Stereotypes of Intimate Partner Violence
Do Sex and Sexual Orientation Matter?
Palabras clave:
Intimate partner violence, Stereotyped attitudes, Male female relations, Male homosexuality, Female homosexuality, MexicoResumen
This study analyzed stereotypes on intimate partner violence (IPV) of heterosexual and same-sex couples. The participants, 232 Mexican college students, evaluated physical and psychological IPV exerted by men and women with different sexual orientations. The data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon test. The results indicate that men evaluated women and gay men as having a similar IPV, while men´s perceptions of IPV for these groups were higher than those of women. Women viewed heterosexual men as the most violent and evaluated the other groups with different degrees of IPV. Physical violence is regarded as natural in men, both gay and heterosexual. To conclude, the results suggest that IPV stereotypes are affected by the sex of the evaluators and by their sexual orientation. It is relevant to expand the scope of prevention programs.
Keywords: intimate partner violence, stereotyped attitudes, male female relations, male homosexuality, female homosexuality, Mexico
Descargas
Citas
Agoff, C., Rajsbaum, A., & Herrera, C. (2006). Perspectivas de las
mujeres maltratadas sobre la violencia de pareja en México.
Salud Pública de México, 48(2), 307-314.
Altable, C. (1998). Penélope y las trampas del amor (2nd ed.).
Madrid, Spain: NUA Libres.
Altable, C. (2005). Modelos amorosos que matan. Eliminar
obstáculos para alcanzar la igualdad. Fundación Isonomía
Universitat Jaume I, 1(12), 157-165.
Amoros, C. (1994). Espacio público, espacio privado y definiciones
ideológicas de lo masculino y lo femenino. In C. Amoros
(Ed.), Feminismo, igualdad y diferencia (pp. 23-52). Ciudad
del México: UNAM, PUEG.
Aronson, J., Fried, C. B., & Good, C. (2002). Reducing the effects
of stereotype threat on African American college students by
shaping theories of intelligence. Journal of Experimental Social
Psychology, 38(2), 113-125. doi; http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/
jesp.2001.1491
Asamblea Legislativa del Distrito Federal. (2010). Aprueba
ALDF ley de gestación subrogada en el DF. Retrieved from
http://www.aldf.gob.mx/comsoc-aprueba-aldf-ley-gestacionsubrogada-
df--6818.html
Barnett, B. (2006). Medea in the media: Narrative and myth
in newspaper coverage of women who kill their children.
Journalism, 7(4), 411”“432. doi: 10.1177/1464884906068360
Baron, R., & Byrne, D. (2005). Psicología Social. Madrid: Pearson
Education and Prentice Hall.
Beiras, A., & Cantera, L. (2012) Narrativas personales, construcción
de masculinidades ”“ aportaciones para la atención psicosocial
a hombres autores de violencia. Psico, 43(2), 251-259.
Beiras, A., & Cantera, L. M. (2014). Feminismo pós-estruturalista
e masculinidades: Contribuições para a intervenção com
homens autores de violência contra mulheres. In E. A. Blay
(Ed.), Feminismos e masculinidades. Novos caminhos para
enfrentar a violência contra a mulher (pp.29-43). São Paulo:
Cultura Acadêmica.
Blay, E. A. (2014). Feminismos e masculinidades. Novos caminhos
para enfrentar a violência contra a mulher. São Paulo: Cultura
Acadêmica.
Bodenhausen, G. V. (2005). The role of stereotypes in decisionmaking
processes. Medical Decision Making, 25(1),112-118.
doi: 10.1177/0272989X04273800
Bonino, L. (2004). Las microviolencias y sus efectos: Claves para su
detección. In C. Ruíz-Jarabo & P. Blanco (Eds.), La violencia
contra las mujeres. Prevención y detección, cómo promover
desde los servicios sanitarios relaciones autónomas, solidarias
y gozosas (pp. 83-100). Madrid: Dimas de Santos.
Bui, H., & Morash, M. (2008). Immigration, masculinity, and intimate
partner violence from the standpoint of domestic violence
service providers and Vietnamese-origin women. Feminist
Criminology, 3(3), 191-215. doi: 10.1177/1557085108321500
Cantera-Espinosa, L. M. (2004a). Violencia en la pareja: Espejo del
atropello, deconstrucción del amor. In L. M. Cantera-Espinosa
(Ed.), La violencia a casa (pp. 113-140). Barcelona, Spain:
Fundación Caixa Sabadell.
Cantera-Espinosa, L. M. (2004b). Más allá del género, nuevos
enfoques de “nuevas” dimensiones y direcciones de la
violencia en la pareja (Doctoral dissertation, Universidad
Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain). Retrieved from
http://www.tesisenred.net/TDX-1010105-171441
Castro, R., Casique, I., & Bridis, C. (2008). Empowerment and
physical violence throughout women’s reproductive life
in Mexico. Violence Against Women, 14(6), 655-677. doi:
1177/1077801208319102.
Castro, R., Peek-Asa, C., García, L., Ruíz, A., & Kraus, J. F. (2003).
Risks for abuse against pregnant Hispanic women: Morelos,
Mexico and Los Angeles County, California. American Journal
of Preventive Medicine, 25(4), 325-332.
Diekman, A. B., & Eagly, A. H. (2000). Stereotypes as dynamic
constructs: Women and men of the past, present, and future.
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 1171-1188.
doi: 10.1177/0146167200262001
Dill, K. E., & Thill, K. P. (2007). Video game characters and the
socialization of gender roles: Young people’s perceptions
mirror sexist media depictions. Sex Roles, 57(11-12), 851-864.
doi: 10.1007/s11199-007-9278-1
Flood, M. (2011). Involving men in efforts to end violence
against women. Men and Masculinities, 14(3), 358-377. doi:
1177/1097184X10363995
Gaceta Oficial del Distrito Federal. (2007). Decimaseptima época,
Retrieved from http://www.inmujer.df.gob.mx/work/sites/
inmujeres/resources/LocalContent/20/3/ gaceta70_decreto.pdf
Gaceta Oficial del Distrito Federal. (2009). Reformas al código civil.
Retrieved from https://anad1991.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/
parcial-gaceta-oficial-df-29-dic-2009-decreto-reformascodigo-
civil.pdf
Gómez A. M., & Speizer I. S. (2009). Intersections between
childhood abuse and adult intimate partner violence among
ecuadorian women. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 13(4),
-566. doi: 10.1007/s10995-008-0387-4.
Gonzalez, B. (2006). Hacia la igualdad entre hombres y mujeres.
Primera parte. Cambios, límites y problemas hoy. Pensamiento
Crítico. Retrieved from http://www.pensamientocritico.org /
bel-gon0306.html
Good, C., Aronson, J., & Inzlicht, M. (2003). Improving adolescent’s
standardized test performance: An intervention to reduce the
effects of stereotype threat. Journal of Applied Developmental
Psychology, 24(6), 654-662. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2003.09.002
Hamel, J. (2007). Domestic violence: A gender-inclusive conception.
In J. Hamel & T. L. Nicholls (Ed.), Family interventions in
domestic violence: A handbook of gender-inclusive theory
and treatment (pp. 3-26). New York, NY: Springer Publisher.
Hilton, J. L., & Hippel, W. V. (1996). Stereotypes. Annual Review
of Psychology, 47. Retrieved from http://www.questia.com/
googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=AFB4A3BD00A48D60218EB
B442778F.inst3_3b?docId=5000321907
Hunnicutt, G. (2009). Varieties of patriarchy and violence
against women. resurrecting “patriarchy” as a theoretical
t o o l . Violence Against Women,15(5), 553-573.
doi:10.1177/1077801208331246
Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática (n.d.).
Demografía y población. Retrieved from http://www.inegi.org.
mx/Sistemas/temasV2/ Default.aspx?s=est&c=17484
Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática. (2000).
Los jóvenes en México. México: Author.
Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática. (2003a).
Encuesta nacional sobre la dinámica de las relaciones
en los hogares. Retrieved from http://www.inegi.org.mx/
est/ contenidos/espanol/metodologias/encuestas/hogares/
dm_endireh03.pdf
Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática. (2003b).
Sistemas nacionales estadísticos y de información geográfica.
México: Author.
Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática. (2005).
II conteo de población y vivienda. México. Retrieved from
http://www.inegi.org.mx/prod_serv/contenidos/ espanol/
bvinegi/productos/geografia/publicaciones/delimex05/
DZMM_2005_0.pdf
Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática. (2006).
Encuesta nacional sobre la dinámica de las relaciones
en los hogares. Retrieved from http://www.inegi.org.mx/
est/ contenidos/espanol/sistemas/endireh/2006/default.
asp?c=11230
Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática. (2007).
México en corto. Retrieved from http://www.inegi.gob.mx/
inegi/contenidos/espanol/prensa/Contenidos/estadisticas/
/matrimonios07.pdf
Izquierdo, M. J. (2001). Sin vuelta de hoja: Sexismo, placer y
trabajo. Barcelona, Spain: Bellaterra.
Krueger, J. I., Hasman, J. F., Acevedo, M., & Villano, P. (2003).
Perceptions of Trait Typicality in Gender Stereotypes:
Examining the Role of Attribution and Categorization
Processes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(1),
-116. doi: 10.1177/0146167202238376
Krug, E., Dahlberg, L., Mercy, j., Zwi, A., & Lozano, R. (2003).
Informe mundial sobre la violencia y la salud. Organización
Mundial de la Salud. Retrieved from http://whqlibdoc.who.
int/publications/2002/9275324220_spa.pdf
Lee, Y. S., & Hadeed, L. (2009). Intimate partner violence among
Asian immigrant communities. Trauma, Violence, and Abuse,
(2), 143-170. doi: 10.1177/1524838009334130
Lindhorst, T., & Tajima, E. (2008). Reconceptualizing and
operationalizing context in survey research on intimate partner
violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 23(3), 362-388.
doi: 10.1177/0886260507312293
Mason, C. L., Kahle, J. B., & Gardner, A. L. (1991). Drawa-
scientist test: Future implications. School Science and
Mathematics, 91(5), 193-198.
McHugh, M. C., & Frieze, I. H. (2006). Intimate partner violence:
New directions. Annals of the New York Academy of Science,
, 121-141. doi: 10.1196/annals.1385.011
McHugh, M. C., Livingstone, N., & Frieze, I. H. (2008). Intimate
partner violence: Perspectives on research and intervention. In
F. L. Denmark & M. A. Paludi (Ed.), Psychology of women: A
handbook of issues and theories, (pp. 555-589). Westpor, US:
Praeger Publishers.
Meza-de-Luna, M. E. & Cantera, L. M. (2008). Relaciones de
poder en eventos conflictivos en parejas. In E. García and
J. López (Eds.), Actas de la conferencia Iberoamericana de
investigación cualitativa 1, 175-187. Retrieved from http://
cehum.uab.es/docs/ActasIberacual2008.pdf
Meza-de-Luna, M. E. (2010). Estereotipos de Violencia en el
conflicto de pareja. Construcciones y prácticas en una
comunidad mexicana (Doctoral thesis, Universidad Autónoma
de Barcelona, España). Retrieved from http://www.tdx.cat/
TDX-0322111-154925
Nunnally, S.C. (2009). Racial homogenization and stereotypes:
Black American college students’ stereotypes about racial
groups. Journal of Black Studies, 40(2), 252-265.
Okoye, U., & Obikeze, D. (2005). Stereotypes and perceptions of
the elderly by the youth in Nigeria: Implications for social
policy. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 24(5), 439-452. doi:
1177/0733464805278648
Ortega-Ceballos P. A., Mudgal, J., Flores, I., Rivera-Rivera, L.,
Díaz-Montiel, J.C., & Salmerón, J. (2007). Determinantes de
violencia de pareja en trabajadoras del IMSS Morelos. Salud
Pública de México,49(5), 357-366. Retrieved from http://
redalyc.uaemex.mx/redalyc/ html/106/10649506/10649506.
html
Plous, S., & Williams, T. (1995). Racial stereotypes from the days
of American slavery: A continuing legacy. Journal of Applied
Social Psychology, 25(9),795-817.
Quelopana, A. M., Champion, J. D., & Salazar, B. C. (2008).
Health behavior in Mexican pregnant women with a history of
violence. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 30(8),1005-
doi:10.1177/0193945908320464.
Ramírez -Rodriguez, J.C. (2006). Male violence against heterosexual
partners: Facts and challenges. Review of Mexican literature.
Salud Pública de México, 48(2), s315-s327.
Regan, K. V., Bartholomew, K., Kwong, M. J., Trinke, S. J., &
Henderson, A. J. (2006). The relative severity of acts of
physical violence in heterosexual relationships: An item
response theory analysis. Personal Relationships. 13(1), 37-52.
doi: 10.1111/j.1475-6811.2006.00103.x
Rivera-Rivera, L., Lazcano-Ponce, E., Salmerón-Castro, J., Salazar-
Martínez, E., Castro, R., & Hernández-Avila, M. (2004).
Prevalence and determinants of male partner violence against
Mexican women: A population based study. Salud Pública
de México, 46(2), 113-122. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/
S0036-36342004000200005
Sánchez-Jiménez, B., Hernández-Trejo, M., & Lartigue-Becerra, T.
(2008). Violencia conyugal y depresión durante el embarazo.
Salud Pública de México, 50(5), 353-354. doi: http://dx.doi.
org/10.1590/S0036-36342008000500004
Saunders, D. (1988). Wife abuse, husband abuse, or mutual combat?:
A feminist perspective on the empirical. In K. Yllo & M.
Bograd (Eds.), Feminist perspectives on wife abuse (pp. 90-
. Newbory Park, California: Sage Publications.
Schultz, K. (2006). Gender beliefs and the meaning of work among
Okinawan women. Gender and Society, 20(3),382-401. doi:
1177/0891243206286727
Seelau, S. M., & Seelau, E. P. (2005). Gender-role stereotypes and
perceptions of heterosexual, gay and lesbian domestic violence.
Journal of Family Violence, 20(6), 363-371. doi: 10.1007/
s10896-005-7798-4
Spencer, S. J., Steele, C. M., & Quinn, D. M. (1999). Stereotype
threat and women’s math performance. Journal of Experimental
Social Psychology, 35(1), 4-28.
Steinmetz, S.K. (1977). The battered husband syndrome.
Victimiology, 2(3-4), 499-509.
Straus, M. (1979). Measuring intrafamily conflict and violence:
The conflict tactics (CT) scales. Journal of Marriage and the
Family, 41(1), 75-88.
Tellez, M. (2008). Community of struggle: Gender, violence, and
resistance on the US/Mexico border. Gender and Society, 22(5),
-567. doi: 10.1177/0891243208321020
Toneli, M. J. F., Lago, M. C. S., Beiras, A., & Clímaco, D. A.
(2010). Atendimento a homens autores de violência contra
as mulheres: Experiências latino americanas. Florianópolis:
UFSC/CFH/NUPPE.
