FACIAL RECOGNITION, LAW ENFORCEMENT AND THE IDENTITY-AUSTRALIAN MATCHING SERVICES (‘IMS’) BILL
Keywords:
Biometrics, Facial recognition, Identity matching, Human rights, AustraliaAbstract
This paper focus on the use of facial recognition technology (‘FRT’) by Australian government for the purpose of law enforcement. The use of FRT to law enforcement presents several challenges (risks) for which there are no easy solutions, but that need to be recognized more broadly, such as the lack of accuracy, bias, impact on civil liberties (privacy), security risks. This research has a qualitative nature and was developed through bibliographic research. Part I describes how FRT works and its risks. Part II makes considerations on the employment of FRT in Australia to identity-matching. Part III talks about the Identity Matching Services (‘IMS’) Bill, introduced in 2018 to facilitate the sharing of identification information (including facial images) within the government; this legislation lapsed on the dissolution of parliament and, as will be discussed, at least how it is now, it should not be revived.
Downloads
References
ADLER, A.; SCHUCKERS, M. E. Comparing Human and Automatic Face Recognition Performance. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern B Cybern, v. 37, n. 5, 1248-1260. 2007.
ANU. Early Exposure Key to Recognising ‘Other-race’ Faces. Australian National University (ANU), Newsroom, 13 September 2019. Disponível em: <https://www.anu.edu.au/news/all-news/early-exposure-key-to-recognising-%E2%80%98other-race%E2%80%99-faces>. Acesso em: 20 set. 2019.
ATTORNEY-GENERAL’S DEPARTMENT (Cth). National Facial Biometric Matching Capability - Privacy Impact Assessment: Interoperability Hub. August 2015.
AUSTENDER. Contract Notice View - CN3343259: Biometric Identification Services. Australian Government’s Procurement Information System web page, 23 May 2016. Disponível em: <https://www.tenders.gov.au/Cn/Show/9156D484-FC31-5306-F65D-62AC112F52AE>. Acesso em 20 nov. 2019.
AUSTRALIAN CRIMINAL INTELLIGENCE COMMISSION. Biometric Identification Services Project to Close. Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission web page, 15 June 2018. Disponível em: <https://www.acic.gov.au/media-centre/media-releases-and-statements/biometric-identification-services-project-close>. Acesso em: 20 nov. 2019.
AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL AUDIT OFFICE. Report No 24 of 2018”“2019. The Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission’s Administration of the Biometric Identification Services Project, 21 January 2019.
BIG BROTHER WATCH. Face Off: the Lawless Growth of Facial Recognition in UK Policing. London: Big Brother Watch, May 2018.
BIOMETRICS GROUP. Ethical Issues Arising from the Police use of Live Facial Recognition Technology. Biometrics and Forensics Ethics Group Facial Recognition Working Group (‘Biometrics Group’). Interim report, February 2019.
BUOLAMWINI, J.; GEBRU, T. Gender Shades: Intersectional Accuracy Disparities in Commercial Gender Classification. Conference on Machine Learning Research, v. 81, n. 1, 1-15, 2018.
COPER, M. Three Good Things and Three Not-So-Good Things about the Australian Legal System. International Association of Law Schools Conference, Learning from Each Other: Enriching the Law School Curriculum in an Interrelated World. Kenneth Wang School of Law, Soochow University, Suzhou, China, 17-19 October 2007.
COUNCIL OF AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENTS. Intergovernamental Agreement on Identity Matching Services. October 2017. Disponível em: <https://www.coag.gov.au/sites/default/files/agreements/iga-identity-matching-services.pdf>. Acesso em: 20 nov. 2019.
DEPARTMENT OF HOME AFFAIR. Face Matching Services. Fact Sheet, 2017. Disponível em: <https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/criminal-justice/files/face-matching-services-fact-sheet.pdf>. Acesso em: 20 nov. 2019.
DIXON, R. Functionalism and Australian Constitutional Values in DIXON, R. (ed), Australian Constitutional Values. Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2018.
GARVIE. C; BEDOYA, A. M.; FRANKLE, J. The Perpetual Line-up: Unregulated Police Face Recognition in America. Washington: Law Center Center on Privacy & Technology, Georgetown University, 2016.
GELLMAN, B. NSA Broke Privacy Rules Thousands of Times per Year, Audit Finds. The Washington Post, 15 August 2013. Disponível em: <https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/nsa-broke-privacy-rules-thousands-of-times-per-year-audit-finds/2013/08/15/3310e554-05ca-11e3-a07f-49ddc7417125_story.html>. Acesso em: 20 nov. 2019.
HAMANN, K.; SMITH, R. Facial Recognition Technology: Where Will it Take Us?. American Bar Association Criminal Justice Magazine, Spring 2019. Disponível em: <https://www.americanbar.org/groups/criminal_justice/publications/criminal-justice-magazine/2019/spring/facial-recognition-technology/>. Acesso em: 20 nov. 2019.
HENDRY, J. NEC Loses National Biometrics Database Project. IT News, 15 June 2018. Disponível em: <https://www.itnews.com.au/news/nec-loses-national-biometrics-database-project-494059>. Acesso em: 20 nov. 2019.
HOUSE OF COMMONS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COMMITTEE. The work of the Biometrics Commissioner and the Forensic Science Regulator. Report of Session, 17 July 2019.
INTRONA, L. D.; NISSENBAUM, H. Facial Recognition Technology: a Survey of Policy and Implementation Issues. New York: The Center for Catastrophe Preparedness & Response, New York University, 2009.
ISO/IEC. ISO 2382-37: Information technology - Vocabulary - Biometrics.
ORNA, P.; SMITH, R. G. Identity crime and misuse in Australia 2017. AIC Statistical Report 10, 31 December 2018.
LYNCH, J. Face Off: Law Enforcement Use of Face Recognition Technology. San Francisco: Electronic Frontier Foundation, 2018.
LYON, D. Biometrics, Identification and Surveillance. Bioethics, v. 22, n. 9, 499-508. 2008.
MANN, M.; SMITH, M. Automated Facial Recognition Technology: Recent Developments and Approaches to Oversight. UNSW Law Journal, v. 40, n. 1, p. 121-145, 2017.
McKONE, E.; WAN, L. PIDCOCK, M.; CROOKES, K.; REYNOLDS, K.; DAWEL, A.; KIDD, E.; FIORENTINI, C. A Critical Period for Faces: Other-race Face Recognition is Improved by Childhood but not Adult Social Contact. Nature, Scientific Reports, v. 12820, n. 9, 1-13, Sep. 2019.
NEC. NEC Facial Recognition Helps NT Police Solve Cold Cases and Increase Public Safety in Australia. NEC Web page, 1 September 2015. Disponível em: <https://www.nec.com/en/press/201509/global_20150901_02.html>. Acesso em: 20 nov. 2019.
NICHOLLS, S. Crime Commission Granted Access to Photographs of NSW Citizens to Aid Terrorism Fight. The Sidney Morning Herald, 18 October 2015. Disponível em: <https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/asio-crime-commission-granted-access-to-photographs-of-nsw-citizens-to-aid-terrorism-fight-20151018-gkbxa6.html>. Acesso em: 20 nov. 2019.
NWS. Road Transport (Driver Licensing) Amendment (Facial Recognition Technology) Regulation 2009 under the Road Transport (Driver Licensing) Act 1998.
O’SULLIVAN, M. Your Face Will Be Your Passport: Sydney Airport to Trial Biometrics. Sidney Morning Herald, February 2018. Disponível em: <https://www.smh.com.au/business/companies/your-face-will-be-your-passport-sydney-airport-to-trial-biometrics-20180221-p4z14p.html>. Acesso em: 22 nov. 2019.
PARLIAMENT OF AUSTRALIA. Identity-matching Services Bill 2018 Information. ParlInfo Search v1.30.0 web page. Disponível em: <https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id:%22legislation/billhome/r6031%22>. Acesso em: 2 set. 2019.
PETRIE, C. Identity-matching Services Bill 2018 and Australian Passports Amendment. Identity-matching Services. Bill 2018. Bills Digest No 110, 2017”“18, 22 May 2018.
R v Tang (2006) 65 NSWLR 681.
RECTOR, K.; KNEZEVICH, A. Maryland’s Use of Facial Recognition Software Questioned by Researchers, Civil Liberties Advocates. The Baltimore Sun, 18 October 2016. Disponível em: <https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/crime/bs-md-facial-recognition-20161017-story.html>. Acesso em: 20 nov. 2019.
RICANEK, K.; BOEHNEN, C. Facial Analytics: From Big Data to Law Enforcement. Computer, v. 45, n.9, 95-97. 2012.
SELYUKH, A. NSA Staff Used Spy Tools on Spouses, Ex-lovers: Watchdog. Reuters, 28 September 2013. Disponível em: <https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-surveil-lance-watchdog/nsa-staff-used-spy-tools-on-spouses-ex-lovers-watchdog-idUSBRE98Q14G20130927>. Acesso em: 20 nov. 2019.
SHARWOOD, S. NEC Sues Feds over Binned Biometric Identification Services Project. IT News, 19 July 2019. Disponível em: <https://www.itnews.com.au/news/nec-sues-feds-over-binned-biometric-identification-services-project-528468>. Acesso em: 20 nov. 2019.
SHAW, D. Eurofins Scientific: Forensic services firm paid ransom after cyber-attack. BBC News, 5 July 2019. Disponível em: <https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-48881959>. Acesso em: 22 nov. 2019.
SMITH, M.; MANN, M.; URBAS, G. Facial Recognition in Biometrics, Crime and Security. Oxon: Routledge, 2018.
STONE, Z.; ZICKLER, T.; DARRELL, T. Toward Large-Scale Face Recognition Using Social Network Context. Proceedings of the IEEE, v. 98, n. 8, 1408-1415, 2010.
STOYCHEFF, E. Under Surveillance: Examining Facebook’s Spiral of Silence Effects in the Wake of NSA Internet Monitoring. JOURNALISM & MASS COMMUNICATION QUARTERLY, v. 93, n. 2, 296-311, 8 March 2016.
WHITE, D.; DUNN, J. D.; SCHIMD, A. C.; KEMP, R. I. Error Rates in Users of Automatic Face Recognition Software. PLoS ONE, v. 10, n. 10, 1-14, 2015.
WOODWARD JR, J. D.; HORN, C.; GATUNE, J.; THOMAS, A. Biometrics: a Look at Facial Recognition. (Documented Briefing). Santa Monica: RAND Public Safety an Justice, 2003.
