Language in Down Syndrome
Keywords:
Language acquisition, Down syndrome, Speech perception, Verbal production and cognitionAbstract
Language is the area of behavior development in Down syndrome bearers that is most impaired when compared
to other areas such as cognitive, socio-affective and motor development. Factors that interfere with the acquisition
process and development of language ability are discussed, among them mechanical problems of speech, sensory defects and
neurological alterations. Phonetic and phonological aspects are also described in search for better understanding of the relationship
between speech perception and production. Finally, the relationship between language and cognition, and how auditory
processing dysfunction can interfere with the development of these abilities are discussed.
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References
Atkinson, J., Braddick, O. & Pimm-Smith, E. (1982). "Preferential
looking" for monocular and binocular acuity testing of infants.
British Journal of Ophthalmology, 66, 264-268.
Balkany, T.J. (1980). Otologic aspects of Down syndrome. Seminars
in Speech, Language and Hearing, 1, 39-48.
Barrio, J.A. (1993). Evaluation del desarrollo psicoling stico en
los ninos con sindrome de Down en edad escolar. Em J. Flórez
& M.V. Troncoso (Orgs.), Sindrome de Down у education (pp.
153-181). Santander: Ediciones Científicas y Técnicas.
Beeghly, M., Weiss-Perry, Ð’. & Cicchetti, D. (1990). Beyond sensorimotor
functioning: Early communicative and play-development
of children with Down syndrome. Em D. Cicchetti &
M. Beeghly (Orgs.), Children with Down syndrome: A developmental
perspective (pp. 329-369). Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Bertelson, P. (1993). Reading acquisition and phonemic awareness
testing: How conclusive are data from Down's syndrome? (Remarks
on Cossu, Rossini, and Marshall, 1993). Cognition, 48,
281-283.
Blackbourn, J.M. & Bankston, D.W. (1989). Development of functional
use of oral language in a child with Down syndrome.
Perceptual and Motor Skills, 68, 1137-1138.
Buckhalt, J.A., Rutherford, R.B. & Goldberg, K.E. (1978). Verbal
and nonverbal interaction of mothers with their Down's syndrome
and nonretarded infants. American Journal of Mental
Deficiency, 82, 337-343.
Carlesimo, G., Marotta, L. & Vicari, S. (1996). Long-term memory
in mental retardation: Evidence for a specific impairment in
subjects with Down's syndrome. Neuropsychology, 35, 71-79.
Chapman, R.S., Bird, E.K. & Schwartz, S.E. (1990). Fast mapping
of words in event contexts by children with Down syndrome.
Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 55, 761-770.
Chapman, R.S., Schwartz, S.E. & Bird, E.K. (1991). Language
skills of children and adolescents with Down syndrome: I. Comprehension.
Journal of Language, Speech and Hearing Research,
34, 1106-1120.
Chapman, R.S., Seung, H.K., Schwartz, S.E. & Bird, E.K. (1998).
Language skills of children and adolescents with Down syndrome:
II. Production deficits. Journal of Language Speech,
and Hearing Research, 41, 861-73.
Cicchetti, D. & Sroufe, A. (1976). The relationship between affective
and cognitive development in Down's syndrome infants.
Child Development, 47, 920-929.
Cicchetti, D. & Sroufe, A. (1978). An organizational view of affect:
Illustration from the study of Down syndrome infants.
Em M. Lewis & L. Rosenblum (Orgs.), The development of
affect (pp. 309-350). New York: Plenum.
Cooper, S.A. & Collacott, R.A. (1995). The effect of age on language
in people with Down's syndrome. Journal of Intellectual
Disability Research, 39, 197-200.
Cossu, G., Rossini, F. & Marshall, J.C. (1993). When reading is
acquired but phonetic awareness is not: A study of literacy in
Down's syndrome. Cognition, 46, 129-138.
Cunningham, C. (1981). Hearing loss and treatment in young
Down's syndrome. Child: Care, Health and Development, 7,
357-374.
Dahle, A.J. & Baldwin, R.L. (1992). Audiologic and otolaryngologic
concerns. Em S. Pueschel & J. Pueschel (Orgs.), Biomedical
concerns in persons with Down syndrome (pp. 69-80). Baltimore:
Paul Brookes.
Dodd, B. (1975). Recognition and reproduction of words by Down's
syndrome and non-Down's syndrome retarded children. American
Journal of Mental Deficiency, 80, 306-311.
Fabretti, D., Pizzuto, E., Vicari, S. & Volterra, V. (1997). A story
description task in children with Down's syndrome: Lexical
and morphosyntatic abilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability
Research, 41, 165-179.
Fischer, M.A. (1988). The relationship between child initiations
and maternal responses in preschool-age children with Down
syndrome. Em K. Marfo (Org.), Parent-child interaction and
developmental disabilities (pp. 126-145). New York: Praeger.
Flórez, J. (1993). Actividad cerebral у lenguaje. Revista Síndrome
de Down, 10, 5-7.
Gompertz. J. (1990). Improving communication in Down syndrome.
The Lancet, 26, 1278.
Greenough, W.T., Black, J.E. & Wallace, C.S.W. (1987). Experience
and brain development. Child Development, 58, 539-559.
Harada, T. & Sando, I. (1981). Temporal bone histopathologic findings
in Down's syndrome. Archives of Otolaryngology, 107,
96-103.
Hodapp, R.M. (1988). The role of maternal emotions and perceptions
in interactions with young handicapped children. Em K.
Marfo (Org.), Parent-child interaction and developmental disabilities
(pp. 32-46). New York: Praeger.
Kalmar, M. & Bedõ-Prevics, E. (1987). Interplay of biological and
environmental factors in the development of a pair of Down
syndrome twins. Em H. Rauth & H.C. Steinhausen (Orgs.),
Psychobiology and early development (pp. 185-199). North
Holland: Elsevier.
Kumin, L., Councill, С & Goodman, M. (1994). A longitudinal
study of the emergence of phonemes in children with Down
syndrome. Journal of the Communication Disorders, 27, 293-
303.
Largo, R.H. (1987). Influence of pre-, peri-, and postnatal events
on language development during the first five years of life. Em
H. Rauth & H.C. Steinhausen (Orgs.), Psychobiology and early
development (pp. 171-183). North Holland: Elsevier.
Liberman, A.M. (1993). In speech perception, time is not what it
seems. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 693, 264-
271.
Lynch, M.P., Oiler, K., Steffens, M.L., Levine, S., Basinger, D.L.
& Umbel, V (1995). Onset of speech-like vocalizations in infants
with Down syndrome. American Journal on Mental Retardation,
100, 68-86.
Lynch, M.P., Oiler, D.K., Steffens. M.L. & Buder, E.H. (1995).
Developmental Psychobiology, 28, 3-25.
Marcell, M.M., Ridgeway, M.M., Sewell, D.H. & Whelan, M.L.
(1995). Sentence imitation by adolescents and young adults
with Down's syndrome and other intellectual disabilities. Journal
of Intellectual Disability Research, 39, 215-232.
Mervis, C.B. & Bertrand, J. (1995). Acquisition of the novel name
- nameless category (N3C) principle by young children who
have Down syndrome. American Journal on Mental Retardation,
3, 231-243.
Miller, J.F. (1995). Individual differences in vocabulary acquisition
in children with Down syndrome. Em C.J. Epstein, T.
Hassold, I.T. Lott, L. Nadel & D. Patterson (Orgs.), Ethiology
and Pathogenesis of Down syndrome. Progress in Clinical and
Biological Research, 393, 93-103. New York: Wiley-Liss.
Miller, J.E, Leddy, M., Miolo, G. & Sedey, A. (1993). The development
of early language skills in children with Down syndrome.
Em L. Nadel & D. Rosenthal (Orgs.), Down syndrome:Proceedings of the international Down syndrome conference.
New York: Wiley-Liss.
Mogford, K. (1993). Oral language acquisition in the prelinguistically
deaf. Em D. Bishop & K. Mogford (Orgs.), Language
development in exceptional circumstances (pp. 110-131).
Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Mogford, K. & Bishop, D. (1993a). Language development in unexceptional
circumstances. Em D. Bishop & K. Mogford
(Orgs.), Language development in exceptional circumstances
(pp. 10-28). Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Mogford, K. & Bishop, D. (1993b). Five questions about language
acquisition considered in the light of exceptional circumstances.
Em D. Bishop & K. Mogford (Orgs.), Language development
in exceptional circumstances (pp. 239-260). Hillsdale: Lawrence
Erlbaum.
Mundy, P., Sigman M., Kasari, С & Yirmiya, N. (1988). Nonverbal
communication skills in Down syndrome children. Child
Development, 59, 235-249.
Prasher, V.P. (1996). The effect of age on language in people with
Down syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research,
40, 484-486.
Roberts, J.E., Burchinal, M.R., Koch, M.A., Footo, M.M., &
Henderson, F.W. (1988). Otitis media in early childhood and
its relationship to later phonological development. Journal of
Speech and Hearing Disorders, 53, 416-424.
Rondai, J.A. (1988). Parent-child interaction and the process of
language acquisition in severe mental retardation: Beyond the
obvious. Em K. Marfo (Org.), Parent-child interaction and developmental
disabilities (pp. 114-125). New York: Praeger.
Rondai, J.A. (1993). Down's syndrome. Em D. Bishop & K.
Mogford (Orgs.), Language development in exceptional circumstances
(pp. 165-176). Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Sak, R.J. & Ruben, R.J. (1981). Recurrent middle ear effusion in
childhood: Implications of temporary auditory deprivation for
language and learning. Annals of Otology Rhinology & Laryngology,
90, 546-551.
Smith, L. (1987). The Structure of "dialogue" in early language
development: Longitudinal case studies of Down syndrome and
nonretarded toddlers. Em H. Rauh & H.C. Steinhausen (Orgs.),
Psychobiology and early development (pp. 201-213). North
Holland: Elsevier.
Smith, L. &Tetzchner, S.V. (1986). Communicative, sensorimotor
and language skills of young children with Down syndrome.
American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 91, 57-66.
Spiker, D. (1990). Intervention strategies from a developmental
perspective. Em D. Cicchetti & M. Beeghly (Orgs.), Down syndrome:
The developmental perspective (pp. 424-448). New
York: Cambridge University Prees.
Steffens, M.L., Oiler, D.K., Lynch, M. & Urbano, R.C. (1992).
Vocal development in infants with Down syndrome and infants
who are developing normally. American Journal on Mental
Retardation, 97, 235-246.
So, L.K.H. & Dodd, B.J. (1994). Down's syndrome and the acquisition
of phonology by Cantonese-speaking children. Journal
of Intellectual Disability Research, 38, 501-517.
Stansfield, J.F. (1997). Expressive pragmatic skills in pre-school
children with and without Down's syndrome: Parental perceptions.
Journal of Intelectual Disability Research, 41, 19-29.
Taveira, R. (1995). Privação auditiva precoce em crianças portadoras
da síndrome de Down e suas implicações para o desenvolvimento
da linguagem. Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade
de Brasília, Brasília.
Wagner, S., Ganiban, J. & Cicchetti, D. (1990). Attention, memory,
and perception: A review. Em D. Cicchetti & M. Beeghly
(Orgs.), Children with Down syndrome, a developmental perspective
(pp. 147-179). Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
Weeks, D.J. & Elliott, D. (1992). Atypical cerebral dominance in
Down's syndrome. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 30,
23-25.
Zellweger, H. (1977). Down syndrome. Em P.J. Vinken & G.W.
Bruyn (Orgs.), Handbook of clinical neurology, 31, parte 2 (pp.
367-469). New York: North Holland.
Zigler, E. & Hodapp, R.M. (1993). Understanding mental retardation.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
looking" for monocular and binocular acuity testing of infants.
British Journal of Ophthalmology, 66, 264-268.
Balkany, T.J. (1980). Otologic aspects of Down syndrome. Seminars
in Speech, Language and Hearing, 1, 39-48.
Barrio, J.A. (1993). Evaluation del desarrollo psicoling stico en
los ninos con sindrome de Down en edad escolar. Em J. Flórez
& M.V. Troncoso (Orgs.), Sindrome de Down у education (pp.
153-181). Santander: Ediciones Científicas y Técnicas.
Beeghly, M., Weiss-Perry, Ð’. & Cicchetti, D. (1990). Beyond sensorimotor
functioning: Early communicative and play-development
of children with Down syndrome. Em D. Cicchetti &
M. Beeghly (Orgs.), Children with Down syndrome: A developmental
perspective (pp. 329-369). Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Bertelson, P. (1993). Reading acquisition and phonemic awareness
testing: How conclusive are data from Down's syndrome? (Remarks
on Cossu, Rossini, and Marshall, 1993). Cognition, 48,
281-283.
Blackbourn, J.M. & Bankston, D.W. (1989). Development of functional
use of oral language in a child with Down syndrome.
Perceptual and Motor Skills, 68, 1137-1138.
Buckhalt, J.A., Rutherford, R.B. & Goldberg, K.E. (1978). Verbal
and nonverbal interaction of mothers with their Down's syndrome
and nonretarded infants. American Journal of Mental
Deficiency, 82, 337-343.
Carlesimo, G., Marotta, L. & Vicari, S. (1996). Long-term memory
in mental retardation: Evidence for a specific impairment in
subjects with Down's syndrome. Neuropsychology, 35, 71-79.
Chapman, R.S., Bird, E.K. & Schwartz, S.E. (1990). Fast mapping
of words in event contexts by children with Down syndrome.
Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 55, 761-770.
Chapman, R.S., Schwartz, S.E. & Bird, E.K. (1991). Language
skills of children and adolescents with Down syndrome: I. Comprehension.
Journal of Language, Speech and Hearing Research,
34, 1106-1120.
Chapman, R.S., Seung, H.K., Schwartz, S.E. & Bird, E.K. (1998).
Language skills of children and adolescents with Down syndrome:
II. Production deficits. Journal of Language Speech,
and Hearing Research, 41, 861-73.
Cicchetti, D. & Sroufe, A. (1976). The relationship between affective
and cognitive development in Down's syndrome infants.
Child Development, 47, 920-929.
Cicchetti, D. & Sroufe, A. (1978). An organizational view of affect:
Illustration from the study of Down syndrome infants.
Em M. Lewis & L. Rosenblum (Orgs.), The development of
affect (pp. 309-350). New York: Plenum.
Cooper, S.A. & Collacott, R.A. (1995). The effect of age on language
in people with Down's syndrome. Journal of Intellectual
Disability Research, 39, 197-200.
Cossu, G., Rossini, F. & Marshall, J.C. (1993). When reading is
acquired but phonetic awareness is not: A study of literacy in
Down's syndrome. Cognition, 46, 129-138.
Cunningham, C. (1981). Hearing loss and treatment in young
Down's syndrome. Child: Care, Health and Development, 7,
357-374.
Dahle, A.J. & Baldwin, R.L. (1992). Audiologic and otolaryngologic
concerns. Em S. Pueschel & J. Pueschel (Orgs.), Biomedical
concerns in persons with Down syndrome (pp. 69-80). Baltimore:
Paul Brookes.
Dodd, B. (1975). Recognition and reproduction of words by Down's
syndrome and non-Down's syndrome retarded children. American
Journal of Mental Deficiency, 80, 306-311.
Fabretti, D., Pizzuto, E., Vicari, S. & Volterra, V. (1997). A story
description task in children with Down's syndrome: Lexical
and morphosyntatic abilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability
Research, 41, 165-179.
Fischer, M.A. (1988). The relationship between child initiations
and maternal responses in preschool-age children with Down
syndrome. Em K. Marfo (Org.), Parent-child interaction and
developmental disabilities (pp. 126-145). New York: Praeger.
Flórez, J. (1993). Actividad cerebral у lenguaje. Revista Síndrome
de Down, 10, 5-7.
Gompertz. J. (1990). Improving communication in Down syndrome.
The Lancet, 26, 1278.
Greenough, W.T., Black, J.E. & Wallace, C.S.W. (1987). Experience
and brain development. Child Development, 58, 539-559.
Harada, T. & Sando, I. (1981). Temporal bone histopathologic findings
in Down's syndrome. Archives of Otolaryngology, 107,
96-103.
Hodapp, R.M. (1988). The role of maternal emotions and perceptions
in interactions with young handicapped children. Em K.
Marfo (Org.), Parent-child interaction and developmental disabilities
(pp. 32-46). New York: Praeger.
Kalmar, M. & Bedõ-Prevics, E. (1987). Interplay of biological and
environmental factors in the development of a pair of Down
syndrome twins. Em H. Rauth & H.C. Steinhausen (Orgs.),
Psychobiology and early development (pp. 185-199). North
Holland: Elsevier.
Kumin, L., Councill, С & Goodman, M. (1994). A longitudinal
study of the emergence of phonemes in children with Down
syndrome. Journal of the Communication Disorders, 27, 293-
303.
Largo, R.H. (1987). Influence of pre-, peri-, and postnatal events
on language development during the first five years of life. Em
H. Rauth & H.C. Steinhausen (Orgs.), Psychobiology and early
development (pp. 171-183). North Holland: Elsevier.
Liberman, A.M. (1993). In speech perception, time is not what it
seems. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 693, 264-
271.
Lynch, M.P., Oiler, K., Steffens, M.L., Levine, S., Basinger, D.L.
& Umbel, V (1995). Onset of speech-like vocalizations in infants
with Down syndrome. American Journal on Mental Retardation,
100, 68-86.
Lynch, M.P., Oiler, D.K., Steffens. M.L. & Buder, E.H. (1995).
Developmental Psychobiology, 28, 3-25.
Marcell, M.M., Ridgeway, M.M., Sewell, D.H. & Whelan, M.L.
(1995). Sentence imitation by adolescents and young adults
with Down's syndrome and other intellectual disabilities. Journal
of Intellectual Disability Research, 39, 215-232.
Mervis, C.B. & Bertrand, J. (1995). Acquisition of the novel name
- nameless category (N3C) principle by young children who
have Down syndrome. American Journal on Mental Retardation,
3, 231-243.
Miller, J.F. (1995). Individual differences in vocabulary acquisition
in children with Down syndrome. Em C.J. Epstein, T.
Hassold, I.T. Lott, L. Nadel & D. Patterson (Orgs.), Ethiology
and Pathogenesis of Down syndrome. Progress in Clinical and
Biological Research, 393, 93-103. New York: Wiley-Liss.
Miller, J.E, Leddy, M., Miolo, G. & Sedey, A. (1993). The development
of early language skills in children with Down syndrome.
Em L. Nadel & D. Rosenthal (Orgs.), Down syndrome:Proceedings of the international Down syndrome conference.
New York: Wiley-Liss.
Mogford, K. (1993). Oral language acquisition in the prelinguistically
deaf. Em D. Bishop & K. Mogford (Orgs.), Language
development in exceptional circumstances (pp. 110-131).
Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Mogford, K. & Bishop, D. (1993a). Language development in unexceptional
circumstances. Em D. Bishop & K. Mogford
(Orgs.), Language development in exceptional circumstances
(pp. 10-28). Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Mogford, K. & Bishop, D. (1993b). Five questions about language
acquisition considered in the light of exceptional circumstances.
Em D. Bishop & K. Mogford (Orgs.), Language development
in exceptional circumstances (pp. 239-260). Hillsdale: Lawrence
Erlbaum.
Mundy, P., Sigman M., Kasari, С & Yirmiya, N. (1988). Nonverbal
communication skills in Down syndrome children. Child
Development, 59, 235-249.
Prasher, V.P. (1996). The effect of age on language in people with
Down syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research,
40, 484-486.
Roberts, J.E., Burchinal, M.R., Koch, M.A., Footo, M.M., &
Henderson, F.W. (1988). Otitis media in early childhood and
its relationship to later phonological development. Journal of
Speech and Hearing Disorders, 53, 416-424.
Rondai, J.A. (1988). Parent-child interaction and the process of
language acquisition in severe mental retardation: Beyond the
obvious. Em K. Marfo (Org.), Parent-child interaction and developmental
disabilities (pp. 114-125). New York: Praeger.
Rondai, J.A. (1993). Down's syndrome. Em D. Bishop & K.
Mogford (Orgs.), Language development in exceptional circumstances
(pp. 165-176). Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Sak, R.J. & Ruben, R.J. (1981). Recurrent middle ear effusion in
childhood: Implications of temporary auditory deprivation for
language and learning. Annals of Otology Rhinology & Laryngology,
90, 546-551.
Smith, L. (1987). The Structure of "dialogue" in early language
development: Longitudinal case studies of Down syndrome and
nonretarded toddlers. Em H. Rauh & H.C. Steinhausen (Orgs.),
Psychobiology and early development (pp. 201-213). North
Holland: Elsevier.
Smith, L. &Tetzchner, S.V. (1986). Communicative, sensorimotor
and language skills of young children with Down syndrome.
American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 91, 57-66.
Spiker, D. (1990). Intervention strategies from a developmental
perspective. Em D. Cicchetti & M. Beeghly (Orgs.), Down syndrome:
The developmental perspective (pp. 424-448). New
York: Cambridge University Prees.
Steffens, M.L., Oiler, D.K., Lynch, M. & Urbano, R.C. (1992).
Vocal development in infants with Down syndrome and infants
who are developing normally. American Journal on Mental
Retardation, 97, 235-246.
So, L.K.H. & Dodd, B.J. (1994). Down's syndrome and the acquisition
of phonology by Cantonese-speaking children. Journal
of Intellectual Disability Research, 38, 501-517.
Stansfield, J.F. (1997). Expressive pragmatic skills in pre-school
children with and without Down's syndrome: Parental perceptions.
Journal of Intelectual Disability Research, 41, 19-29.
Taveira, R. (1995). Privação auditiva precoce em crianças portadoras
da síndrome de Down e suas implicações para o desenvolvimento
da linguagem. Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade
de Brasília, Brasília.
Wagner, S., Ganiban, J. & Cicchetti, D. (1990). Attention, memory,
and perception: A review. Em D. Cicchetti & M. Beeghly
(Orgs.), Children with Down syndrome, a developmental perspective
(pp. 147-179). Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
Weeks, D.J. & Elliott, D. (1992). Atypical cerebral dominance in
Down's syndrome. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 30,
23-25.
Zellweger, H. (1977). Down syndrome. Em P.J. Vinken & G.W.
Bruyn (Orgs.), Handbook of clinical neurology, 31, parte 2 (pp.
367-469). New York: North Holland.
Zigler, E. & Hodapp, R.M. (1993). Understanding mental retardation.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Published
2012-09-12
How to Cite
Tristão, R. M., & Guimarães Feitosa, M. A. (2012). Language in Down Syndrome. Psicologia: Teoria E Pesquisa, 14(2), 127–137. Retrieved from https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/revistaptp/article/view/17318
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