Organizational Climate:
Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Competing Measurement Models
Keywords:
Organizational climate, Competing measurement models, Confirmatory factor analysisAbstract
This study investigated which measurement model for the Scale of Organizational Climate (SOC) provided the best fit to the data. Four competing measurement models were compared: 1) the seven factor model of Laros and Puente-Palacios; 2) a five factor model derived from the previous one; 3) a six factor model based on Lewin’s field theory; and 4) a three factor model based on McClelland’s motivation theory. The data of 9,901 persons who responded the SOC were used. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated the three factor model as the best model. All four models showed acceptable fit to the data. We advise to base the choice between the four competing models on the intended use of the scale.
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References
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Ancarani, A., Di Marco, C., & Giammanco, M. D. (2011). Patient satisfaction, managers’ climate orientation and organizational climate. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 31(3), 224-250. doi:10.1108/01443571111111900
Arabaci, I. B. (2010). Academic and administration personnel’s perceptions of organizational climate (Sample of Educational Faculty of Firat University). Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2, 4445-4450.
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Bamel, U. K., Rangneskar, S., Stokes, P., & Rastogi, R. (2013). Organizational climate and managerial effectiveness: An Indian perspective. International Journal of Organization Analysis, 21(2), 198-218. doi:10.1108/IJOA-09-2011-0514
Bhutto, N. A., Laghari, M. K., & Butt, F. (2012). A comparative study of organizational climate and job satisfaction in public, private and foreign banks. Asian Social Science, 8(4), 259-267. doi:10.5539/ass.v8n4p259
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Carr, J. A., Schmidt, A. M., Ford, J. K., & DeShon, R. P. (2003). Climate perceptions matter: A meta-analytic path analysis relating molar climate, cognitive and affective states, and individual level work outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(4), 605-619.
Chan, D. (1998). Functional relations among constructs in the same content domain at different levels of analysis: A typology of composition models. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(2), 234-246.
Gavin, J. F. (1975). Organizational Climate as a function of personal and organizational variables. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60(1), 135-139.
Gomes, F. R. (2002). Clima organizacional: um estudo em uma empresa de telecomunicaçõ es. Revista de Administraçã o de Empresas, 42(2), 95-103.
Guion, R. M. (1973). A note on organizational climate. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 9(1), 120-125. doi:10.1016/0030-5073(73)90041-X
Hélie, S. (2006). An introduction to model selection: Tools and algorithms. Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 2(1), 1-10.
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James, L. R., Choi, C. C., Ko, C. E., McNeil, P. K., Minton, M. K., Wright, M. A., & Kim, K. (2008). Organizational and psychological climate: A review of theory and research. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 17(1), 5-32.
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Menezes, I. G., Sampaio, L. R., Gomes, A. C. P., Teixeira, F. S., & Santos, P. de S. (2009). Escala de clima organizacional para organizações de saúde: desenvolvimento e estrutura fatorial. Estudos de Psicologia, 26(3), 305-316.
Moran, E. T. & Volkwein, J. F. (1992). The cultural approach to the formation of organizational climate. Human Relations, 45(1), 19-48.
Myers, R. (1990). Classical and modern regression with applications. Boston, Massachusetts: Duxbury.
Nakata, L. E., Veloso, E. F. R., Fischer, A. L., & Dutra, J. S. (2009). Uso de pesquisas de clima organizacional no Brasil. Gestão Contemporânea, 6(6), 45-68.
Ostroff, C. (1993). The effects of climate and personal influences on individual behavior and attitudes in organizations. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 56, 56-90.
Patterson, M., Warr, P., & West, M. (2004). Organizational climate and company productivity: The role of employee affect and employee level. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 77, 193-216.
Puente-Palacios, K. E. (2002). Abordagens teóricas e dimensões empíricas do conceito de clima organizacional. Revista de Administração, 37(3), 96-104.
Sá Leitão, J., Guimarães, T., & Azevedo-Rosal, M. de (1998). Metodologia de diagnóstico de clima organizacional em ambiente de inovação tecnológica. In Associação Nacional dos Programas de Pós-Graduação em Administração (Ed.), Encontro Anual da Associação Nacional dos Programas de Pós-Graduação em Administração, 22. Foz de Iguaçu, PR: ANPAD. Disponível em: http://www.anpad.org.br/evento.php?acao= trabalho&cod_edicao_subsecao=53&cod_evento_edicao=2&cod_edicao_trabalho=3708
Sbragia, R. (1983). Um estudo empírico sobre o clima organizacional em instituições de pesquisa. Revista de Administração da USP, 18(2), 30-39.
Schneider, B. (1985). Organizational behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, 36, 573-611.
Schneider, B., Salvaggio, A. N., & Subirats, M. (2002). Climate strength: A new direction for climate research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(2), 220-229.
Schulte, M., Ostroff, C., Smulyian, S., & Kinicki, A. (2009). Organizational climate configurations: Relationships to collective attitudes, customer satisfaction, and financial performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(3), 618-634. doi: 10.1037/a0014365
Souza, E. L. P. de. (1982). Clima e motivação em uma empresa estatal. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 22(1), 14-18.
Stone, P. W., & Gershon, R. R. M. (2006). Nurse work environments and occupational safety in Intensive Care Units. Policy, Politics & Nursing Practice, 7(4), 240-247.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (4th ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: Allyn & Bacon.
Thompson, B. (2004). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Ullman, J. B. (2006). Structural Equation Modeling: Reviewing the basics and moving forward. Journal of Personality Assessment, 87(1), 35-50.
Wood, R., & Bandura, A. (1989). Social cognitive theory of organizational management. The Academy of Management Review, 10(3), 361-384.
Ancarani, A., Di Marco, C., & Giammanco, M. D. (2011). Patient satisfaction, managers’ climate orientation and organizational climate. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 31(3), 224-250. doi:10.1108/01443571111111900
Arabaci, I. B. (2010). Academic and administration personnel’s perceptions of organizational climate (Sample of Educational Faculty of Firat University). Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2, 4445-4450.
Arbuckle, J. L. (2009). Amos 18 User’s Guide. Crawfordville, Florida: Amos Development Corporation.
Argyris, C. (1958). Some problems in conceptualizing organizational climate: A case study of a bank. Administrative Science Quarterly, 2(4), 501-520.
Bamel, U. K., Rangneskar, S., Stokes, P., & Rastogi, R. (2013). Organizational climate and managerial effectiveness: An Indian perspective. International Journal of Organization Analysis, 21(2), 198-218. doi:10.1108/IJOA-09-2011-0514
Bhutto, N. A., Laghari, M. K., & Butt, F. (2012). A comparative study of organizational climate and job satisfaction in public, private and foreign banks. Asian Social Science, 8(4), 259-267. doi:10.5539/ass.v8n4p259
Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York: The Guilford Press.
Byrne, B. M. (2001). Structural equation modeling with Amos: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Carr, J. A., Schmidt, A. M., Ford, J. K., & DeShon, R. P. (2003). Climate perceptions matter: A meta-analytic path analysis relating molar climate, cognitive and affective states, and individual level work outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(4), 605-619.
Chan, D. (1998). Functional relations among constructs in the same content domain at different levels of analysis: A typology of composition models. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(2), 234-246.
Gavin, J. F. (1975). Organizational Climate as a function of personal and organizational variables. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60(1), 135-139.
Gomes, F. R. (2002). Clima organizacional: um estudo em uma empresa de telecomunicaçõ es. Revista de Administraçã o de Empresas, 42(2), 95-103.
Guion, R. M. (1973). A note on organizational climate. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 9(1), 120-125. doi:10.1016/0030-5073(73)90041-X
Hélie, S. (2006). An introduction to model selection: Tools and algorithms. Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 2(1), 1-10.
James, L. R., & Jones, A. P. (1974). Organizational climate: A review of theory and research. Psychological Bulletin, 81(12), 1096-1112.
James, L. R., Choi, C. C., Ko, C. E., McNeil, P. K., Minton, M. K., Wright, M. A., & Kim, K. (2008). Organizational and psychological climate: A review of theory and research. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 17(1), 5-32.
Kolb, D. A. (1978). Organizational psychology: An experimental approach. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Kolb, D. A., Rubin, I. M., & McIntyre, J. M. (1986). Psicologia organizacional: uma abordagem vivencial. São Paulo, SP: Atlas.
Laros, J. A., & Puente-Palacios, K. E. (2004). Validação cruzada de uma escala de clima organizacional. Estudos de Psicologia, 9(1), 113-119.
Lewin, K. (1939). Field Theory and experiment in social psychology: Concept and methods. American Journal of Sociology, 44(6), 868-896.
Lewin, K., Lippitt, R., & White, R. (1939). Patterns of aggressive behaviors in experimentally created social climates. Journal of Social Psychology, 10, 271-299.
Maximiano, A. C. A. (2000). Introdução à administração (5ª ed.). São Paulo, SP: Atlas.
McClelland, D. (1955). Studies in motivation. New York: Appleton.
McClelland, D. (1972). A sociedade competitiva: realização e progresso social. Rio de Janeiro: Expansão e Cultura.
Menezes, I. G., Sampaio, L. R., Gomes, A. C. P., Teixeira, F. S., & Santos, P. de S. (2009). Escala de clima organizacional para organizações de saúde: desenvolvimento e estrutura fatorial. Estudos de Psicologia, 26(3), 305-316.
Moran, E. T. & Volkwein, J. F. (1992). The cultural approach to the formation of organizational climate. Human Relations, 45(1), 19-48.
Myers, R. (1990). Classical and modern regression with applications. Boston, Massachusetts: Duxbury.
Nakata, L. E., Veloso, E. F. R., Fischer, A. L., & Dutra, J. S. (2009). Uso de pesquisas de clima organizacional no Brasil. Gestão Contemporânea, 6(6), 45-68.
Ostroff, C. (1993). The effects of climate and personal influences on individual behavior and attitudes in organizations. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 56, 56-90.
Patterson, M., Warr, P., & West, M. (2004). Organizational climate and company productivity: The role of employee affect and employee level. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 77, 193-216.
Puente-Palacios, K. E. (2002). Abordagens teóricas e dimensões empíricas do conceito de clima organizacional. Revista de Administração, 37(3), 96-104.
Sá Leitão, J., Guimarães, T., & Azevedo-Rosal, M. de (1998). Metodologia de diagnóstico de clima organizacional em ambiente de inovação tecnológica. In Associação Nacional dos Programas de Pós-Graduação em Administração (Ed.), Encontro Anual da Associação Nacional dos Programas de Pós-Graduação em Administração, 22. Foz de Iguaçu, PR: ANPAD. Disponível em: http://www.anpad.org.br/evento.php?acao= trabalho&cod_edicao_subsecao=53&cod_evento_edicao=2&cod_edicao_trabalho=3708
Sbragia, R. (1983). Um estudo empírico sobre o clima organizacional em instituições de pesquisa. Revista de Administração da USP, 18(2), 30-39.
Schneider, B. (1985). Organizational behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, 36, 573-611.
Schneider, B., Salvaggio, A. N., & Subirats, M. (2002). Climate strength: A new direction for climate research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(2), 220-229.
Schulte, M., Ostroff, C., Smulyian, S., & Kinicki, A. (2009). Organizational climate configurations: Relationships to collective attitudes, customer satisfaction, and financial performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(3), 618-634. doi: 10.1037/a0014365
Souza, E. L. P. de. (1982). Clima e motivação em uma empresa estatal. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 22(1), 14-18.
Stone, P. W., & Gershon, R. R. M. (2006). Nurse work environments and occupational safety in Intensive Care Units. Policy, Politics & Nursing Practice, 7(4), 240-247.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (4th ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: Allyn & Bacon.
Thompson, B. (2004). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Ullman, J. B. (2006). Structural Equation Modeling: Reviewing the basics and moving forward. Journal of Personality Assessment, 87(1), 35-50.
Wood, R., & Bandura, A. (1989). Social cognitive theory of organizational management. The Academy of Management Review, 10(3), 361-384.
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Published
2014-04-15
How to Cite
Kinpara, D. I., & Laros, J. A. (2014). Organizational Climate:: Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Competing Measurement Models. Psicologia: Teoria E Pesquisa, 30(1), 111–120. Retrieved from https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/revistaptp/article/view/17633
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Section
Estudos Empíricos
