Framing the Fragmentation of Peace
an analysis of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20889/M47e21005Keywords:
Fragmentation, Positive Peace, Sustainable Development GoalsAbstract
This article aims to discuss the concept of fragmentation of peace in order to understand how the concept proposed by Galtung (1969) is being operationalized, implemented and disseminated as an international agenda. Taking the Millennium and Sustainable Development Goals implemented by the United Nations as parameter, this article embeds in a framing perspective, arguing that positive peace is more than a concept, rather a pragmatic common and global strategy.
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References
Adler, Emmanuel and Pouliot, Vincent (2011a). “International practices: introduction and framework” in Adler, Emmanuel and Pouliot, Vincent, International Practices, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 3-35.
Adler, Emmanuel and Pouliot, Vincent (2011b). “International Practices”. International Theory, 3, 1-36.
Arora, N. K. and Mishra, I. (2019). United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 2030 and environmental sustainability: race against time. Environmental Sustainability (2019) 2:339”“342. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42398-019-00092-y. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
Autesserre, S. (2009). Hobbes and the Congo: Frames, Local Violence, and International Intervention, International Organization, 63(2), 249-280. doi:10.1017/S0020818309090080. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
Berger, B. (1974). ‘Forewod’ in Goffman, E. (ed.) Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. Boston: Northeastern University Press, i-viii.
Biermanna, F.; Kanieb, N. and Kim, R. E. (2017). Global governance by goal-setting: the novel approach of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 2017, 26-27:26-31. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2017.01.010.
Boulding, K. (1978). Stable Peace. Austin: University of Texas Press.
CDCS (2004). A new strategy for Social Cohesion European Committee for Social Cohesion: Revised strategy for Social Cohesion. Available at: [www.coe.int/t/dg3/socialpolicies/socialcohesiondev/source/RevisedStrategy_en.pdf]. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
Claggett-Borne, Elizabeth (2013), “Definitions of Peace and Reconciliation” in Malley-Morrison et al (2013) International Handbook of Peace and Reconciliation. New York: Springer.
Cunningham, Kathleen Gallagher (2016). Understanding fragmentation in conflict and its impact on prospects for peace. Oslo Forum Papers, 006, December.
Deffner, Veronika and Hoerning, Johanna (2011) “Fragmentation as a Threat to Social Cohesion? A Conceptual Review and an Empirical Approach to Brazilian Cities”, International RC21 Conference, Amsterdam, July 2011. Unpublished conference paper. www.rc21.org/conferences/amsterdam2011/edocs2/Session%2015/15-1-Deffner.pdf. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
Easterly, W. (2015). The SDGs Should Stand for Senseless, Dreamy, Garbled. Foreing Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/09/28/the-sdgs-are-utopian-and-worthless-mdgs-development-rise-of-the-rest/. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
Entman, R. M. (1993). ‘Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm’. Journal of Communication, 43: 51-58. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
Forrer, John, Timothy Fort and Raymond Gilpin. (2012). “How Business Can Foster Peace.” United States Institute of Peace Report. Washington DC: USIP.
Franklin, Alan B.; Noon, Barry R.; George, T. Luke (2002). “What is habitat fragmentation?”, Studies in Avian Biology, No. 25: 20-29.
Galtung, Johan (1969), “Violence, peace and peace research”, Journal of Peace Research, vol.6(3), pp.167-191.
Galtung, Johan (1971), “What is a Good Peace Proposal”, Security Dialogue, 2: 291-294.
Galtung, Johan (1990), “Violence and Peace” in Smoker et al (1990) A Reader in Peace Studies. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Goertz, G., Diehl, P. and Balas, A. (2016). The Puzzle of Peace: the Evolution of Peace in the International System. New York: Oxford University Press.
Hák, T; Janoušková, S. and Moldan, B. (2016). Sustainable Development Goals: A need for relevant indicators. Ecological Indicators, 60, 565-573. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.08.003. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
Jeon, H. (2005). Peacebuilding in Postconflict Societies: Strategy and Process. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Joachim, J. (2003). ‘Framing Issues and Seizing Opportunities: The UN, NGOs, and Women’s Rights. International Studies Quarterly, 47(2), 247-274. Retrieved February 1, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/3693544. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
Knaggård, Ã…. (2013). Framing the Problem: Knowledge Brokers in the Multiple Streams Approach. Paper presented at ECPR Joint Sessions of Workshops, 2013, Mainz, Germany. Retrieved from: https://lucris.lub.lu.se/ws/files/6403258/5337344.pdf. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
Kolk, An (2016). “The social responsibility of international business: From ethics and the environment to CSR and sustainable development.” Journal of World Business 51(1):23-34.
Kolk, Ans and Francois Lenfant (2017). “Hybrid Business Models for Peace and Reconciliation.” Business Horizons, forthcoming.
Larsen, Christian A. (2013). The Rise and Fall of Social Cohesion: The Construction and De-construction of Social Trust in the US, UK, Sweden and Denmark. Oxford University Press.
Larsen, Christian A. (2014). Social cohesion: definition, measurement and developments. www.un.org/esa/socdev/egms/docs/2014/LarsenDevelopmentinsocialcohesion.pdf. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
MacArthur, John W. (2014). “The Origins of the Millennium Development Goals”, SAIS Review, vol. XXXI,V no. 2 (summer/fall 2014).
Mac Ginty, Roger (2006). No War, No Peace: The Rejuvenation of Stalled Peace Processes and Peace Accords. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Miklian, Jason. (2017). “Mapping Business-Peace Interactions: Five Assertions for How Businesses Create Peace.” Business, Peace and Sustainable Development, forthcoming.
Moncrieffe, J. (2007). ‘Introduction. Labelling, Power and Accountability: How and Why ‘Our’ Categories Matter’ in Moncrieffe, J. and Eyben, R., The Power of Labelling: How People Are Categorized and Why it Matters. London: Earthscan, pp. 1-16.
Rein, M. & Schön, D. (1993). ‘Reframing Policy Discourse’ in Fischer, F. & Forester, J. (eds.), The Argumentative Turn in Policy Analysis and Planning. London: University College London Press, pp. 145-166.
Rettberg, Angelika (2016). “Need, Creed, and Greed: Understanding Why Business Leaders Focus on Issues of Peace.” Business Horizons 59(5):481-492.
Richmond, Oliver P. (2006a) “Patterns of Peace”, Global Society, 20: 4, 367-394.
Richmond, Oliver P. (2006b), “The problem of peace: understanding the 'liberal peace'”, Conflict, Security & Development, 6:3, 291-314.
Richmond, Oliver P. (2008) Peace in International Relations. Abingdon: Routledge.
Sachs, Jeffrey D (2012). From Millennium Development Goals to Sustainable Development Goals. Lancet 2012; 379: 2206”“11.
Sridhar, Devi (2016). Making the SDGs useful: a Herculean task. The Lancet: Comment. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31635-X. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
Stevens, C. and Kanie, N. (2016). The transformative potential of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). International Environment Agreements (2016) 16:393”“396. DOI: 10.1007/s10784-016-9324-y. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
UN (2000). The Millennium Development Goals. Department of Public Information.
UN (2015). Millennium Development Goals Report 2015. New York: United Nations Press. www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MD%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
UN (2016). Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 25 September 2015. http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/70/1&Lang=E. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
UN (2019). Sustainable Development Goal 16. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg16. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
UN Doc. A/RES/70/1. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 25 September 2015. Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/globalcompact/A_RES_70_1_E.pdf. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
UNDP (2005). The Millennium Development Goals Report 2005. New York: United Nations.
van Hulst, M. & Yanow, D. (2016). ‘From Policy 'Frames' to 'Framing': Theorizing a More Dynamic, Political Approach’. American Review of Public Administration, Vol. 46(1), 92-112. DOI: 10.1177/0275074014533142. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
Waage J, Banerji R, Campbell O, et al. (2010a) The Millennium Development Goals: a cross-sectoral analysis and principles for goal setting after 2015. Lancet, 376: 991”“1023.
Waage J, Banerji R, Campbell O, et al. (2010b) The Millennium Development Goals: a cross-sectoral analysis and principles for goal setting after 2015. Lancet, Comment; 376: 991”“1023.
Wallensteen, P. (2017). Quality Peace: Peacebuilding, Victory, and World Order. New York: Oxford University Press.
Adler, Emmanuel and Pouliot, Vincent (2011b). “International Practices”. International Theory, 3, 1-36.
Arora, N. K. and Mishra, I. (2019). United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 2030 and environmental sustainability: race against time. Environmental Sustainability (2019) 2:339”“342. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42398-019-00092-y. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
Autesserre, S. (2009). Hobbes and the Congo: Frames, Local Violence, and International Intervention, International Organization, 63(2), 249-280. doi:10.1017/S0020818309090080. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
Berger, B. (1974). ‘Forewod’ in Goffman, E. (ed.) Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. Boston: Northeastern University Press, i-viii.
Biermanna, F.; Kanieb, N. and Kim, R. E. (2017). Global governance by goal-setting: the novel approach of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 2017, 26-27:26-31. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2017.01.010.
Boulding, K. (1978). Stable Peace. Austin: University of Texas Press.
CDCS (2004). A new strategy for Social Cohesion European Committee for Social Cohesion: Revised strategy for Social Cohesion. Available at: [www.coe.int/t/dg3/socialpolicies/socialcohesiondev/source/RevisedStrategy_en.pdf]. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
Claggett-Borne, Elizabeth (2013), “Definitions of Peace and Reconciliation” in Malley-Morrison et al (2013) International Handbook of Peace and Reconciliation. New York: Springer.
Cunningham, Kathleen Gallagher (2016). Understanding fragmentation in conflict and its impact on prospects for peace. Oslo Forum Papers, 006, December.
Deffner, Veronika and Hoerning, Johanna (2011) “Fragmentation as a Threat to Social Cohesion? A Conceptual Review and an Empirical Approach to Brazilian Cities”, International RC21 Conference, Amsterdam, July 2011. Unpublished conference paper. www.rc21.org/conferences/amsterdam2011/edocs2/Session%2015/15-1-Deffner.pdf. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
Easterly, W. (2015). The SDGs Should Stand for Senseless, Dreamy, Garbled. Foreing Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/09/28/the-sdgs-are-utopian-and-worthless-mdgs-development-rise-of-the-rest/. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
Entman, R. M. (1993). ‘Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm’. Journal of Communication, 43: 51-58. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
Forrer, John, Timothy Fort and Raymond Gilpin. (2012). “How Business Can Foster Peace.” United States Institute of Peace Report. Washington DC: USIP.
Franklin, Alan B.; Noon, Barry R.; George, T. Luke (2002). “What is habitat fragmentation?”, Studies in Avian Biology, No. 25: 20-29.
Galtung, Johan (1969), “Violence, peace and peace research”, Journal of Peace Research, vol.6(3), pp.167-191.
Galtung, Johan (1971), “What is a Good Peace Proposal”, Security Dialogue, 2: 291-294.
Galtung, Johan (1990), “Violence and Peace” in Smoker et al (1990) A Reader in Peace Studies. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Goertz, G., Diehl, P. and Balas, A. (2016). The Puzzle of Peace: the Evolution of Peace in the International System. New York: Oxford University Press.
Hák, T; Janoušková, S. and Moldan, B. (2016). Sustainable Development Goals: A need for relevant indicators. Ecological Indicators, 60, 565-573. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.08.003. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
Jeon, H. (2005). Peacebuilding in Postconflict Societies: Strategy and Process. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Joachim, J. (2003). ‘Framing Issues and Seizing Opportunities: The UN, NGOs, and Women’s Rights. International Studies Quarterly, 47(2), 247-274. Retrieved February 1, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/3693544. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
Knaggård, Ã…. (2013). Framing the Problem: Knowledge Brokers in the Multiple Streams Approach. Paper presented at ECPR Joint Sessions of Workshops, 2013, Mainz, Germany. Retrieved from: https://lucris.lub.lu.se/ws/files/6403258/5337344.pdf. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
Kolk, An (2016). “The social responsibility of international business: From ethics and the environment to CSR and sustainable development.” Journal of World Business 51(1):23-34.
Kolk, Ans and Francois Lenfant (2017). “Hybrid Business Models for Peace and Reconciliation.” Business Horizons, forthcoming.
Larsen, Christian A. (2013). The Rise and Fall of Social Cohesion: The Construction and De-construction of Social Trust in the US, UK, Sweden and Denmark. Oxford University Press.
Larsen, Christian A. (2014). Social cohesion: definition, measurement and developments. www.un.org/esa/socdev/egms/docs/2014/LarsenDevelopmentinsocialcohesion.pdf. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
MacArthur, John W. (2014). “The Origins of the Millennium Development Goals”, SAIS Review, vol. XXXI,V no. 2 (summer/fall 2014).
Mac Ginty, Roger (2006). No War, No Peace: The Rejuvenation of Stalled Peace Processes and Peace Accords. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Miklian, Jason. (2017). “Mapping Business-Peace Interactions: Five Assertions for How Businesses Create Peace.” Business, Peace and Sustainable Development, forthcoming.
Moncrieffe, J. (2007). ‘Introduction. Labelling, Power and Accountability: How and Why ‘Our’ Categories Matter’ in Moncrieffe, J. and Eyben, R., The Power of Labelling: How People Are Categorized and Why it Matters. London: Earthscan, pp. 1-16.
Rein, M. & Schön, D. (1993). ‘Reframing Policy Discourse’ in Fischer, F. & Forester, J. (eds.), The Argumentative Turn in Policy Analysis and Planning. London: University College London Press, pp. 145-166.
Rettberg, Angelika (2016). “Need, Creed, and Greed: Understanding Why Business Leaders Focus on Issues of Peace.” Business Horizons 59(5):481-492.
Richmond, Oliver P. (2006a) “Patterns of Peace”, Global Society, 20: 4, 367-394.
Richmond, Oliver P. (2006b), “The problem of peace: understanding the 'liberal peace'”, Conflict, Security & Development, 6:3, 291-314.
Richmond, Oliver P. (2008) Peace in International Relations. Abingdon: Routledge.
Sachs, Jeffrey D (2012). From Millennium Development Goals to Sustainable Development Goals. Lancet 2012; 379: 2206”“11.
Sridhar, Devi (2016). Making the SDGs useful: a Herculean task. The Lancet: Comment. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31635-X. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
Stevens, C. and Kanie, N. (2016). The transformative potential of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). International Environment Agreements (2016) 16:393”“396. DOI: 10.1007/s10784-016-9324-y. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
UN (2000). The Millennium Development Goals. Department of Public Information.
UN (2015). Millennium Development Goals Report 2015. New York: United Nations Press. www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MD%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
UN (2016). Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 25 September 2015. http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/70/1&Lang=E. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
UN (2019). Sustainable Development Goal 16. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg16. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
UN Doc. A/RES/70/1. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 25 September 2015. Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/globalcompact/A_RES_70_1_E.pdf. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
UNDP (2005). The Millennium Development Goals Report 2005. New York: United Nations.
van Hulst, M. & Yanow, D. (2016). ‘From Policy 'Frames' to 'Framing': Theorizing a More Dynamic, Political Approach’. American Review of Public Administration, Vol. 46(1), 92-112. DOI: 10.1177/0275074014533142. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
Waage J, Banerji R, Campbell O, et al. (2010a) The Millennium Development Goals: a cross-sectoral analysis and principles for goal setting after 2015. Lancet, 376: 991”“1023.
Waage J, Banerji R, Campbell O, et al. (2010b) The Millennium Development Goals: a cross-sectoral analysis and principles for goal setting after 2015. Lancet, Comment; 376: 991”“1023.
Wallensteen, P. (2017). Quality Peace: Peacebuilding, Victory, and World Order. New York: Oxford University Press.
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Published
2020-06-26
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Vieira, Maurício. 2020. “Framing the Fragmentation of Peace: An Analysis of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)”. Meridiano 47 - Journal of Global Studies 21 (June). https://doi.org/10.20889/M47e21005.
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