EFFECT OF PROTAGONIST'S SEX ON ASSESSING GENDER DIFFERENCES IN MORAL REASONING
Keywords:
Gender, Morality, Moral judgmentAbstract
Kohlbergian methodology for assessment of moral
judgment has been repeatedly accused of sexism. This bias is attributed in part to the male protagonists in the assessment of moral judgment. On
the other hand, critics of Kohlberg neglect to consider gender roles played
by the subjects in society. These variables together reveal the subjects
gender: androgynous, typified or undifferentiated. This study aims at
verifying the influence of sex of protagonist of the dilemma upon moral
judgment of subjects of different sex and gender. The subjects were 180
university students, 90 of each sex, 60 of each gender, between 18 and
25 years of age. The materiais are: the BSRI and the MJI, in two forms:
with male and female protagonist. Half answered the MJI with the
same-sex form, and the other half with the opposite-sex form. An ANOVA
revealed that sex of protagonist does not produce significant differences
in levei of moral judgment among genders or between sexes. We
conclude that accusations of sex bias are not supported by these data.
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References
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Consulting and Clinicai Psychology, 42(2),155-162.
Bem, S. L. (1975). Sex role adaptability: one consequence of psychological
androgyny. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31(4), 634-643.
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androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinicai Psychology, 45(2), 196-205.
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personalidade. Porto Alegre: Ed. da Universidade.
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perspectives. American Psychologist, 28, 512-526.
Bussey, K. & Maughan, B. (1982). Gender differences in moral reasoning. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 42(4), 701 -706.
Cook, E. P. (1985). Psychological androgyny. New York: Pergamon.
David, C. (1975). La bissexualité psychique. Revue Française de Psychanalyse, 39,
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avoiding sexism in psychological research: a report of the Ad Hoc Committee on
nonsexist research. American Psychologist, 43(7), 582-585.
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and stimulus. The Journal of Psychology, 102, 43-47.
Froming, W. J. (1978). The relationship of moral judgment, self-awareness, and sex to
compliance behavior. Journal of Research in Personality, 12, 396-409.
Garwood, S. G., Levine, D. W. & Ewing, L. (1980). Effect of protagonisfs sex on
assessing gender differences in moral reasoning. Developmental Psychology,
16(6), 677-678.
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49(4), 431-446.
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Pós-graduação em Psicologia, pp. 349-352.
Maccoby, E. E. & Jacklin, C. N. (1974). The Psychology of sex differences. Stanford:
Stanford Press.
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and stereotyping in children. Child Development, 52, 1119-1134.
Myers, J. L. (1979). Fundamentals of experimental design. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Oliveira, L. S. O. (1982). Masculinidade feminilidade androginia. Rio de Janeiro:
Achiamé.
Orchowsky, S. J. & Jenkins, L. R. (1979). Sex biases in the measurement of moral
judgment. Psychologycal Reports, 44, 1040.
Pedersen, D. M. & Bond, B. L. (1985). Shifts in sex-role after a decade of cultural
change. Psychological Reports, 57, 43-48.
Pleck, J. H. (1975). Masculinity-femininity: current and alternative paradigms. Sex
Roles, 1, 161-178.
Pratt, M. W. & Royer, J. M. (1982). When rights and responsabilities don't mix: sex
and sex-role patterns in moral judgment orientation. Canadian Journal Behavior
Science, 14, 190-204.
Rebecca, M., Hefner, R. & Olechansky, B. (1976). A model of sex-role
transcendence. Journal of Social Issues, 32, 197-206.
Rodrigues, A. (1988). Psicologia Social. Petrópolis: Vozes.
Spence, J. T. & Helmreich, R. (1981). Androgyny versus gender schema: a comment
on Berrfs gender schema theory. Psychologycal Review, 88(4), 365-368.
Spence, J. T., Helmreich, R. & Stapp, J. (1975). Ratings of self and peers on sex role
attributes and their relation to self-esteem and conceptions of masculinity and
femininity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32(1), 29-39.
Unger, R. K. (1979). Toward a redefinition of sex and gender. American Psychologist,
54(11), 1085-1094.
Unger, R. K. (1989). Representations social constructions of gender. New York:
Baywood.
Walker, L. J. (1984). Sex differences in the development of moral reasoning: a criticai
review. Child Development, 55, 677-691.
Walker, L. J. (1986). Sex differences in the development of moral reasoning: a
rejoinder to Baumrind. Child Development, 57, 522-526.
Wilson, S. L. (1977). The relationship between sex role development and moral
judgment. Psychological Reports, 42, 966.
Consulting and Clinicai Psychology, 42(2),155-162.
Bem, S. L. (1975). Sex role adaptability: one consequence of psychological
androgyny. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31(4), 634-643.
Bem, S. L. (1977). On the utility of alternative procedures for assessing psychological
androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinicai Psychology, 45(2), 196-205.
Bem, S. L. (1981). Gender schema theory: a cognitive account of sex typing.
Psychological Review, 88, 354-364.
Bem, S. L. & Lenney, E. (1976). Sex typing and the avoidance of cross-sex behavior.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 33(1), 48-54.
Biaggio, A. M. B. (1984). Pesquisas em psicologia do desenvolvimento e da
personalidade. Porto Alegre: Ed. da Universidade.
Block, J. H. (1973). Conceptions of sex role: some cross-cultural and longitudinal
perspectives. American Psychologist, 28, 512-526.
Bussey, K. & Maughan, B. (1982). Gender differences in moral reasoning. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 42(4), 701 -706.
Cook, E. P. (1985). Psychological androgyny. New York: Pergamon.
David, C. (1975). La bissexualité psychique. Revue Française de Psychanalyse, 39,
695-856.
Denmark, F., Russo, N. F., Frieze, I. M. & Sechzer, J. A. (1988). Guidelines for
avoiding sexism in psychological research: a report of the Ad Hoc Committee on
nonsexist research. American Psychologist, 43(7), 582-585.
Donenberg, G. R. & Hoffman, L. W. (1988). Gender differences in moral development.
Sex Roles, 78(11 /12), 701 -717.
Freeman, S. J. M. & Giebink, J. W. (1979). Moral judgment as a function of age, sex,
and stimulus. The Journal of Psychology, 102, 43-47.
Froming, W. J. (1978). The relationship of moral judgment, self-awareness, and sex to
compliance behavior. Journal of Research in Personality, 12, 396-409.
Garwood, S. G., Levine, D. W. & Ewing, L. (1980). Effect of protagonisfs sex on
assessing gender differences in moral reasoning. Developmental Psychology,
16(6), 677-678.
Gilligan, C. (1979). Woman's place in man's life cycle. Harvard Educational Review,
49(4), 431-446.
Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice: psychologycal theory and women's
development. Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press.
Greeno, C. G. & Maccoby, E. E. (1986). How different is the "different voice"?
Signs(Winter), 310-316.
Halpern, D. F. (1985). The influence of sex-role stereotypes on prose recall. Sex roles,
12(3/4), 363-375.
Hurtig, M. C. (1982). L'elaboration socialisée de la différence des sexes. Enfance, 4,
283-302.
Kohlberg, L. (1966). A cognitive-developmental analysis of childreiVs sex-role
concepts and artitudes. Em E. Maccoby (Org.). The development of sex
differences, Stanford: Stanford Univ. Press. 1:82-173.
Kohlberg, L. (1971). "From Is to Ought: How to commit the naturalistic fallacy and get
away with it in the study of moral development". Em: T. Mischel (Org.). Cognitive
Development and Epistemology. New York: Academic Press.
Kohlberg, L. (1981). Essays on moral development: The Philosophy of moral
development. Volume 1,1a ed. San Francisco: Harper e Row.
Kohlberg, L. (1984). Essays on moral development: The Psychology of moral
development. Volume 2,1a ed. San Francisco: Harper e Row.
Kohlberg, L, Colby, A., Gibbs, J. & Dubin, B. S. (1978). Standard form scoring
manual. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard Press.
Koller, S. H. (1990). Valores morais e desempenho de papéis sexuais. Anais do III
Simpósio de Intercâmbio Científico da Associação Nacional de Pesquisa e
Pós-graduação em Psicologia, pp. 349-352.
Maccoby, E. E. & Jacklin, C. N. (1974). The Psychology of sex differences. Stanford:
Stanford Press.
Martin, C. L. & Halverson, C. F. (1981). A schematic processing model of sex typing
and stereotyping in children. Child Development, 52, 1119-1134.
Myers, J. L. (1979). Fundamentals of experimental design. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Oliveira, L. S. O. (1982). Masculinidade feminilidade androginia. Rio de Janeiro:
Achiamé.
Orchowsky, S. J. & Jenkins, L. R. (1979). Sex biases in the measurement of moral
judgment. Psychologycal Reports, 44, 1040.
Pedersen, D. M. & Bond, B. L. (1985). Shifts in sex-role after a decade of cultural
change. Psychological Reports, 57, 43-48.
Pleck, J. H. (1975). Masculinity-femininity: current and alternative paradigms. Sex
Roles, 1, 161-178.
Pratt, M. W. & Royer, J. M. (1982). When rights and responsabilities don't mix: sex
and sex-role patterns in moral judgment orientation. Canadian Journal Behavior
Science, 14, 190-204.
Rebecca, M., Hefner, R. & Olechansky, B. (1976). A model of sex-role
transcendence. Journal of Social Issues, 32, 197-206.
Rodrigues, A. (1988). Psicologia Social. Petrópolis: Vozes.
Spence, J. T. & Helmreich, R. (1981). Androgyny versus gender schema: a comment
on Berrfs gender schema theory. Psychologycal Review, 88(4), 365-368.
Spence, J. T., Helmreich, R. & Stapp, J. (1975). Ratings of self and peers on sex role
attributes and their relation to self-esteem and conceptions of masculinity and
femininity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32(1), 29-39.
Unger, R. K. (1979). Toward a redefinition of sex and gender. American Psychologist,
54(11), 1085-1094.
Unger, R. K. (1989). Representations social constructions of gender. New York:
Baywood.
Walker, L. J. (1984). Sex differences in the development of moral reasoning: a criticai
review. Child Development, 55, 677-691.
Walker, L. J. (1986). Sex differences in the development of moral reasoning: a
rejoinder to Baumrind. Child Development, 57, 522-526.
Wilson, S. L. (1977). The relationship between sex role development and moral
judgment. Psychological Reports, 42, 966.
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Published
2012-08-29
How to Cite
Koller, S. H., Vinas, A., & Biaggio, A. (2012). EFFECT OF PROTAGONIST’S SEX ON ASSESSING GENDER DIFFERENCES IN MORAL REASONING. Psicologia: Teoria E Pesquisa, 8(3), 327–339. Retrieved from https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/revistaptp/article/view/17144
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