.
Duckitt, J. (1992). A historical analysis and integrative framework. American Psychologist, 47, 1182-1193.
Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C, Glick, P., & Xu, J. (2002). A Model of (Often Mixed) Stereotype Content: Competence and Warmth Respectively Follow From Perceived Status and Competition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 878”“902.
Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J., & Glick, P. (2007). Universal dimensions of social cognition: Warmth and competence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11, 77”“83.
Fiske, S., Cuddy, A.C.J., & Glick, P. (2002). Emotion up and down: Intergroup emotions result from perceived status and competition. In D.M. Mackie e E.R. Smith (Eds.), From prejudice to intergroup emotions: Differentiated reactions to social groups. (pp. 247-264). Nova York: Psychology Press.
Fiske, S.T, Bergsieker, H.B., Russell, A.M., & Williams, L. (2009). Images of black Americans: Then, “Them,” and Now, “Obama!”. Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 6, 83-101.
França, D.X. de & Lima, M.E. (2011). Affirmative Action and Ethnic Identity in Black and Indigenous Brazilian Children. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 5, 200-210.
França, D.X. de & Monteiro, M.B.V. (2004). A expressão das formas indiretas de racismo na infância. Análise Psicológica, 4, 705-720.
Gaertner, S.L., & Dovidio, J.F. (1986). The aversive form of racism. In J.F. Dovidio, & S.L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism: Theory and research (pp. 61-89). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
Greenwald, A.G., & Banaji, M.R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102, 4-27.
Greenwald, A.G., McGhee, D.E., & Schwartz, L.K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: the implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464-1480.
Guimarães, A.S.A. (1999). Racismo e anti-racismo no Brasil. São Paulo: Editora 34.
Hamilton, D. L., & Trolier, T. K. (1986). Stereotypes and stereotyping: An overview of the cognitive approach. In J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (pp. 127-163). San Diego, CA, US: Academic Press.
Janssens, H., Verkuyten, M., & Khan, A. (2015). Perceived social structural relations and group stereotypes: A test of the Stereotype Content Model In Malaysia. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 18, 52-61.
Katz, I., Wackenhut, J., & Hass, R.G. (1986). Racial ambivalence, value duality, and behavior. In J.F. Dovidio & S.L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism (pp. 35-59). Nova York: Academic Press.
Kinder, D.R., & Sears, D.O. (1981). Prejudice and politics: symbolic racism versus racial threats to the good life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 414-431.
Lee, T.L. & Fiske, S.T. (2006). Not an outgroup, not yet an ingroup: Immigrants in the Stereotype Content Model. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 30, 751-768.
Lima, M. E. O. & Vala, J. (2004a). Serão os estereótipos e o Preconceito inevitáveis? O monstro da automaticidade. Em M. E. O. Lima & M. E. Pereira (Orgs.), Estereótipos, preconceitos e discriminação: perspectivas teóricas e metodológicas. (pp. 43-70). Salvador/BA: EDUFBa Editora da Universidade Federal da Bahia.
Lima, M.E.O. & Vala, J. (2004b). Sucesso social, branqueamento e racismo. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, vol. 20, n. 1, 11-19.
Lima, M.E.O. (2002). Normas Sociais e Racismo: Efeitos do Individualismo Meritocátrico e do Igualitarismo na Infra humanização dos Negros. Tese de doutorado. Instituto Superior de Ciências do Trabalho e da Empresa, Lisboa, Portugal.
Lima, M.E.O. (2011). Da diferença à indiferença: Racismo contra Índios, Negros e Ciganos no Brasil. In: Techio, E.M.; Lima, M.E.O.. (Org.). Cultura e Produção de Diferenças: estereótipos e preconceito no Brasil, Espanha e Portugal. 1ed. Brasília: Techonopolitik, 2011, v. 1, p. 217-245.
Lippmann, W. (1922). Public opinion. Nova York: Harcourt Brace.
McConahay, J.B., & Hough, J.C. Jr. (1976). Symbolic racism. Journal of Social Issues, 32, 23-45.
Moscovici, S., & Pérez, J.A. (1997). Prejudice and social representations. Papers on Social Representations, 6, 27-36.
Pereira, M. E. (2013). Cognição social. Em A. R. R. Torres, et al. (Orgs.), Psicologia Social: Temas e Teorias (pp. 101-169). Brasília, DF: Technopolitik, 2ª ed.
Pereira, M.E., Ferreira, F. de O., Martins, A.M., & Cupertino, C.M. (2002). Imagens e significado e o processamento dos estereótipos. Estudos de Psicologia, 7, 389-397.
Pettigrew, T.F., & Meertens, R.W. (1995). Subtle and blatant prejudice in western Europe. European Journal of Social Psychology, 25, 57-75.
Santos, W. S. dos, Gouveia, V.V., Navas, M.S., Pimentel, C.;E., Gusmão, E.E. da S. (2006). Escala de racismo moderno: adaptação ao contexto brasileiro. Psicologia em Estudo, Maringá, 11, 637-645.
Spence, J.X. & Helmreich, R.L. (1979). On assessing "androgyny”. Sex Roles, 5, 721-738.
Stanciu, A., Cohrs, J.C., Hanke, K., & Gavreliuc, A. (2017). Within-Culture Variation in the Content of Stereotypes: Application and Development of the Stereotype Content Model in an Eastern European Culture. The Journal of Social Psychology, 157, 611-628.
Stangor, C. & Lange, J. (1994). Mental representations of social groups: Advances in conceptualizing stereotypes and stereotyping. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 26, 357”“416.
Stangor, C. (2000). Volume overview. In C. Stangor (Org.), Stereotypes and prejudice: essential readings. Philadelphia: Psychology Press.
Taguieff, A.P. (1997). O racismo. Lisboa: Flamarion.
Turra, C., & Venturi, G. (1995). Racismo Cordial: a mais completa análise sobre preconceito de cor no Brasil. São Paulo: Ática.
Vala, J. & Pereira, C. (2012). Racism: An Evolving Virus. Proceedings of the British Academy 179, 49”“70.
Vala, J., Brito, R., & Lopes, D. (1999). Expressões dos racismos em Portugal: perspectivas psicossociológicas. Lisboa: Editora do Instituto de Ciências Sociais da Universidade de Lisboa.
Vala, J., Pereira, C.R., Lima, M.E.O., & Leyens, J.P. (2012). Intergroup Time Bias and Racialised Social Relations. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 491-504.
Wittenbrink, B., Judd, C.M., & Park, B. (1997). Evidence for racial prejudice at the implicit level and its relationship with questionnaire measures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 262-274.
Asbrock, F. (2010). Stereotypes of Social Groups in Germany. Social Psychology, 41, 76”“81.
Asch, S. E. (1946). Forming impressions of personality. Journal of Abnormal and social Psychology, 41, 1230-1240.
Banton, M. (1991). The race relations problematic. British Journal of Sociology, 42, 115-30.
Batista, J.R.M., Leite, E.L., Torres, A.R.R., & Camino, L. (2014). Negros e Nordestinos: similaridades nos estereótipos raciais e regionais. Psicologia Política. 14, 325-345.
Brown, R.J. (1995). Prejudice: its social psychology. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
Cuddy, A. J. C., Fiske, S. T., Kwan, V. S. Y., Glick, P., Demoulin, S., Leyens, J.P., & Bond, M.H. (2009). Stereotype content model across cultures: Toward universal similarities and some differences. British Journal of Social Psychology. 48, 1-33.
Devine, P.G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 1, 1-18.
Dovidio, J.F. & Gaertner, S.L. (1998). On the nature of contemporary prejudice: the causes, consequences, and challenges of aversive racism. In J.L. Eberhardt & S.T. Fiske (Eds.), Confronting Racism: The problem and the response (pp. 3-32). Califórnia: SAGE.
Duckitt, J. (1992). A historical analysis and integrative framework. American Psychologist, 47, 1182-1193.
Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C, Glick, P., & Xu, J. (2002). A Model of (Often Mixed) Stereotype Content: Competence and Warmth Respectively Follow From Perceived Status and Competition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 878”“902.
Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J., & Glick, P. (2007). Universal dimensions of social cognition: Warmth and competence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11, 77”“83.
Fiske, S., Cuddy, A.C.J., & Glick, P. (2002). Emotion up and down: Intergroup emotions result from perceived status and competition. In D.M. Mackie e E.R. Smith (Eds.), From prejudice to intergroup emotions: Differentiated reactions to social groups. (pp. 247-264). Nova York: Psychology Press.
Fiske, S.T, Bergsieker, H.B., Russell, A.M., & Williams, L. (2009). Images of black Americans: Then, “Them,” and Now, “Obama!”. Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 6, 83-101.
França, D.X. de & Lima, M.E. (2011). Affirmative Action and Ethnic Identity in Black and Indigenous Brazilian Children. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 5, 200-210.
França, D.X. de & Monteiro, M.B.V. (2004). A expressão das formas indiretas de racismo na infância. Análise Psicológica, 4, 705-720.
Gaertner, S.L., & Dovidio, J.F. (1986). The aversive form of racism. In J.F. Dovidio, & S.L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism: Theory and research (pp. 61-89). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
Greenwald, A.G., & Banaji, M.R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102, 4-27.
Greenwald, A.G., McGhee, D.E., & Schwartz, L.K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: the implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464-1480.
Guimarães, A.S.A. (1999). Racismo e anti-racismo no Brasil. São Paulo: Editora 34.
Hamilton, D. L., & Trolier, T. K. (1986). Stereotypes and stereotyping: An overview of the cognitive approach. In J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (pp. 127-163). San Diego, CA, US: Academic Press.
Janssens, H., Verkuyten, M., & Khan, A. (2015). Perceived social structural relations and group stereotypes: A test of the Stereotype Content Model In Malaysia. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 18, 52-61.
Katz, I., Wackenhut, J., & Hass, R.G. (1986). Racial ambivalence, value duality, and behavior. In J.F. Dovidio & S.L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism (pp. 35-59). Nova York: Academic Press.
Kinder, D.R., & Sears, D.O. (1981). Prejudice and politics: symbolic racism versus racial threats to the good life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 414-431.
Lee, T.L. & Fiske, S.T. (2006). Not an outgroup, not yet an ingroup: Immigrants in the Stereotype Content Model. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 30, 751-768.
Lima, M. E. O. & Vala, J. (2004a). Serão os estereótipos e o Preconceito inevitáveis? O monstro da automaticidade. Em M. E. O. Lima & M. E. Pereira (Orgs.), Estereótipos, preconceitos e discriminação: perspectivas teóricas e metodológicas. (pp. 43-70). Salvador/BA: EDUFBa Editora da Universidade Federal da Bahia.
Lima, M.E.O. & Vala, J. (2004b). Sucesso social, branqueamento e racismo. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, vol. 20, n. 1, 11-19.
Lima, M.E.O. (2002). Normas Sociais e Racismo: Efeitos do Individualismo Meritocátrico e do Igualitarismo na Infra humanização dos Negros. Tese de doutorado. Instituto Superior de Ciências do Trabalho e da Empresa, Lisboa, Portugal.
Lima, M.E.O. (2011). Da diferença à indiferença: Racismo contra Índios, Negros e Ciganos no Brasil. In: Techio, E.M.; Lima, M.E.O.. (Org.). Cultura e Produção de Diferenças: estereótipos e preconceito no Brasil, Espanha e Portugal. 1ed. Brasília: Techonopolitik, 2011, v. 1, p. 217-245.
Lippmann, W. (1922). Public opinion. Nova York: Harcourt Brace.
McConahay, J.B., & Hough, J.C. Jr. (1976). Symbolic racism. Journal of Social Issues, 32, 23-45.
Moscovici, S., & Pérez, J.A. (1997). Prejudice and social representations. Papers on Social Representations, 6, 27-36.
Pereira, M. E. (2013). Cognição social. Em A. R. R. Torres, et al. (Orgs.), Psicologia Social: Temas e Teorias (pp. 101-169). Brasília, DF: Technopolitik, 2ª ed.
Pereira, M.E., Ferreira, F. de O., Martins, A.M., & Cupertino, C.M. (2002). Imagens e significado e o processamento dos estereótipos. Estudos de Psicologia, 7, 389-397.
Pettigrew, T.F., & Meertens, R.W. (1995). Subtle and blatant prejudice in western Europe. European Journal of Social Psychology, 25, 57-75.
Santos, W. S. dos, Gouveia, V.V., Navas, M.S., Pimentel, C.;E., Gusmão, E.E. da S. (2006). Escala de racismo moderno: adaptação ao contexto brasileiro. Psicologia em Estudo, Maringá, 11, 637-645.
Spence, J.X. & Helmreich, R.L. (1979). On assessing "androgyny”. Sex Roles, 5, 721-738.
Stanciu, A., Cohrs, J.C., Hanke, K., & Gavreliuc, A. (2017). Within-Culture Variation in the Content of Stereotypes: Application and Development of the Stereotype Content Model in an Eastern European Culture. The Journal of Social Psychology, 157, 611-628.
Stangor, C. & Lange, J. (1994). Mental representations of social groups: Advances in conceptualizing stereotypes and stereotyping. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 26, 357”“416.
Stangor, C. (2000). Volume overview. In C. Stangor (Org.), Stereotypes and prejudice: essential readings. Philadelphia: Psychology Press.
Taguieff, A.P. (1997). O racismo. Lisboa: Flamarion.
Turra, C., & Venturi, G. (1995). Racismo Cordial: a mais completa análise sobre preconceito de cor no Brasil. São Paulo: Ática.
Vala, J. & Pereira, C. (2012). Racism: An Evolving Virus. Proceedings of the British Academy 179, 49”“70.
Vala, J., Brito, R., & Lopes, D. (1999). Expressões dos racismos em Portugal: perspectivas psicossociológicas. Lisboa: Editora do Instituto de Ciências Sociais da Universidade de Lisboa.
Vala, J., Pereira, C.R., Lima, M.E.O., & Leyens, J.P. (2012). Intergroup Time Bias and Racialised Social Relations. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 491-504.
Wittenbrink, B., Judd, C.M., & Park, B. (1997). Evidence for racial prejudice at the implicit level and its relationship with questionnaire measures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 262-274.
Published
2021-09-30
How to Cite
Lima, M. E. O., & Leite, M. de F. (2021). Content of Stereotypes and Racial Prejudice: Effects of Cordiality and Competence. Psicologia: Teoria E Pesquisa, 37. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102.3772e37546
Issue
Section
Artigos
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Marcus Eugênio Oliveira Lima, Michelle de Farias Leite
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
