Apatridia no Brasil: da invisibilidade ao convite para se tornar cidadão
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21057/10.21057/repamv13n1.2019.24301Keywords:
Nationality, statelessness, stateless persons, nationality, stateless, statelessnessAbstract
Statelessness is a serious problem which affects millions of persons worldwide. Although it is not a new question, it was not sufficiently studied yet, specially in Brazil. This paper aims to fill this gap, by analyzing the concept, causes and consequences of statelessness. In addition, it will shed light on how the South American country deals with the persons without any nationality in its territory. The research shows how, from not addressing the question at all, Brazil passed to be a country with a newly adopted legislation on the matter, which not only recognizes stateless persons, but also offers them the Brazilian citizenship, providing an innovative solution to their plight.
Downloads
References
ARCARAZO, Diego Acosta. Toward a South American Citizenship? The Development of a New Post-National Form of Membership in the Region. Journal of International Affairs, v. 68, n. 2, p. 213, 2015.
ARENDT, Hannah. As origens do totalitarismo. Trad. Roberto Raposo. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2012.
BRASIL. Constituição (1988). Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil. Brasília, DF: Senado, 1988.
________. Law no. 6.815 of 19 August 1980, defines the legal situation of the foreigner in Brazil, creates the National Immigration Council. Diário Oficial da União, Brasília, DF, 11 Nov. 1980.
________. Law no. 9.474, 22 July 1997. Define mecanismos para a implementação do Estatuto dos Refugiados de 1951, e determina outras providências. Diário Oficial da União, Brasília, DF, 23 Sep. 1997.
________. Decree n. 4.246 of 22 May 2002. Promulgates the Convention on the Status of Stateless Persons. Diario Oficial da União, Brasília, DF, 23 May 2002, Seção 1, p. 5.
________. Decree n. 8.757, 10 May 2016. Amends Decree no. 86.715, from December 10, 1981, to dispose about the legal situation of the foreigner in the Federative Republic of Brazil. Available at: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2015-2018/2016/Decreto/D8757.htm . Accessed on: 20 Set. 2017.
________. Decree n. 86.715 of 10 December 1981. Regulates Law No. 6.815, of August 19, 1980, which defines the legal status of foreigners in Brazil, creates the National Immigration Council, and provides other measures. Diário Oficial da União, Brasília, DF, 11 Dec. 1981, Seção 1, p. 23496.
________. Law n. 13.445 of 24 May 2017. Institutes the Migration Law. Diário Oficial da União, Brasília, DF, 25 May 2017, p. 1.
________. Ministério da Justiça e Cidadania. Brasil erradica casos de crianças sem registro civil de nascimento. Available at: http://www.brasil.gov.br/cidadania-e-justica/2015/11/brasil-erradica-sub-registro-civil-de-nascimento Accessed on: 27 Sept. 2017.
________. Tribunal Regional Federal. (5. Região). Apelação/Reexame necessário 200984000065700, Relator: Desembargador Federal Bruno Leonardo Câmara Carrá. Recife, 29 September 2011.
CLARO, C. A. B. Os 60 anos da Convenção da ONU sobre o Estatuto dos Apátridas e seus Reflexos na Legislação Brasileira. In: Carlos Alberto Marinho Cirino; Teresa Cristina Evangelista dos Anjos; Cleber Batalha Franklin. (Org.). Direito e Cidadania. 1ed. Boa Vista: Editora da UFRR, 2015, v. 1.
FOX, Margalit. Garry Davis, Man of no Nation Who Saw One World of No War, Dies at 91. The New York Times, New York, 28 Jul. 2013. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/29/us/garry-davis-man-of-no-nation-dies-at-91.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 Accessed on: 19 may 2017.
GIBNEY, Matthew. Statelessness and citizenship in ethical and political perspective. In: EDWARDS, A; WAAS, L. V. (Ed.) Nationality and Statelessness under international law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
GLOBAL CAMPAIGN FOR EQUAL NATIONALITY RIGHTS. Global overview. Available at: http://equalnationalityrights.org/countries/global-overview Accessed on: 12 May 2017.
GODOY, Gabriel Gualano. Considerações sobre recentes avanços na proteção dos apátridas no Brasil. Caderno de Debates Refúgio, Migrações e Cidadania, v. 6, p. 61-72, 2010.
GROOT, Gerard-René de. Children, their right to nationality and child statelessness. In: EDWARDS, A; WAAS, L. V. Nationality and Statelessness under international law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014, p. 144-168.
GUERIOS, José Farani Mansur. Condição Jurídica do Apátrida. Tese de concurso à cadeira de direito internacional privado da Faculdade de Direito do Paraná (UFPR). Curitiba, 1936.
JEDSADACHAIYUT Nantanee; AL-JASEM, Nadia. Overcoming statelessness in Thailand one case at a time. UN HIGH COMMISIONER FOR REFUGEES, 24 Nov. 2016.
Available at: http://www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2016/11/5836af624/overcoming-statelessness-thailand-case-time.html Accessed on 22 June 2017.
KHANNA, Melanie J.; BRETT, Peggy. Making effective use of UN human rights mechanisms to solve statelessness. In: KHANNA, Melanie J.; VAN WAAS, Laura. Solving Statelessness. Oisterwijk: Wolf Legal Publishers, 2013.
MANLY, Mark. UNHCR’s mandate and activities to address statelessness. In: EDWARDS, Alice; VAN WAAS, Laura. (Eds.). Nationality and Statelessness under International law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014, p. 88-114.
MCKINSEY, Kitty. The stateless brides of Vietnam. Refugees Magazine, n. 147, 2007.
MONDELLI. Juan Ignacio. La erradicación de la apatridia en el Plan de Acción de Brasil. Agenda Internacional, v. 22, n. 33, p. 129-148, 2015.
MOULIN, Carolina. Mobilizing Against Statelessness: the case of Brazilian Emigrant Communities. In: HOWARD-HASSMANN, Rhoda E.; WALTON-ROBERTS, Margaret (Eds.). The human right to citizenship: a slippery concept. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.
NONNENMACHER, S.; CHOLEWINSKI, R. The nexus between statelessness and migration. In: EDWARDS, Alice; VAN WAAS, Laura. Nationality and Statelessness under International law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014. p. 247-264.
REGIONAL REFUGEE INSTRUMENTS & RELATED, Brazil Declaration and Plan of Action, 3 December 2014. Available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/5487065b4.html Accessed on: 14 Nov. 2017.
GOVIL, Rhada; EDWARDS, Alice. Women, nationality and statelessness: the problem of unequal rights. In: EDWARDS, Alice; VAN WAAS, Laura. (Eds.). Nationality and Statelessness under International law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014, p. 169-193.
UN GENERAL ASSEMBLY. Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, 28 September 1954. In: UNITED NATIONS. Treaty Series, New York, v. 360, p. 117, 1960. Available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3840.html Accessed on: 4 Sept. 2017.
UN HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES (UNHCR). Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons. 28 September 1954.
UN GENERAL ASSEMBLY. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 10 December 1948, Article 15 (2). Available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3712c.html. Accessed on: 10 Aug. 2017.
UN HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES (UNHCR). Brasilia Declaration on the Protection of Refugees and Stateless Persons in the Americas, 11 November 2010. Available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/4cdd44582.html Accessed on: 14 Nov. 2017.
UN HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES (UNHCR). Global Action Plan to End Statelessness, 4 November 2014. Available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/545b47d64.html Accessed on: 20 Jun. 2017.
UN HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES (UNHCR). Good Practices Paper - Action 1: Resolving Existing Major Situations of Statelessness, 23 February 2015. Available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/54e75a244.html. Accessed 28 June 2017.
UN HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES (UNHCR). I Am Here, I Belong: The Urgent Need to End Childhood Statelessness, 3 November 2015. Available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/563368b34.html Accessed on: 20 Jun. 2017.
UN HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES (UNHCR). Under the Radar and Under Protected. The urgent need to address stateless children’s rights. UNHCR, 2012.
UN HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES (UNHCR). Climate Change and Statelessness: An Overview. 15 May 2009. Available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/4a2d189d3.html Accessed on: 24 Oct. 2017.
UN HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES (UNHCR). The Concept of Stateless Persons under International Law. Summary Conclusions. Expert meeting organized by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Prato, Italy, 27-28 May 2010. Available at http://www.refworld.org/docid/4ca1ae002.html Accessed on: 30 set. 2017.
UN HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES (UNHCR). Handbook on Protection of Stateless Persons. 30 June 2014. Available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/53b676aa4.html Accessed on: 28 Apr. 2017.
UN HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES (UNHCR). Self-Study Module on Statelessness, 1 October 2012. Available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/50b899602.html Accessed on: 13 Oct. 2017.
UN HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES (UNHCR). Special Report ”“ Ending Statelessness, 4 November 2014. Available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/572062254.html. Accessed on: 20 Jun. 2017.
UNASUR. Tratado Constitutivo de la Unión de Naciones Suramericanas. Signed on 23 May 2008 in Brasília, Brasil. Quito: UNASUR, 2011.
UNHCR. Maha Mamo, a stateless refugee in Brazil, talks about the challenges of a life without nationality. Available at: http://www.acnur.org/portugues/noticias/noticia/maha-mamo-refugiada-apatrida-no-brasil-fala-sobre-os-desafios-de-uma-vida-sem-nacionalidade/ Accessed on 20 Jun. 2017.
UNICEF. The births of around one fourth of the global population of children under five have never been registered. Available at: https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-protection/birth-registration/ Accessed on: 19 May 2017.
UNITED NATIONS. Draft Articles on Diplomatic Protection with commentaries. In: INTERNATIONA LAW COMISSION. Yearbook of the International Law Commission, v. II, 2006. Available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/525e7929d.html. Accessed 8 Aug. 2017.
VAN WAAS, Laura. The UN stateless conventions. In: EDWARDS, Alice; VAN WAAS, Laura. Nationality and Statelessness under International law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014, p. 72.
________. Nationality Matters: Statelessness under International Law. School of Human Rights Research Series, vol. 29. Tilburg: Intersentia, 2008.
________. The children of irregular migrants: A stateless generation? Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights, v. 25, n. 3, Sep. 2007.
WEIS, Paul. Nationality and statelessness in international law. Alphen aan den Rijn: Sijthoff & Noordhoff, 1979.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
The published material is the property of the Journal, and may be reproduced in whole or in part with indication of the source.
Copyright: Authors will be responsible for obtaining the copyright of the material used. Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following terms:
a)Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication, with the work simultaneously licensed under
the Creative Commons Attribution License which allows the sharing of work with acknowledgment of authorship and initial publication in this journal.
b) Authors are authorized to take additional contracts separately, for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in this journal (eg, publish in institutional repository or as a book chapter), with acknowledgment of authorship and initial publication in this journal.
c) Authors are allowed and encouraged to publish and distribute their work online (eg in institutional repositories or on their personal page) at any point before or during the editorial process, as this can generate productive changes as well as increase the impact and the citation of the published work (See The Effect of Free Access).