Efeitos Comportamentais e Imunológicos da Fluoxetina em Ratos Submetidos ao Nado Forçado
Palabras clave:
Ciências Humanas/Psicologia/Psicobiologia, Imunomodulação, Massa corporal, Nado forçado, FluoxetinaResumen
Evidências sugerem que a depressão envolve alterações imunológicas. No presente trabalho, os efeitos comportamentais e imunomoduladores de um antidepressivo, a fluoxetina, são avaliados num modelo animal de depressão, o nado forçado. Nesse modelo, o comportamento de flutuar é usado como índice de desespero comportamental. Ratos foram tratados por 12 dias com fluoxetina (10mg/kg) três vezes ao dia ou com salina; e, nos mesmos dias, foram submetidos a sessões de nado forçado. Adicionalmente, a resposta imune humoral a uma imunoestimulação foi avaliada. Os animais tratados com fluoxetina apresentaram menor produção total de anticorpos e queda de massa corporal, além de passarem mais tempo flutuando. Os resultados sugerem que o desespero comportamental e a produção de anticorpos são simultaneamente atenuados pela fluoxetina.
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Abbas, A. K., Lichtman, A. H., & Pillai, S. (2012). Imunologia celular e molecular (7ª ed.). Rio de Janeiro, RJ: Elsevier.
Alperina, E. L., Kulikov, A. V., Popova, N. K., & Idova, G. V. (2007). Immune response in mice of a new strain ASC (Antidepressants Sensitive Catalepsy). Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 144, 221-223. doi: 10.1007/s10517-007-0294-5
Altenburg, A. S. P., Ventura, d. G., Da-Silva, V. A., Malheirosa, L. R., Castro-Faria-Neto, H. C., Bozza, P. T., & Teixeira, N. A. (2002). The role of forced swim test on neutrophil leukocytosis observed during inflammation induced by LPS in rodents. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 26, 891”“ 895. doi: org/10.1016/S0278-5846(01)00335-9
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4ª ed., text revision). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Baldwin, D. R., Wilcox, Z. C., & Baylosis, R. C. (1995). Impact of differential housing on humoral immunity following exposure to an acute stressor in rats. Physiology and Behavior, 57, 649-653. doi: org/10.1016/0031-9384(94)00313-0
Borsini, F., & Meli, A. (1988). Is the forced swimming test a suitable model for revealing antidepressant activity? Psychopharmacology, 94, 147”“160. doi: 10.1007/BF00176837
Carr, G. V., Schechter, L. E., & Lucki, I. (2010). Antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of selective 5-HT6 receptor agonists in rats. Psychopharmacology, doi: 10.1007/s00213-010-1798-7
Cryan, J. F., & Lucki, I. (2000). Antidepressant-like behavioral effects mediated by 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptors1. E-The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 295, 1120-1126. Retrieved from http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/295/3/1120.long
Cryan, J. F., Page, M. E., & Lucki, I. (2002). Noradrenergic lesions differentially alter the antidepressant-like effects of reboxetine in a modified forced swim test. E-European Journal of Pharmacology, 436, 197”“205. Retrieved from http://neurobio.drexel.edu/pageweb/ejp.pdf
Deitos, F., Copette, F. R., Pasqualotto, A. C., Segat, F. M., Santos, R. P., & Guillande, S. (1999). Antidepressivos e seus efeitos colaterais, quais são e como reconhecê-los. E-Revista Brasileira de Clinica Terapêutica, 25, 63-70. Retrieved from http://www.moreirajr.com.br/revistas.asp?fase=r003&id_materia=1354
Duvvuri, V., Bailer, U. F., & Kaye, W. H. (2010). Altered Serotonin Function in Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa. In C. P. Müller & B. L. Jacobs (Eds.), Handbook of the behavioral neurobiology of serotonin (pp. 715-729). London, UK: Elsevier.
Egeland, M., Warner-Schmidt, J., Greengard, P., & Svenningsson, P. (2010). Neurogenic effects of fluoxetine are attenuated in p11 (S100A10) knockout mice. Biological Psychiatry, 67, 1048-1056. doi: org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.01.024
Fazzino, F., Urbina, M., Cedeño, N., & Lima, L. (2009). Fluoxetine treatment to rats modifies serotonin transporter and cAMP in lymphocytes, CD4+ and CD8+ subpopulations and interleukins 2 and 4. International Immunopharmacology, 9, 463”“467. doi:org/10.1016/j.intimp.2009.01.011
Freire-Garabal, M., Nlifiez, M. J., Losada, C., Pereiro, D., Riveiro, M. P., Gonzalez-Patiao, E., . . . Rey-Mendez, M. (1997). Effects of fluoxetine on the immunosuppressive response to stress in mice. Life Sciences, 60, 403-413. doi: org/10.1016/S0024-3205(97)00329-9
Frick, L. R., Rapanelli, M., Cremaschi, G. A., & Genaro, A. M. (2009). Fluoxetine directly counteracts the adverse effects of chronic stress on T cell immunity by compensatory and specific mechanisms. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 23, 36”“40. doi: org/10.1016/j.bbi.2008.06.010
Frick, L. R., Palumbo, M. L., Zappia, M. P., Brocco, M. A., Cremaschi, G. A., & Genaro, A. M. (2008). Inhibitory effect of fluoxetine on lymphoma growth through the modulation of antitumor T-cell response by serotonin-dependent and independent mechanisms. Biochemical Pharmacology, 75, 1817-1826. doi: org/10.1016/j.bcp.2008.01.015
Guimarães, C. (2006). Tolerabilidade e eficácia da fluoxetina na redução de parâmetros antropométricos e metabólicos em mulheres obesas. Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto.
Guimarães, F. S. (1999). Medicamentos antidepressivos e estabilizadores do humor. In F. G. Graeff & F. S. Guimarães (Eds.), Fundamentos de psicofarmacologia (pp. 93-122). São Paulo, SP: Atheneu.
Gutiérrez, A., Saracíbar, G., Casis, L., Echevarría, E., Rodríguez, V. M., Macarulla, . . .Portillo, M. P. (2002). Effects of fluoxetine administration on neuropeptide Y and orexins in obese Zucker rat hypothalamus. Obesity Research, 10, 532-540. doi: 10.1038/oby.2002.72
Guyton, A. C., & Hall, J. E. (2002). Tratado de fisiologia médica (10ª ed.). Rio de Janeiro, RJ: Guanabara Koogan.
Jazayeri, S., Keshavarz, S. A., Tehrani-Doost, M., Djalali, M., Osseini, M., Amini, H., . . . Djazayery, A. (2010). Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid and fluoxetine on plasma cortisol, serum interleukin-1beta and interleukin-6 oncentrations in patients with major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Research, 178, 112”“115. doi: org/10.1016/j.psychres.2009.04.013
Kennedy, S. L., Nickerson, M., Campisi, J., Johnson, J. D., Smith, T. P., Sharkey, C., & Fleshner, M. (2005). Splenic norepinephrine depletion following acute stress suppresses in vivo antibody response. Journal of Neuroimmunology, 165, 150”“160. doi: org/10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.05.001
Kubera, M., Kenis, G., Bosmans, E., Kajta, M., Basta-Kaim, A., Scharpe, S., . . . Maes, M. (2004). Stimulatory effect of antidepressants on the production of IL-6. International Immunopharmacology, 4, 185”“192. doi: org/10.1016/j.intimp. 2003.11.006
Kubera, M., Symbirtsev, A., Basta-Kaim, A., Borycz, J., Roman, A., Papp, M., & Claesson, M. (1996). Effect of chronic treatment with imipramine on interleukin 1 and interleukin 2 production by splenocytes obtained from rats subjected to a chronic mild stress model of depression. E-Polish Journal of Pharmacology, 48, 503”“506. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9112692
Leite, C. E., Nunes, F. B., Pires, M. G. S., Lunardelli, A., Lhullier, F. R., Martins, M. R., & Oliveira, J. R. (2007). Influência do uso continuado de fluoxetina nas dosagens séricas de prolactina em mulheres. E-Revista Brasileira de Análises Clínicas, 39, 283-285. Retrieved from http://www.sbac.org.br/pt/pdfs/rbac/rbac_39_04/rbac_39_04_10.pdf
Lucki, I. (1997). The forced swimming test as a model for core and component behavioral effects of antidepressant drugs. Behavioral Pharmacology, 8, 523”“532. doi: 10.1097/00008877-199711000-00010
Maes, M., Meltzer, H. Y., Bosmans, E., Bergmans, R., Vandoolaeghe, E., Ranjan, R., & Desnyder, R. (1995). Increased plasma concentrations of interleukin-6, soluble interleukin-6, soluble interleukin-2 and transferrin receptor in major depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 34, 301-309. doi:org/10.1016/0165-0327(95)00028-L
Miller, A. H. (2010). Depression and immunity: A role for T cells? Brain, Behavior and Immunity. 24, 1-8. doi: org/10.1016/j.bbi.2009.09.009
Moreno, R. A., Moreno, D. H., & Soares, M. B. M. (1999). Psicofarmacologia de antidepressivos. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 21, 24-40. doi: org/10.1590/S1516-44461999000500006
Mravec, B., Gidron, Y., Kukanova, B., Bizik, J., Kiss, A., & Hulin, I. (2006). Neural-endocrine”“immune complex in the central modulation of tumorigenesis: Facts, assumptions, and hypotheses. Journal of Neuroimmunology, 180, 104”“116. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.07.003
Nishida, A., Hisaoka, K., Zensho, H., Uchitomi, Y., Morinobu, S., & Yamawaki, S. (2002). Antidepressant drugs and cytokines in mood disorders. International Immunopharmacology, 2, 1619”“1626. doi: org/10.1016/S1567-5769(02)00190-X
Page, M. E., Detke, M. J., Kirby, A. D. L. G., & Lucki, I. (1999). Serotonergic mediation of the effects of fluoxetine, but not desipramine, in the rat forced swimming test. Psychopharmacology, 147, 162”“167. doi: 10.1007/s002130051156
Pedersen, K. B., & Hoffman-Goetz, L. (2000). Exercise and the immune system: regulation, integration and adaptation. E-Physiology Reviews, 80, 1055-1081. Retrieved from http://physrev.physiology.org/content/80/3/1055.short
Pellegrino, T. C., & Bayer, B. M. (2002). Role of central 5-HT2 receptors in fluoxetine-induced decreases in T lymphocyte activity. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 16, 87”“103. doi: org/10.1006/brbi.2001.0625
Porsolt, R.D., Le Pichon, M., & Jalfre, M. (1977). Depression: a new animal model sensitive to antidepressant treatments. Nature, 266, 730”“732. doi:10.1038/266730a0
Robles, T. F., Glaser, R., & Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. (2005). A new look at chronic stress, depression, and immunity. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14, 111-115. doi: 10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00345.x
Roumestan, C., Michel, A., Bichon, F., Portet, K., Detoc, M., Henriquet, C., . . . Mathieu, M. (2007). Anti-inflammatory properties of desipramine and fluoxetine. Respiratory Research, 8, 1-11. doi:10.1186/1465-9921-8-35
Sacre, S., Medghalchi, M., Gregory, B., Brennan, F., & Williams, R. (2010). Fluoxetine and citalopram exhibit potent antiinflammatory activity in human and murine models of rheumatoid arthritis and inhibit toll-like receptors. Arthritisand rheumatism, 62, 683”“693. doi: 10.1002/art.27304
Seidel, A., Arolt, V., Hunstiger, M., Rink, L., Behnisch, A., & Kirchner, H. (1995). Cytokine production and serum proteins in depression. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology, 41, 534”“538. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1995.tb03604.x
Vismari, L., Alves, G. J., & Palermo-Neto, J. (2008). Depressão, antidepressivos e sistema imune: um novo olhar sobre um velho problema. Revista de Psiquiatria Clínica, 35, 196-204. doi: org/10.1590/S0101-60832008000500004
Wellman, P. J., Jones, S. L., & Miller, D. K. (2003). Effects of preexposure to dexfenfluramine, phentermine, dexfenfluramine”“phentermine, or fluoxetine on sibutramine-induced hypophagia in the adult rat. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 75, 103-114. doi: org/10.1016/S0091-3057(03)00045-5
Willner, P. (1991). Behavioural models in psychopharmacology. In P. Willner (Ed.), Behavioural models in psychopharmacology: theoretical, industrial, and clinical perspectives (pp. 3-18). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wise, S. D. (1992). Clinical studies with fluoxetine in obesity. E-American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 55, 181S-184S. Retrieved from http://www.ajcn.org/content/55/1/181S.short
Zafir, A., & Banu, N. (2007). Antioxidant potential of fluoxetine in comparison to Curcuma longa in restraint-stressed rats. European Journal of Pharmacology, 572, 23”“31. doi: org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.05.062
Alperina, E. L., Kulikov, A. V., Popova, N. K., & Idova, G. V. (2007). Immune response in mice of a new strain ASC (Antidepressants Sensitive Catalepsy). Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 144, 221-223. doi: 10.1007/s10517-007-0294-5
Altenburg, A. S. P., Ventura, d. G., Da-Silva, V. A., Malheirosa, L. R., Castro-Faria-Neto, H. C., Bozza, P. T., & Teixeira, N. A. (2002). The role of forced swim test on neutrophil leukocytosis observed during inflammation induced by LPS in rodents. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 26, 891”“ 895. doi: org/10.1016/S0278-5846(01)00335-9
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4ª ed., text revision). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Baldwin, D. R., Wilcox, Z. C., & Baylosis, R. C. (1995). Impact of differential housing on humoral immunity following exposure to an acute stressor in rats. Physiology and Behavior, 57, 649-653. doi: org/10.1016/0031-9384(94)00313-0
Borsini, F., & Meli, A. (1988). Is the forced swimming test a suitable model for revealing antidepressant activity? Psychopharmacology, 94, 147”“160. doi: 10.1007/BF00176837
Carr, G. V., Schechter, L. E., & Lucki, I. (2010). Antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of selective 5-HT6 receptor agonists in rats. Psychopharmacology, doi: 10.1007/s00213-010-1798-7
Cryan, J. F., & Lucki, I. (2000). Antidepressant-like behavioral effects mediated by 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptors1. E-The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 295, 1120-1126. Retrieved from http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/295/3/1120.long
Cryan, J. F., Page, M. E., & Lucki, I. (2002). Noradrenergic lesions differentially alter the antidepressant-like effects of reboxetine in a modified forced swim test. E-European Journal of Pharmacology, 436, 197”“205. Retrieved from http://neurobio.drexel.edu/pageweb/ejp.pdf
Deitos, F., Copette, F. R., Pasqualotto, A. C., Segat, F. M., Santos, R. P., & Guillande, S. (1999). Antidepressivos e seus efeitos colaterais, quais são e como reconhecê-los. E-Revista Brasileira de Clinica Terapêutica, 25, 63-70. Retrieved from http://www.moreirajr.com.br/revistas.asp?fase=r003&id_materia=1354
Duvvuri, V., Bailer, U. F., & Kaye, W. H. (2010). Altered Serotonin Function in Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa. In C. P. Müller & B. L. Jacobs (Eds.), Handbook of the behavioral neurobiology of serotonin (pp. 715-729). London, UK: Elsevier.
Egeland, M., Warner-Schmidt, J., Greengard, P., & Svenningsson, P. (2010). Neurogenic effects of fluoxetine are attenuated in p11 (S100A10) knockout mice. Biological Psychiatry, 67, 1048-1056. doi: org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.01.024
Fazzino, F., Urbina, M., Cedeño, N., & Lima, L. (2009). Fluoxetine treatment to rats modifies serotonin transporter and cAMP in lymphocytes, CD4+ and CD8+ subpopulations and interleukins 2 and 4. International Immunopharmacology, 9, 463”“467. doi:org/10.1016/j.intimp.2009.01.011
Freire-Garabal, M., Nlifiez, M. J., Losada, C., Pereiro, D., Riveiro, M. P., Gonzalez-Patiao, E., . . . Rey-Mendez, M. (1997). Effects of fluoxetine on the immunosuppressive response to stress in mice. Life Sciences, 60, 403-413. doi: org/10.1016/S0024-3205(97)00329-9
Frick, L. R., Rapanelli, M., Cremaschi, G. A., & Genaro, A. M. (2009). Fluoxetine directly counteracts the adverse effects of chronic stress on T cell immunity by compensatory and specific mechanisms. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 23, 36”“40. doi: org/10.1016/j.bbi.2008.06.010
Frick, L. R., Palumbo, M. L., Zappia, M. P., Brocco, M. A., Cremaschi, G. A., & Genaro, A. M. (2008). Inhibitory effect of fluoxetine on lymphoma growth through the modulation of antitumor T-cell response by serotonin-dependent and independent mechanisms. Biochemical Pharmacology, 75, 1817-1826. doi: org/10.1016/j.bcp.2008.01.015
Guimarães, C. (2006). Tolerabilidade e eficácia da fluoxetina na redução de parâmetros antropométricos e metabólicos em mulheres obesas. Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto.
Guimarães, F. S. (1999). Medicamentos antidepressivos e estabilizadores do humor. In F. G. Graeff & F. S. Guimarães (Eds.), Fundamentos de psicofarmacologia (pp. 93-122). São Paulo, SP: Atheneu.
Gutiérrez, A., Saracíbar, G., Casis, L., Echevarría, E., Rodríguez, V. M., Macarulla, . . .Portillo, M. P. (2002). Effects of fluoxetine administration on neuropeptide Y and orexins in obese Zucker rat hypothalamus. Obesity Research, 10, 532-540. doi: 10.1038/oby.2002.72
Guyton, A. C., & Hall, J. E. (2002). Tratado de fisiologia médica (10ª ed.). Rio de Janeiro, RJ: Guanabara Koogan.
Jazayeri, S., Keshavarz, S. A., Tehrani-Doost, M., Djalali, M., Osseini, M., Amini, H., . . . Djazayery, A. (2010). Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid and fluoxetine on plasma cortisol, serum interleukin-1beta and interleukin-6 oncentrations in patients with major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Research, 178, 112”“115. doi: org/10.1016/j.psychres.2009.04.013
Kennedy, S. L., Nickerson, M., Campisi, J., Johnson, J. D., Smith, T. P., Sharkey, C., & Fleshner, M. (2005). Splenic norepinephrine depletion following acute stress suppresses in vivo antibody response. Journal of Neuroimmunology, 165, 150”“160. doi: org/10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.05.001
Kubera, M., Kenis, G., Bosmans, E., Kajta, M., Basta-Kaim, A., Scharpe, S., . . . Maes, M. (2004). Stimulatory effect of antidepressants on the production of IL-6. International Immunopharmacology, 4, 185”“192. doi: org/10.1016/j.intimp. 2003.11.006
Kubera, M., Symbirtsev, A., Basta-Kaim, A., Borycz, J., Roman, A., Papp, M., & Claesson, M. (1996). Effect of chronic treatment with imipramine on interleukin 1 and interleukin 2 production by splenocytes obtained from rats subjected to a chronic mild stress model of depression. E-Polish Journal of Pharmacology, 48, 503”“506. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9112692
Leite, C. E., Nunes, F. B., Pires, M. G. S., Lunardelli, A., Lhullier, F. R., Martins, M. R., & Oliveira, J. R. (2007). Influência do uso continuado de fluoxetina nas dosagens séricas de prolactina em mulheres. E-Revista Brasileira de Análises Clínicas, 39, 283-285. Retrieved from http://www.sbac.org.br/pt/pdfs/rbac/rbac_39_04/rbac_39_04_10.pdf
Lucki, I. (1997). The forced swimming test as a model for core and component behavioral effects of antidepressant drugs. Behavioral Pharmacology, 8, 523”“532. doi: 10.1097/00008877-199711000-00010
Maes, M., Meltzer, H. Y., Bosmans, E., Bergmans, R., Vandoolaeghe, E., Ranjan, R., & Desnyder, R. (1995). Increased plasma concentrations of interleukin-6, soluble interleukin-6, soluble interleukin-2 and transferrin receptor in major depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 34, 301-309. doi:org/10.1016/0165-0327(95)00028-L
Miller, A. H. (2010). Depression and immunity: A role for T cells? Brain, Behavior and Immunity. 24, 1-8. doi: org/10.1016/j.bbi.2009.09.009
Moreno, R. A., Moreno, D. H., & Soares, M. B. M. (1999). Psicofarmacologia de antidepressivos. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 21, 24-40. doi: org/10.1590/S1516-44461999000500006
Mravec, B., Gidron, Y., Kukanova, B., Bizik, J., Kiss, A., & Hulin, I. (2006). Neural-endocrine”“immune complex in the central modulation of tumorigenesis: Facts, assumptions, and hypotheses. Journal of Neuroimmunology, 180, 104”“116. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.07.003
Nishida, A., Hisaoka, K., Zensho, H., Uchitomi, Y., Morinobu, S., & Yamawaki, S. (2002). Antidepressant drugs and cytokines in mood disorders. International Immunopharmacology, 2, 1619”“1626. doi: org/10.1016/S1567-5769(02)00190-X
Page, M. E., Detke, M. J., Kirby, A. D. L. G., & Lucki, I. (1999). Serotonergic mediation of the effects of fluoxetine, but not desipramine, in the rat forced swimming test. Psychopharmacology, 147, 162”“167. doi: 10.1007/s002130051156
Pedersen, K. B., & Hoffman-Goetz, L. (2000). Exercise and the immune system: regulation, integration and adaptation. E-Physiology Reviews, 80, 1055-1081. Retrieved from http://physrev.physiology.org/content/80/3/1055.short
Pellegrino, T. C., & Bayer, B. M. (2002). Role of central 5-HT2 receptors in fluoxetine-induced decreases in T lymphocyte activity. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 16, 87”“103. doi: org/10.1006/brbi.2001.0625
Porsolt, R.D., Le Pichon, M., & Jalfre, M. (1977). Depression: a new animal model sensitive to antidepressant treatments. Nature, 266, 730”“732. doi:10.1038/266730a0
Robles, T. F., Glaser, R., & Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. (2005). A new look at chronic stress, depression, and immunity. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14, 111-115. doi: 10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00345.x
Roumestan, C., Michel, A., Bichon, F., Portet, K., Detoc, M., Henriquet, C., . . . Mathieu, M. (2007). Anti-inflammatory properties of desipramine and fluoxetine. Respiratory Research, 8, 1-11. doi:10.1186/1465-9921-8-35
Sacre, S., Medghalchi, M., Gregory, B., Brennan, F., & Williams, R. (2010). Fluoxetine and citalopram exhibit potent antiinflammatory activity in human and murine models of rheumatoid arthritis and inhibit toll-like receptors. Arthritisand rheumatism, 62, 683”“693. doi: 10.1002/art.27304
Seidel, A., Arolt, V., Hunstiger, M., Rink, L., Behnisch, A., & Kirchner, H. (1995). Cytokine production and serum proteins in depression. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology, 41, 534”“538. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1995.tb03604.x
Vismari, L., Alves, G. J., & Palermo-Neto, J. (2008). Depressão, antidepressivos e sistema imune: um novo olhar sobre um velho problema. Revista de Psiquiatria Clínica, 35, 196-204. doi: org/10.1590/S0101-60832008000500004
Wellman, P. J., Jones, S. L., & Miller, D. K. (2003). Effects of preexposure to dexfenfluramine, phentermine, dexfenfluramine”“phentermine, or fluoxetine on sibutramine-induced hypophagia in the adult rat. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 75, 103-114. doi: org/10.1016/S0091-3057(03)00045-5
Willner, P. (1991). Behavioural models in psychopharmacology. In P. Willner (Ed.), Behavioural models in psychopharmacology: theoretical, industrial, and clinical perspectives (pp. 3-18). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wise, S. D. (1992). Clinical studies with fluoxetine in obesity. E-American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 55, 181S-184S. Retrieved from http://www.ajcn.org/content/55/1/181S.short
Zafir, A., & Banu, N. (2007). Antioxidant potential of fluoxetine in comparison to Curcuma longa in restraint-stressed rats. European Journal of Pharmacology, 572, 23”“31. doi: org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.05.062
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2012-12-17
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Fernandes, E. V., Ramos, S. de P., Estanislau, C., & Venancio, E. J. (2012). Efeitos Comportamentais e Imunológicos da Fluoxetina em Ratos Submetidos ao Nado Forçado. Psicologia: Teoria E Pesquisa, 28(4), 409–415. Recuperado a partir de https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/revistaptp/article/view/17578
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