Dragão de papel ou de grafite1? A modernização da indústria de defesa na China entre a dependência e a autonomia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20889/M47e19010Palavras-chave:
China, Modernização militar, Indústria de defesa, Inovação endógena, Planejamento de força, LogísticaResumo
O estabelecimento de metas para a modernização militar no Livro Branco de Defesa de 2006 consolidaria uma estratégia de planejamento de força com resultados de longo prazo que possibilitaria a vitória de guerras locais em condições informatizadas. A partir da combinação de políticas de uso dual de tecnologia civil-militar, emparelhamento tecnológico e a absorção de conhecimento estrangeiro por meio de empreendimentos conjuntos, a China pretende superar um regime baseado na imitação para consolidar uma indústria de defesa com inovação endógena. O artigo pretende analisar de que forma essa estratégia reformularia aspectos logísticos das forças armadas chinesas e promoveria o desenvolvimento de uma indústria militar que se tornaria a quinta maior do mundo.
Downloads
Referências
Bitzinger, Richard A. “Civil Military Integration and Chinese Military Modernization.” Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies 3, no. 9 (2004): 1-4.
____.; Raska, Michael. “Capacity for Innovation: Technological drivers of China’s Future Military Modernization.” In The Chinese People’s Liberation Army in 2025, editado por Roy Kamphausen e David Lai, 129-161. Carlisle: United States Army War College Press, 2015.
Blasko, Dennis J. The Chinese Army Today: Tradition and Transformation for the 21st Century. Londres: Routledge, 2012.
Chan, Stanley. “Fresh Perspectives on East Asia’s Future: The American Military Capability Gap.” Orbis, 41, no. 3 (1997): 385-400.
Cheung, Tai M. Fortifying China: the struggle to build a modern defense economy. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2008.
____. “The Chinese Defense Economy’s Long March from Imitation to Innovation.” Journal of Strategic Studies, 34, no. 3 (2011): 325-354.
____. “Innovation in China’s Defense Technology Base: Foreign Technology and Military Capabilities.” Journal of Strategic Studies, 39, no. 5-6 (2016): 728-761.
Christensen, Thomas J. The China Challenge: Shaping the Choices of a Rising Power. E-book. Nova Iorque: W. W. Norton & Company, 2015.
Clausewitz, Carl v. On War. Nova Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1989.
DD. Annual Report to Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China 2016. 26 abr. 2016. Disponível em: <https://www.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/2016%20China%20Military%20Power%20Report.pdf>.
Huang, Alexander C. “Transformation and refinement of Chinese military doctrine: reflection and critique on the PLA’s view.” In: Seeking truth from facts: a retrospective on Chinese military
studies in the post-Mao era, editado por James C. Mulvenon e Andrew N. D. Yang, 131-140. Santa Monica: Rand, 2001.
IISS. Military Balance 2007. Londres: International Institute for Strategic Studies, 2007.
____. Military Balance 2016. Londres: International Institute for Strategic Studies, 2016.
Jomoini, Antoine H. The Art of War. E-book, 1862.
Kress, Moshe. Operational logistics: the art and science of sustaining military operations. Nova Iorque: Springer Science+Business Media, 2012.
Markowski, Stefan; Hall, Peter; and Wylie, Robert. “Introduction.” In Defense Procurement and Industry Policy: A small country perspective, editado por Stefan Markowski, Peter Hall e Robert Wylie, 1-8. Nova Iorque: Routledge, 2010.
Ministério da Defesa Nacional da RPC. China’s National Defense in 2006. Pequim, 2006. Disponível em: <http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/book/194421.htm>.
_____. China’s National Defense in 2008. Pequim, 20 jan. 2009. Disponível em: <http://www.china.org.cn/government/whitepaper/node_7060059.htm>.
____. China’s National Defense in 2010. Pequim, 31 mar. 2011. Disponível em: <http://www.china.org.cn/government/whitepaper/2011-03/31/content_22263774.htm>.
____. The Diversified Employment of China’s Armed Forces. Pequim, 16 abr. 2013. Disponível em: <http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2013-04/16/c_132312681.htm>.
____. China’s Military Strategy. Pequim, 26 mai. 2015. Disponível em: <http://eng.mod.gov.cn/DefenseNews/2015-05/26/content_4586748.htm>.
Owens, Mackubin T. “Force Planning: The Crossroads of Strategy and the Political Process.” Orbis, 59, no. 3 (2015): 411-437.
Perlmutter, Amos and LEOGRANDE, William. M. “The Party in Uniform: Toward a Theory of Civil-Military Relations in Communist Political Systems.” The American Political Science Review, 76, no. 4 (1982): 778-789.
Rutner, Stephen M.; Aviles, Maria and Cox, Scott. “Logistics evolution: a comparison of military and commercial logistics thought.” The International Journal of Logistics Management, 23, no. 1
(2012): 96-118.
Shichor, Yitzhak. “Military-Civilian Integration in China: Legacy and Policy.” In Civil-Military Relations, Nation-Building, and National Identity, editado por Constantine P. Danopoulos, Dhirendra Vajpeyi e Amir Bar-or, 83-105. Londres: Praeger Publishers, 2004.
SIPRI. Military Expenditure Database. 2016. Disponível em: <https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex>.
_____. SIPRI Arms Transfers Database. Acessado em 9 jun. 2017. Disponível em: <https://www.sipri.org/databases/armstransfers>.
The World Bank. World Bank national accounts data. 2017. Disponível em: <http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?locations=CN>.
Trebat, Nicholas M.; Medeiros, Carlos A. “Modernização militar no processo técnico e na inovação industrial chinesa.” In: China em transformação: dimensões econômicas e geopolíticas do desenvolvimento, organizado por Marcos Antonio Macedo Cintra, Edison Benedito da Silva Filho, Eduardo Costa Pinto, 521-550. Rio de Janeiro: Ipea, 2015.
Tzu, Sun. The Art of War. Pax Librorum Publishing House, 2009.
Yoho, Keenan D.; Rietjens, Sebastiaan; Tatham, Peter. “Defence logistics: an important research field in need of researchers.” International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 43, no. 2 (2012): 80-96.
Zang, Xiaowei. Elite dualism and leadership selection in China. Londres: RoutledgeCurzon, 2004.
