Experiências da Bênção Divina, Raiva e Pecado no período da Pandemia: Experiências não ordinárias durante o Isolamento Social
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-6992-20243903e53575Palavras-chave:
experiências não ordinárias, experiências religiosas, experiências extraordinárias, covid-19.Resumo
Este artigo ilustra a complexidade das experiências não ordinárias vivenciadas durante a pandemia, destacando três relatos de diferentes tipos de experiências religiosas-espirituais: encontro com a bênção divina, raiva e pecado. O foco está em quatro relatos narrativos de experiências não ordinárias que foram enviadas por e-mail em resposta a um projeto de pesquisa mais amplo sobre experiências religiosas, espirituais e não ordinárias durante a pandemia de covid-19. Nas sessões seguintes, discute-se o impacto dessas experiências no bem-estar durante o período de isolamento social – algumas vezes de cunho positivo, atribuindo sentido para as pessoas enfrentarem o isolamento social e as adversidades trazidas pela pandemia; outras vezes, entretanto, de cunho negativo, gerando estresse e medo, geralmente agravados pelo silêncio dessas experiências. A discussão desses resultados, então, fundamenta-se em estudos de experiências religiosas norteadas por estudos acadêmicos em antropologia da religião e da espiritualidade. Antropólogos há muito compreendem as experiências não ordinárias e as interpretam conforme o contexto cultural, refletido no processo de busca de sentido.
Downloads
Referências
AMMERMAN, Nancy T. “Rethinking religion: Toward a practice approach”, American Journal of Sociology, 126: 6-51, 2020.
AMMERMAN, Nancy T. Studying lived religion: Contexts and practices. New York: New York University Press, 2021.
BOWIE, Fiona. “How to Study Religious Experience: Historical and Methodological reflections on the Study of the Paranormal”, in: The Study of Religious Experience: Approaches and Methodologies, ed. by SCHMIDT, B.E. (Org). Sheffield: Equinox, 2016, pp. 13-32.
BUSH, Nancy Evans and GREYSON, Bruce, “Distressing Near Death Experiences: The Basics,” in: The Science of Near-Death Experiences, ed. by HAGEN, John C. (Org). pp. 93-101, Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2017.
CASSOL, Helena, MARTIAL, Charlotte, ANNEN, Jitka, MARTENS, Geraldine, CHARLAND-VERVILLE, Vanessa, MAJERUS, Steve, and LAUREYS, Steven. “A Systematic Analysis of Distressing Near-Death Experience Accounts,” Memory 27, no. 8 pp. 1122-1129, 2019.
CHAN, David. “So why ask me? Are self-report data really that bad?”, in: Statistical and methodological myths and urban legends: Doctrine verity and fable in organisational social sciences, ed. by LANCE, E.C., and VANDERBERG, J. Robert (Org.). New York, London: Routledge, 2008, pp. 309-336.
CORRIGAN, J. Feeling Religion. Durham: Duke University Press, 2017.
DEIN, S. “Religion and Mental Health. Current Findings,” Royal College of Psychiatrists Special Interest Group Publication, pp. 1-5. 2013. https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/docs/default-source/members/sigs/spirituality-spsig/spirituality-special-interest-group-publications-simon-dein-religion-and-mental-health-current-findings.pdf?sfvrsn=75384061_2, downloaded 10 July 2018
EDELMAN, J., VINCENT, A., KOLATA, P., O‘KEEFFEE, E. “British Ritual Innovation under COVID-19”, The final report of the project Social Distance, Digital Congregation: British Ritual Innovation Under COVID-19 (BRIC-19), funded by UK Research and Innovation through the Arts and Humanities Research Council (grant number AH/V008730/1). A joint research project of the Manchester Metropolitan University and the University of Chester (2021). https://bric19.mmu.ac.uk
FRYMANN, T., WHITNEY, S., YADEN, D.B., LIPSON, J. “The Psychedelic Integration Scales: Tools for Measuring Psychedelic Integration Behaviors and Experiences”. Frontiers in Psychology 13:863247 (2022). doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.863247
GAJANIGO, Paulo and SOUZA, Rodrigo. “A pandemia e o ordinário: apontamentos sobre a afinidade entre experiência pandêmica e registros cotidianos”. Revista Sociedade e Estado Vol. 36 (1): 37-60, 2021. doi: 10.1590/s0102-6992-202136010003.
GLASS-COFFIN, B. “Belief Is Not Experience: Transformation as a Tool for Bridging the Ontological Divide in Anthropological Research and Reporting”. International Journal of Transpersonal Studies Vol. 32: 117-126, 2013.
GREYSON, Bruce, and BUSH, Nancy Evans. “Distressing Near Death Experiences,” Psychiatry 55, pp.95-110, 1992.
GREYSON, Bruce and Nancy Evans BUSH, “Distressing Near Death Experiences,” in BAILEY, L.W. and YATES, J. (org)., Near Death Experiences: A Reader, London: Routledge, 1996.
GREYSON, B. (2014). “Near-death experiences”, in CARDEÑA, E.,. LYNN, S.J. & S. KRIPPNER (Org.), Varieties of anomalous experience: Examining the scientific evidence (2nd edn., pp. 333–368). American Psychological Association.
GRIFFITHS, R.R., RICHARDS, W.A., MCCANN, U., JESSE, R. “Psilocybin can occasion mystical-type experiences having substantial and sustained personal meaning and spiritual significance”. Psychopharmacology 187:268–283, (2006). DOI 10.1007/s00213-006-0457-5.
HARDY, Alister. The Spiritual Nature of Man: A Study of Contemporary Religious Experience. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979.
HAY, D. Religious Experience Today: Studying the facts. London: Mowbray, 1990.
KAPFERER, B. “Introduction: Outside All Reason—Magic, Sorcery and Epistemology in Anthropology”, Social Analysis Vol. 46: 1-30, 2002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3167/015597702782409310.
KÄSEHAGE, N. (ed.), Religious Fundamentalism in the Age of Pandemic. Bielefeld: transcript, 2021.
KLASS, M. Ordered Universes: Approaches to the Anthropology of Religion. Boulder: Westview, 1995.
KNIGHT, H. ‘The contribution of the study of religious experience to spiritual care in the health service’, Alister Hardy Religious Experience Research Centre Second Series Occasional Papers, 47. Lampeter: RERC, 2006.
LAMBEK, M. “Provincializing God? Provocations from an Anthropology of Religion”, in H. DE VRIES (org.), Religion: Beyond a Concept. New York: Fordham University Press, 2008, pp. 120–38.
LUKOF, D. “The diagnosis of mystical experiences with psychotic features”. Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 17, 155–181. 1985. https://www.atpweb.org/jtparchive/trps-17-85-02-155.pdf
MARALDI, E.O., TAVES, A., MOLL, J. et al. “Nonordinary Experiences, Well-being and Mental Health: A Systematic Review of the Evidence and Recommendations for Future Research”. Journal of Religion and Health, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-023-01875-8
MARALDI, E., & O., & KRIPPNER, S. “Cross-cultural research on anomalous experiences: Theoretical issues and methodological challenges”. Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice, 6(3), 306–319. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1037/cns0000188
MARTIAL, C. et al. “The Near-Death Experience Content (NDE-C) scale: Development and psychometric validation”. Consciousness and Cognition 86: 103049. (2020)
MCCUTCHEON, Russell T. “Introduction”, in: Religious Experience: A Reader, ed. by Craig MARTIN and Russell T. MCCUTCHEON (org). Sheffield: Equinox, 2012, pp.685-688.
MEYER, B. ‘Dossier Corona’, Religious Matters in an Entangled World research project, 21 April 2020, https://religiousmatters.nl/dossier-corona/.
ORSI, R. History and Presence. Harvard: Harvard University Press, 2016.
OTTO, Rudolf. The Idea of the Holy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1936 [1917].
PAGLIAROLI, J. “Kodak Catholicism: Miraculous Photography and its Significance at a Post¬ Conciliar Marian Apparition Site in Canada”. Historical Studies, 70, 71-93, 2004.
PARGAMENT, K.I. The Psychology of Religion and Coping: Theory, Research, Practice. New York: Guilford, 1997.
PARGAMENT, K.I. Spiritually Integrated Psychotherapy: Understanding and Addressing the Sacred. New York: Guilford, 2007.
PARGAMENT, K.I. “Religion and Coping: The Current State of Knowledge”, in FOLKMAN, S. (org), Oxford Handbook of Stress, Health, and Coping, pp. 268-288, New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
RICHTER, C. ‘Integration of Negativity, Powerlessness and the Role of the Mediopassive: Resilience Factors and Mechanisms in the Perspective of Religion and Spirituality’, Interdisciplinary Journal for Religion and Transformation in Contemporary Society, vol. 7, no. 2, 2021, pp. 491-513.
RODRÍGUEZ, I. ‘Historical Reconstruction and Cultural Identity Building as a Local Pathway to ‘Living Well’ among the Pemon of Venezuela’, in WHITE, S.C. (org), Cultures of Wellbeing: Method, Place, Policy, , pp. 260-280 Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
SCHMIDT, B. E., ‘Narratives of Spirituality and Wellbeing: Cultural Differences and Similarities between Brazil and the UK’, in SCHMIDT, B.E. and LEONARDI, J. (org) Spirituality and Wellbeing: Interdisciplinary Approaches to the Study of Religious Experience and Health, pp. 137-157, Sheffield: Equinox, 2020.
SCHMIDT, B. E. Mediumship as Ordinary Experience: An anthropological discussion of ordinary vs non-ordinary – What is the difference? Journal for the Study of Religious Experience, Vol. 7.3, 2020, pp. 137-154.
SCHMIDT, B. E., STOCKLY, K. J. The silence around non-ordinary experiences during the pandemic. Alternative Spirituality and Religion Review, Vol. 13 (1) 2021, pp. 1-21. DOI 10.5840/asrr20226889
SCHMIDT, B. E., STOCKLY, K. J. “The Fruits of Spiritual Experiences during the Pandemic: Covid-19 and the Effects of Non-ordinary Experiences”. Interdisciplinary Journal for Religion and Transformation in Contemporary Society (pre-published online, 2023). DOI: https://doi.org/10.30965/23642807-bja10079
SHANAFELT, R. “Magic, miracle, and marvels in anthropology”. Ethnos Vol. 69, 3, 2004, 317-340. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0014184042000260017
SHARF, R.H. “Experience”, in: M. TAYLOR (ed.), Critical Terms for Religious Studies, pp. 94-116. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1998.
SHATTUCK, E.C. and MUEHLENBEIN, M.P. ‘Religiosity/Spirituality and Physiological Markers of Health’, Journal of Religion and Health, vol. 59, 2020, pp.1035–1054.
TAVES, A. & BARLEV, M. “A feature-based approach to the comparative study of “nonordinary” experiences”. American Psychologist, 78(1), 2022, 50–61. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000990.
TURNER, E., “The Reality of Spirits: A Tabooed or Permitted Field of Study”, Anthropology of Consciousness 4(1), 1993, 9-12.
TURNER, E. Heart of Lightness. Oxford: Berghahn, 2005.
WELWOOD, J. Toward a Psychology of Awakening: Buddhism, Psychotherapy, and the Path of Personal and Spiritual Transformation. Shambhala, 2000.
WHITE, S.C. ‘Introduction: The Many Faces of Wellbeing’, in WHITE, S.C. (org), Cultures of Wellbeing: Method, Place, Policy, pp. 1-44 Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2024 Sociedade e Estado
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
