Definição de Experiência Fora do Corpo a partir de Relatos de Experiências Similares
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102.3772e35421Palabras clave:
Experiência fora do corpo, Psicologia anomalística, Experiências anômalas, Fenomenologia, Merleau-PontyResumen
Diversas abordagens foram utilizadas para entender as Experiências Fora do Corpo (EFC), contudo, não há consenso sobre sua etiologia, definição e características constitutivas. Este artigo buscou comparar definições de EFC com experiências semelhantes, não consideradas como EFC por seus protagonistas. Treze participantes narraram experiências durante entrevistas semiestruturadas, as quais foram submetidas à análise de conteúdo. Três participantes descreveram experiências que se enquadram a três categorias de EFCs distintas. O não reconhecimento da experiência como EFC esteve relacionado à atribuição de causalidade e crenças paranormais e religiosas. Tais dados sugerem a necessidade de separação entre a definição da experiência e sua atribuição de causalidade, bem como uma abordagem multietiológica e fenomenológica no estudo de EFC.
Descargas
Citas
Alvarado, C. S. (1989). Trends in the study of out-of-body experiences: An overview of developments since the nineteenth century. Journal of Scientific Exploration, 3(1), 27-42.
Alvarado, C. S. (2000). Out-of-body experiences. In E. Cardeña, S. J. Lynn, & S. Krippner (Org.), Varieties of anomalous experience: Examining the scientific evidence (pp. 183-218). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Alvarado, C. S. (2016). Out-of-body experiences during physical activity: Report of four new cases. Journal of the Society for Psychical Research, 80, 1-12.
Blackmore, S. J. (1982). Beyond the body: An investigation of out-of-the-body experiences. London: Heinemann.
Blackmore, S. J. (1984a). A psychological theory of the out-of-body experience. Journal of Parapsychology, 48, 201-218.
Blackmore, S. J. (1984b). A postal survey of OBEs and other experiences. Journal of the Society for Psychical Research , 52(796), 225-244.
Blackmore, S. J. (1986). Spontaneous and deliberate OBEs: A questionnaire survey.Journal of the Society for Psychical Research , 53, 218-224.
Blackmore, S. J. (1987). Where am I? Perspectives in imagery and the out-of- body experience. Journal of Mental Imagery, 11, 53-66.
Blanke, O., & Arzy, S. (2005). The out-of-body experience: Disturbed self- processing at the temporo-parietal junction. Neuroscientist, 11(1), 16-24.
Blanke, O., Landis, T., Spinelli, L., & Seeck, M. (2004). Out-of-body experience and autoscopy of neurological origin. Brain, 127(2), 243-258.
Blanke, O., Ortigue, S., Landis, T., & Seeck, M. (2002). Stimulating illusory own-body perceptions. Nature, 419(6904), 269-270.
Bozzano, E. (1911). Considerations et hypothèse sur les phénomènes de bilocation. Annales des Sciences Psychiques, 21, 65-72, 109-116, 143-154 e 166-172.
Cardeña, E., Lynn, S. J., & Krippner, S. (2000). Varieties of anomalous experience: Examining the scientific evidence . Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
Creswell, J. W. (2012). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among the five traditions (3a ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
De Ridder, D., Van Laere, K., Dupont, P., Menovsky, T., & Van De Heyning P. (2007). Visualizing out-of-body experience in the brain. New England Journal of Medicine, 357(18), 1829-1833.
Ehrsson, H. H. (2007). The experimental induction of out-of-body experiences. Science, 317(5841), 1048.
Freitas, M. H., Araújo, R. C., Franca, F. S. L., Pereira, O. P., & Martins, F. (2012). Os sentidos do sentido: Uma leitura fenomenológica. Revista da Abordagem Gestáltica, 18(2), 144-154.
Gabbard, G. O., & Twemlow, A. W. (1984). With the eyes of the mind: An empirical analysis of out-of-body states. New York: Praeger Scientific.
Green, C.E. (1966). Spontaneous ‘paranormal’ experiences in relation to sex and academic background. Journal of the Society for Psychical Research , 43, 357-363.
Haraldsson, E., Gudmundsdottir, A., Ragnarsson, A., Loftsson, J., & Jonsson, S. (1977). National survey of psychical experiences and attitudes towards the paranormal in Iceland. In J. D. Morris, W. G. Roll, & R. L. Morris (Eds.), Research in Parapsychology (182-186). Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press.
Hart, H. (1954). ESP projection: Spontaneous cases and the experimental method. Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, 48, 121-146.
Holt, N. J., Simmonds-Moore, C., Luke, D., & French, C. C. (2012). Anomalistic Psychology. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Irwin, H. J. (1985). Flight of mind: A psychological study of the out-of-body experience. Metuchen, New Jersey: The Scarecrow Press.
Irwin, H. J., Dagnall, N., & Drinkwater, K. (2013). Parapsychological experiences as anomalous experience plus paranormal attribution: A questionnaire based on a new approach to measurement. Journal of Parapsychology , 77, 39-53.
Kohr, R. L. (1980). A survey of psi experiences among members of a special population. Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research , 74, 395-411.
LaBerge, S., Levitan, L., Brylowski, A., & Dement, W. (1988). “Out-of-body” experiences occurring during REM sleep. Sleep Research, 17(115).
LaBerge, S., Nagel, L., Dement, W. C., & Zarcone, V. (1981). Lucid dream verified by volitional communication during REM sleep. Perceptual & Motor Skills, 52, 727-32.
Levitan, L., LaBerge, S., DeGarcia, D. J., & Zimbardo, P. G. (1999). Out-of-body experiences, dreams, and REM sleep. Sleep and Hypnosis, 1(3), 186-96.
Maraldi, E. O., Zangari, W., & Machado, F. R. (2011). A Psicologia das crenças paranormais: uma revisão crítica. Boletim - Academia Paulista de Psicologia, 31, 394-421.
Machado, F. R. (2009). Experiências anômalas na vida cotidiana: Experiências extra-sensório- motoras e sua associação com crenças, atitudes e bem-estar subjetivo (Tese de Doutorado). Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
Machado, F. R. (2010). Experiências anômalas (extra-sensório-motoras) na vida cotidiana e sua associação com crenças, atitudes e bem-estar subjetivo. Boletim - Academia Paulista de Psicologia , 30, 462-483.
Merleau-Ponty, M. (2006). Fenomenologia da percepção (3. ed., trad. Moura, C. A. R.). São Paulo: Editora Martins Fontes.
Mota-Rolim, S. A., & Araujo, J. F. (2013). Neurobiology and clinical implications of lucid dreaming. Medical Hypothesis 81, 751-756.
Mota-Rolim, S. A., Targino, Z. H., Souza, B. C., Blanco, W., Araujo, J. F., & Ribeiro, S. (2013). Dream characteristics in a Brazilian sample: an online survey focusing on lucid dreaming. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7(836).
Moustakas, C. (1994). Phenomenological research methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Myers, F. W. H. (1903). Human personality and its survival of bodily death (2 Vols.). London: Longmans, Green.
Neppe, V. M. (1989). Near-death experiences: A new challenge in Temporal Lobe phenomenology? Comments on “A neurobiological model for near-death experiences”. Journal of Near-Death Studies, 7(4), 243-8.
Neppe, V. M. (2011). Models of the out-of-body experience: A new multi-etiological phenomenological approach. NeuroQuantology, 9(1), 72-83.
Osis, K. (1973). Perspectives for out of body research. In W. G.Roll (Ed.), Research in Parapsychology . Metuchen, NJ, Scarecrow Press.
Osis, K. (1979). Insider’s view of the OBE: A questionnaire study. In W. G. Roll (Ed.), Research in parapsychology (pp. 50-52). Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press.
Palmer, J. (1978). The out-of-body experience: A psychological theory. Parapsychology Review, [S.l.], 9(5), 19-22.
Palmer, J. (1979). A community mail survey of psychic experiences. Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research , 73, 221-251.
Palmer, J., & Lieberman, R. (1975). The influence of psychological set on ESP and out-of-body experiences. Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research , 69, 193-214.
Palmer, J., & Lieberman, R. (1976). ESP and out-of-body experiences: A further study. In J. D. Morris, W. G. Roll, & R. L. Morris (Ed.), Research in parapsychology (pp. 102-106). Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press .
Palmer, J., & Vassar, C. (1974). ESP and out-of-the-body experiences: An exploratory study. Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research , 68, 257-80.
Patton, M. Q. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods. Newbury Park: Sage.
Persinger, M. A. (1989). Invited address. InResearch in Parapsychology. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press .
Sadala, M. L. A. (2004). A fenomenologia como método para investigar a experiência vivida: uma perspectiva do pensamento de Husserl e de Merleau-Ponty. Anais do Seminário Internacional de Pesquisa e Estudos Qualitativos, 2, cd- rom.
Sá, J. F. R., & Mota-Rolim, S. A. (2015). Experiências fora do corpo: Aspectos históricos e neurocientíficos. Ciências & Cognição, 20(1), 189-198.
Tart, C. T. (1968). A psychophysiological study of out-of-body experiences in a selected subject. Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research , 62, 3-27.
Tart, C. T. (1972). States of Consciousness and State-Specific Sciences. Science, [S.l.], 176, 1203-1210.
Tart, C. T. (1976). A second psychophysiological study of out-of-body experiences in a gifted subject. Journal of Parapsychology , 9, 251-258.
Tressoldi, P. E., Pederzoli, L., Caini, P., Ferrini, A., Melloni, S., Richeldi, D., ... Trabucco, A. (2014). Out of body experience induced by hypnotic suggestion. Part 1: Phenomenology and perceptual characteristics.SSRN Electronic Journal. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.2443719
Twemlow, S. W., Gabbard, G. O., & Jones, F. C. (1982). The out-of-body experiences: A phenomenological typology based on questionnaire responses. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 450-455.
Vasconcellos, T. S., & Trócoli, B. T. (2004). Crenças no paranormal e estilos de pensamento racional versus experiencial. Psico-USF, 9(2), 155-164.
Veríssimo, D. S., & Furlan, R. (2007). Entre a filosofia e a ciência: Merleau-Ponty e a psicologia. Paideia, 17(38), 331-342.
Whiteman J. H. M. (1980). Separative experience. Psi, 2(1), 1-4.
Whiteman, J. H. M. (2006). Old and new evidence on the meaning of life (Vol. 3). Gerrards Cross: Colin Smythe.
Zangari, W., & Machado, F. R. (2001). Incidência e relevância social de experiências Psi de estudantes universitários brasileiros. Revista Virtual de PesquisaPsi . Recuperado de http://www.espiritualidades.com.br/Artigos/ Z_autores/ZANGARI_Wellington_e_MACHADO_Fatima_Regina_tit_Incidencia_e_Relevancia_Social_das_Experiencias_Psi _de_Estudantes_Universitarios_Brasileiros.htm
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2019 Gabriel Teixeira de Medeiros, Fernando de Almeida Silveira
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.