Psychometric Evaluation of the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-3 (SATAQ-3) among Adolescents
Keywords:
Psychometrics, Body image, Adolescents, Eating disorders, Test validityAbstract
The objective of this study was to obtain estimates of the psychometric properties of the Sociocultural Attitudes
Towards Appearance Questionnaire-3 in a sample of Brazilian adolescents. The sample consisted of 600 adolescents (254 boys),
who participated in different stages of the research: assessment of verbal comprehension, construct validity, convergent validity
and reliability, and evaluation of the reproducibility (test-retest). The adolescents showed adequate verbal comprehension of all
items. The scale presented a factor structure composed of seven factors (α > 0,40), with acceptable values of the fit indices of
the model, significant positive correlation for the measures of body satisfaction (r = 0,41, p < 0,001), and reproducibility. The
psychometric quality of the SATAQ-3 among adolescents was partially confirmed, and its use is indicated for this population.
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References
Amaral, A. C. S., Cordás, T. A., Conti, M. A., & Ferreira, M. E. C.
(2011). Equivalência semântica e avaliação da consistência
interna da versão em português do Sociocultural Attitudes
Towards Appearance Questionnaire-3 (SATAQ-3).Cadernos
de Saúde Pública, 27(8), 1487-1497.doi:10.1590/S0102-
311X2011000800004
Amaral, A. C. S., Ferreira, M. E. C., Scagliusi, F., Costa, L. S.,
Cordás, T. A., & Conti, M. A. (2013). Avaliação psicométrica
da Escala de Influência dos Três Fatores (EITF) de insatisfação
corporal e transtorno alimentar para o idioma português.
Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 26(2), 213-221.doi:10.1590/
S0102-79722013000200001
Amaral, A. C. S., Ribeiro, M. S., Conti, M. A., Ferreira, C. S., &
Ferreira, M. E. C. (2013). Psychometric evaluation of the
Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-3
among Brazilian Young adults. The Spanish Journal of
Psychology, 16(e94), 1-10.doi:10.1017/sjp.2013.94
Avila-Funes, J. A., Gutierrez-Robledo, L. M., & Ponce de Leon
Rosales, S. (2004). Validity of height and weight self-report
in Mexican adults: results from the national health and aging
study. Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging, 8(5), 355-361.
Barlett, C. P., Vowels, C. L., & Saucier, D. A. (2008). Meta-
Analyses of the Effects of Media Images on Men’s Body-image
Concerns. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 27(3),
279-310.doi:10.1521/jscp.2008.27.3.279
Bonfim, C. B., Santos, D. N., Menezes, I. G., Reichenheim, M.
E., & Barreto, M. L. (2011). Um estudo sobre a validade de
construto da Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scale (CTSPC)
em uma amostra populacional urbana do Nordeste brasileiro.
Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 27(11), 2215-2226.doi:10.1590/
S0102-311X2011001100015
Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied
Research. New York: The Guilford Press.
Calogero, R. M., Davis, W. N., & Thompson, J. K. (2004). The
Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire
(SATAQ ”“ 3): reliability and normative comparisons of eating
disordered patients. Body Image, 1(2), 193-198.doi:10.1016/j.
bodyim.2004.01.004
Campana, A. N., Swami, V., Onodera, C. M., Silva, D., & Tavares,
M. C. G. C. F. (2013). An initial psychometric evaluation
and exploratory cross-sectional study of the body checking
questionnaire among Brazilian women. PLoSOne, 8(9), 1-10.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0074649
Carvalho, P. H. B., Conti, M. A., Cordás, T. A., & Ferreira, M. E.
C. (2012). Tradução para o português (Brasil), equivalência
semântica e consistência interna do Male Body Checking
Questionnaire (MBCQ). Revista de Psiquiatria Clínica, 39(2),
74-75. doi:10.1590/S0101-60832012000200006
Carvalho, P. H. B., Conti, M. A., Ribeiro, M. S., Amaral, A. C. S.,
& Ferreira, M. E. C. (2014). Avaliação psicométrica do Male
Body Checking Questionnaire (MBCQ). Psicologia: Reflexão
e Crítica, 27(4), 700-709. doi: 10.1590/1678-7153.201427410
Conti, M. A., Cordás, T. A., & Latorre, M. R. D. O. (2009). A
study of the validity and reliability of the Brazilian version
of the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) among adolescents.
Revista Brasileira de Saúde Materno Infantil, 9(3), 331-338.
doi:10.1590/S1519-38292009000300012
Conti, M. A., Scagliusi, F. B., Queiroz, G. K. O., Hearst, N., &
Cordás, T. A. (2010). Adaptação transcultural: tradução e
validação de conteúdo para o idioma português do modelo da
Tripartite Influence Scale de insatisfação corporal. Cadernos
de Saúde Pública, 26(3), 503-513.doi:10.1590/S0102-
311X2010000300008
Conti, M. A., Ferreira, M. E. C., Carvalho, P. H. B., Kotati, M.
S., Fassarella, E. S., Costa, L. S. …Scagliusi, F. B. (2013).
Stunkard figure rating scale for Brazilian men. Eating and
Weight Disorder, 18(3), 317-322. doi:10.1007/s40519-013-
0037-8
Cooper, P. J., Taylor, M. J., Cooper, Z., & Fairburn, C. G.
(1987). The development and validation of the Body Shape
Questionnaire. International Journal of Eating Disorders,
6(4), 485-494.doi:10.1002/1098-108X(198707)6:4<485::AIDEAT2260060405>
3.0.CO;2-O
Cusumano, D. L., & Thompson, J. K. (1997). Body image and
body shape ideals in magazines: exposure, awareness, and
internalization. Sex Roles, 37(9-10), 701-721.doi:10.1007/
BF02936336
Dittmar, H. (2005). Vulnerability factors and processes linking
sociocultural pressures and body dissatisfaction. Journal of
Social and Clinical Psychology, 24(8), 1081-1087.doi:10.1521/
jscp.2005.24.8.1081
Grabe, S., Ward, L. M., & Hyde, J. S. (2008). The role of the media
in body image concerns among women: a meta-analysis of
experimental and correlational studies. Psychological Bulletin,
134(3), 460-476.doi:10.1037/0033-2909.134.3.460
Groesz, L. M., Levine, M. P., & Murnen, S. K. (2002). The effect
of experimental presentation of thin media images on body
satisfaction: A meta-analytic review. International Journal of
Eating Disorders, 31(1), 1”“16. doi:10.1002/eat.10005
Hair Junior., J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C.
(2005). Análise Multivariada de dados (5a ed.). Porto Alegre:
Bookman.
Hair Junior, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., &
Tatham, R. L. (2009). Análise Multivariada de dados (6a ed.).
Porto Alegre: Bookman.
Hausenblas, H. A., Campbell, A., Menzel, J. E., Doughty, J., Levine,
M., & Thompson, J. K. (2013). Media effects of experimental
presentation of the ideal physique on eating disorder symptoms:
A meta-analysis of laboratory studies. Clinical Psychological
Review,33(1), 168-181.doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.10.011
Herdman, M., Fox-Rushby, J., & Badia, X. (1998). A model of
equivalence in the cultural adaptation of HRQoL instruments:
the universalist approach. Quality of Life Research, 7(4), 323-
35.doi:10.1023/A:1024985930536
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in
covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus
new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1-55.
doi:10.1080/10705519909540118
Jackson, T., & Chen, H. (2010). Factor structure of the Sociocultural
Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-3 (SATAQ-3)
among adolescent boys in China. Body Image, 7(4), 349-355.
doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2010.07.003
Kachani, A. T., Barroso, L. P., Brasiliano, S., Hochgraf, P. B.,
Cordás, T. A., & Conti, M. A. (2013). Psychometric evaluation
of the Body Checking Cognitions Scale (BCCS) Portuguese
version. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 116(1), 175-186.
doi:10.2466/08.02.15.PMS.116.1.175-186
Kahn, J. H. (2006). Factor analysis in Counseling Psychology
research, training and practice: principles, advances, and
applications. The Counseling Psychologist, 24(5), 684-718.
doi:10.1177/0011000006286347
Kawada, T., & Suzuki, S. (2005). Validation study on self-reported
height, weight, and blood pressure. Perceptual and Motor
Skills, 101(1), 187-191.doi:10.2466/pms.101.1.187-191
Knauss, C., Paxton,S S. J., & Alsaker, F. D. (2009). Validation of
the German version of the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards
Appearance Questionnaire (SATAQ-G). Body Image, 6(2),
113-120.doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2009.01.002
Lattin J., Carroll J. D., & Green P. E. (2011). Análise de dados
multivariados. São Paulo: Gencage Learning.
López-Guimerá, G., & Sánchez-Carracedo, D. (2010). Prevención
de las alteraciones alimentarias: fundamentos teóricos y
recursos práticos. Madrid: Pirâmide.
Madanat, H. N., Hawks, S. R., & Brown, R. B. (2006).
Validation of the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance
Questionnaire-3 among a random sample of Jordanian women.
Body Image, 3(4), 421-425.doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2006.09.004
Markland, D., & Oliver, E. J. (2008). The Sociocultural Attitudes
Questionnaire-3: A confirmatory factor analysis. Body Image,
5(1), 116-121.doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2007.10.001
Pilati, R., & Laros, J. A. (2007). Modelos de equações estruturais em
psicologia: conceitos e aplicações. Psicologia: teoria e pesquisa,
23(2), 205-216.doi:10.1590/S0102-37722007000200011
Raykov, T., & Marcoulides, G. A. (2011). Introduction to
psychometric theory. New York: Taylor & Francis.
Rousseau, A., Valls, M., &Chabrol, H. (2010). The Sociocultural
Attitudes Towards Appearance Scale-3 (SATAQ-3): étude de
validation de la version française. L’Encéphale, 36(4), 270-276.
doi:10.1016/j.encep.2008.03.013
Sánchez-Carracedo, D., Barrada, J. R., López-Guimerà , G., Fauquet,
J., Almenara, C. A., & Trepat, E. (2012). Analysis of the factor
structure of the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance
Questionnaire (SATAQ-3) in Spanish secondary-school
students through exploratory structural equation modeling.
Body Image, 9(1), 163-171. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.10.002
Scagliusi, F. B., Alvarenga, M., Polacow, V. O., Cordás, T. A.,
Queiroz, G. K. O., Coelho, D. ... Lancha Jr, A. H. (2006).
Concurrent and discriminant validity of the Stunkard’s Figure
Rating Scale adapted into Portuguese. Appetite, 47(1), 77-82.
doi:10.1016/j.appet.2006.02.010
Stefanile, C., Matera, C., Nerini, A., &Pisani, E. (2011). Validation
of an Italian version of the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards
Appearance Questionnaire-3 (SATAQ-3) on adolescent girls.
Body Image, 8(4), 432-436. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.06.001
Swami, V. (2009).An examination of the factor structure of the
Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-3
in Malaysia. Body Image, 6(2), 129-132.doi:10.1016/j.
bodyim.2009.01.003
Swami, V., Campana, A. N. N. B., Ferreira, L., Barretta, S., Harrisa,
A. S., & Tavares, M. C. G. C. F. (2011). The Acceptance of
Cosmetic Surgery Scale: initial examination of its factor
structure and correlates among Brazilian adults. Body Image,
8(2), 179-185.doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.01.001
Tiggemann, M. (2011). Sociocultural Perspectives on Human
appearance and Body Image. In T. F. Cash & L. Smolak (Eds.),
Body image: A handbook of science, practice, and prevention.
(2nd ed., pp. 12-19). New York: The Guilford Press.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2010.12.004
(2011). Equivalência semântica e avaliação da consistência
interna da versão em português do Sociocultural Attitudes
Towards Appearance Questionnaire-3 (SATAQ-3).Cadernos
de Saúde Pública, 27(8), 1487-1497.doi:10.1590/S0102-
311X2011000800004
Amaral, A. C. S., Ferreira, M. E. C., Scagliusi, F., Costa, L. S.,
Cordás, T. A., & Conti, M. A. (2013). Avaliação psicométrica
da Escala de Influência dos Três Fatores (EITF) de insatisfação
corporal e transtorno alimentar para o idioma português.
Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 26(2), 213-221.doi:10.1590/
S0102-79722013000200001
Amaral, A. C. S., Ribeiro, M. S., Conti, M. A., Ferreira, C. S., &
Ferreira, M. E. C. (2013). Psychometric evaluation of the
Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-3
among Brazilian Young adults. The Spanish Journal of
Psychology, 16(e94), 1-10.doi:10.1017/sjp.2013.94
Avila-Funes, J. A., Gutierrez-Robledo, L. M., & Ponce de Leon
Rosales, S. (2004). Validity of height and weight self-report
in Mexican adults: results from the national health and aging
study. Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging, 8(5), 355-361.
Barlett, C. P., Vowels, C. L., & Saucier, D. A. (2008). Meta-
Analyses of the Effects of Media Images on Men’s Body-image
Concerns. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 27(3),
279-310.doi:10.1521/jscp.2008.27.3.279
Bonfim, C. B., Santos, D. N., Menezes, I. G., Reichenheim, M.
E., & Barreto, M. L. (2011). Um estudo sobre a validade de
construto da Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scale (CTSPC)
em uma amostra populacional urbana do Nordeste brasileiro.
Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 27(11), 2215-2226.doi:10.1590/
S0102-311X2011001100015
Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied
Research. New York: The Guilford Press.
Calogero, R. M., Davis, W. N., & Thompson, J. K. (2004). The
Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire
(SATAQ ”“ 3): reliability and normative comparisons of eating
disordered patients. Body Image, 1(2), 193-198.doi:10.1016/j.
bodyim.2004.01.004
Campana, A. N., Swami, V., Onodera, C. M., Silva, D., & Tavares,
M. C. G. C. F. (2013). An initial psychometric evaluation
and exploratory cross-sectional study of the body checking
questionnaire among Brazilian women. PLoSOne, 8(9), 1-10.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0074649
Carvalho, P. H. B., Conti, M. A., Cordás, T. A., & Ferreira, M. E.
C. (2012). Tradução para o português (Brasil), equivalência
semântica e consistência interna do Male Body Checking
Questionnaire (MBCQ). Revista de Psiquiatria Clínica, 39(2),
74-75. doi:10.1590/S0101-60832012000200006
Carvalho, P. H. B., Conti, M. A., Ribeiro, M. S., Amaral, A. C. S.,
& Ferreira, M. E. C. (2014). Avaliação psicométrica do Male
Body Checking Questionnaire (MBCQ). Psicologia: Reflexão
e Crítica, 27(4), 700-709. doi: 10.1590/1678-7153.201427410
Conti, M. A., Cordás, T. A., & Latorre, M. R. D. O. (2009). A
study of the validity and reliability of the Brazilian version
of the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) among adolescents.
Revista Brasileira de Saúde Materno Infantil, 9(3), 331-338.
doi:10.1590/S1519-38292009000300012
Conti, M. A., Scagliusi, F. B., Queiroz, G. K. O., Hearst, N., &
Cordás, T. A. (2010). Adaptação transcultural: tradução e
validação de conteúdo para o idioma português do modelo da
Tripartite Influence Scale de insatisfação corporal. Cadernos
de Saúde Pública, 26(3), 503-513.doi:10.1590/S0102-
311X2010000300008
Conti, M. A., Ferreira, M. E. C., Carvalho, P. H. B., Kotati, M.
S., Fassarella, E. S., Costa, L. S. …Scagliusi, F. B. (2013).
Stunkard figure rating scale for Brazilian men. Eating and
Weight Disorder, 18(3), 317-322. doi:10.1007/s40519-013-
0037-8
Cooper, P. J., Taylor, M. J., Cooper, Z., & Fairburn, C. G.
(1987). The development and validation of the Body Shape
Questionnaire. International Journal of Eating Disorders,
6(4), 485-494.doi:10.1002/1098-108X(198707)6:4<485::AIDEAT2260060405>
3.0.CO;2-O
Cusumano, D. L., & Thompson, J. K. (1997). Body image and
body shape ideals in magazines: exposure, awareness, and
internalization. Sex Roles, 37(9-10), 701-721.doi:10.1007/
BF02936336
Dittmar, H. (2005). Vulnerability factors and processes linking
sociocultural pressures and body dissatisfaction. Journal of
Social and Clinical Psychology, 24(8), 1081-1087.doi:10.1521/
jscp.2005.24.8.1081
Grabe, S., Ward, L. M., & Hyde, J. S. (2008). The role of the media
in body image concerns among women: a meta-analysis of
experimental and correlational studies. Psychological Bulletin,
134(3), 460-476.doi:10.1037/0033-2909.134.3.460
Groesz, L. M., Levine, M. P., & Murnen, S. K. (2002). The effect
of experimental presentation of thin media images on body
satisfaction: A meta-analytic review. International Journal of
Eating Disorders, 31(1), 1”“16. doi:10.1002/eat.10005
Hair Junior., J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C.
(2005). Análise Multivariada de dados (5a ed.). Porto Alegre:
Bookman.
Hair Junior, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., &
Tatham, R. L. (2009). Análise Multivariada de dados (6a ed.).
Porto Alegre: Bookman.
Hausenblas, H. A., Campbell, A., Menzel, J. E., Doughty, J., Levine,
M., & Thompson, J. K. (2013). Media effects of experimental
presentation of the ideal physique on eating disorder symptoms:
A meta-analysis of laboratory studies. Clinical Psychological
Review,33(1), 168-181.doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.10.011
Herdman, M., Fox-Rushby, J., & Badia, X. (1998). A model of
equivalence in the cultural adaptation of HRQoL instruments:
the universalist approach. Quality of Life Research, 7(4), 323-
35.doi:10.1023/A:1024985930536
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in
covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus
new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1-55.
doi:10.1080/10705519909540118
Jackson, T., & Chen, H. (2010). Factor structure of the Sociocultural
Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-3 (SATAQ-3)
among adolescent boys in China. Body Image, 7(4), 349-355.
doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2010.07.003
Kachani, A. T., Barroso, L. P., Brasiliano, S., Hochgraf, P. B.,
Cordás, T. A., & Conti, M. A. (2013). Psychometric evaluation
of the Body Checking Cognitions Scale (BCCS) Portuguese
version. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 116(1), 175-186.
doi:10.2466/08.02.15.PMS.116.1.175-186
Kahn, J. H. (2006). Factor analysis in Counseling Psychology
research, training and practice: principles, advances, and
applications. The Counseling Psychologist, 24(5), 684-718.
doi:10.1177/0011000006286347
Kawada, T., & Suzuki, S. (2005). Validation study on self-reported
height, weight, and blood pressure. Perceptual and Motor
Skills, 101(1), 187-191.doi:10.2466/pms.101.1.187-191
Knauss, C., Paxton,S S. J., & Alsaker, F. D. (2009). Validation of
the German version of the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards
Appearance Questionnaire (SATAQ-G). Body Image, 6(2),
113-120.doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2009.01.002
Lattin J., Carroll J. D., & Green P. E. (2011). Análise de dados
multivariados. São Paulo: Gencage Learning.
López-Guimerá, G., & Sánchez-Carracedo, D. (2010). Prevención
de las alteraciones alimentarias: fundamentos teóricos y
recursos práticos. Madrid: Pirâmide.
Madanat, H. N., Hawks, S. R., & Brown, R. B. (2006).
Validation of the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance
Questionnaire-3 among a random sample of Jordanian women.
Body Image, 3(4), 421-425.doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2006.09.004
Markland, D., & Oliver, E. J. (2008). The Sociocultural Attitudes
Questionnaire-3: A confirmatory factor analysis. Body Image,
5(1), 116-121.doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2007.10.001
Pilati, R., & Laros, J. A. (2007). Modelos de equações estruturais em
psicologia: conceitos e aplicações. Psicologia: teoria e pesquisa,
23(2), 205-216.doi:10.1590/S0102-37722007000200011
Raykov, T., & Marcoulides, G. A. (2011). Introduction to
psychometric theory. New York: Taylor & Francis.
Rousseau, A., Valls, M., &Chabrol, H. (2010). The Sociocultural
Attitudes Towards Appearance Scale-3 (SATAQ-3): étude de
validation de la version française. L’Encéphale, 36(4), 270-276.
doi:10.1016/j.encep.2008.03.013
Sánchez-Carracedo, D., Barrada, J. R., López-Guimerà , G., Fauquet,
J., Almenara, C. A., & Trepat, E. (2012). Analysis of the factor
structure of the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance
Questionnaire (SATAQ-3) in Spanish secondary-school
students through exploratory structural equation modeling.
Body Image, 9(1), 163-171. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.10.002
Scagliusi, F. B., Alvarenga, M., Polacow, V. O., Cordás, T. A.,
Queiroz, G. K. O., Coelho, D. ... Lancha Jr, A. H. (2006).
Concurrent and discriminant validity of the Stunkard’s Figure
Rating Scale adapted into Portuguese. Appetite, 47(1), 77-82.
doi:10.1016/j.appet.2006.02.010
Stefanile, C., Matera, C., Nerini, A., &Pisani, E. (2011). Validation
of an Italian version of the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards
Appearance Questionnaire-3 (SATAQ-3) on adolescent girls.
Body Image, 8(4), 432-436. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.06.001
Swami, V. (2009).An examination of the factor structure of the
Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-3
in Malaysia. Body Image, 6(2), 129-132.doi:10.1016/j.
bodyim.2009.01.003
Swami, V., Campana, A. N. N. B., Ferreira, L., Barretta, S., Harrisa,
A. S., & Tavares, M. C. G. C. F. (2011). The Acceptance of
Cosmetic Surgery Scale: initial examination of its factor
structure and correlates among Brazilian adults. Body Image,
8(2), 179-185.doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.01.001
Tiggemann, M. (2011). Sociocultural Perspectives on Human
appearance and Body Image. In T. F. Cash & L. Smolak (Eds.),
Body image: A handbook of science, practice, and prevention.
(2nd ed., pp. 12-19). New York: The Guilford Press.
Thompson, B. (2004). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis.
Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
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Published
2016-02-22
How to Cite
Amaral, A. C. S., Conti, M. A., Filgueiras, J. F., & Ferreira, M. E. C. (2016). Psychometric Evaluation of the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-3 (SATAQ-3) among Adolescents. Psicologia: Teoria E Pesquisa, 31(4), 471–479. Retrieved from https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/revistaptp/article/view/18057
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Estudos Empíricos
