Efeitos de deficiência protéico-calórica na aquisição da resposta de esquiva:
Uma revisão da literatura
Palabras clave:
Deficiência protéico-calórica, Aquisição de esquiva, Desnutrição, Ratos, CamundongosResumen
Este trabalho objetiva revisar a literatura relativa aos efeitos de deficiência protéico-calórica na aquisição da resposta de esquiva. Oobjetivo é fornecer uma visão global da situação controversa em que se encontra a pesquisa. É apresentada uma análise comparativa das semelhanças e das diferenças metodológicas, destacando-se possíveis fatores responsáveis pelas inconsistências nos resultados. Também estão relatadas algumas tentativas de resolução dessas contradições. A análise da literatura revela que alguns fatores como modelos de desnutrição, sujeitos experimentais e condições de alojamento são fatores importantes para se compreender estas contradições e, portanto, constituem objetos relevantes de investigação. Propõe-se, assim, possibilidades de pesquisas que poderão contribuir para esclarecer algumas destas divergências nos dados e para melhorar a compreensão dos efeitos de deficiência protéico-calórica no comportamento de esquiva.
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Citas
Almeida, S. S. (1987). Efeitos estruturais, bioquímicos e comportamentais da
desnutrição proteica: reatividade de ratos desnutridos ao clordiazepóxido.
Dissertação de Mestrado. Ribeirão Preto: Universidade de São Paulo.
Almeida, S. S., & Oliveira, L. M. (1981). Sous-alimentation protéíque et effect de trois
intensités de choc sur Tacquisition et I'extinction de reponses d'évitement.
Medicine et Nutrition, 17, 459-466.
Anderson, N. H., & Nakamura, C. Y. (1964). Avoidance decrement in avoidance
conditioning. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 57(2),
196-204.
Bolles, R. C, Warren, J. A., & Ostrov, N. (1966). The role of the CS-US interval in bar
press avoidance learning. Psychonomic Science, 5(3), 113-114.
Boren, J. J„ & Devine, D. D. (1968) The repeated acquisition of behavioral chains.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 11, 651-660.
Brozek, J. (1978). Malnutrition and behavior. Journal of The American Dietetic
Association, 72, 17-23.
Brush, F. R. (1962). The effects of intertrial interval on avoidance learning in the rat.
Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55(5), 888-892.
Bush, M., & Leathwood, P. D. (1975). Effects of different regimens of early malnutrition
on behavioural development and adult avoidance learning in swiss white mice.
British Journal of Nutrition, 33, 373-385.
Castelano, C, & Oliverio, A. (1976). Early malnutrition and postnatal changes in brain
and behavior in the mouse. Brain Research, 101(2), 317-325.
Crnic, L. S. (1976). Effects of infantile undernutrition on adult learning in rats:
Methodological and design problems. Psychological Bulletin, 83(4), 715-728.
Egger, G. J., & Livesey, P. J. (1970). Acquisition measure in avoidance learning.
Psychonomic Science, 20(5), 285-286.
Frankova, S„ & Barnes, R. H. (1968). Effects of malnutrition in early life on avoidance
conditioning and behavior of adult rats. Journal of Nutrition, 96, 485-493.
Galler, J. R., & Turkewitz, G. (1977). Motor competence in rats of different stock
reared in large and small litters. Physiology and Behavior, 9(5), 697-699.
Griffin, W. S. T., Woodward, D. J„ & Chanda, R. (1977). Malnutrition and brain
development: cerebellar weight, DNA, RNA, protein and histological correlations.
Journalof Neurochemistry, 28(6), 1269-1279.
Guthrie, H. A. (1968). Severe undernutrition in early infancy and behavior in
reabilitated albino rats. Physiology and Behavior, 3, 619-623.
Guthrie, H. A., & Browm, M. L. (1968). Effect of severe undernutrition in early life on
growth, brain size and composition in adult rats. Journal of Nutrition, 94, 418-426.
Hoffman, H. S. (1976). Análisis de la evitación discriminada. Em W. K. Honig (Org.),
Conducta operante: Investigación y aplicaciones (p. 589-625). México: Editorial
Trillas.
Howard, E., Olton, D. S., & Johnson, C. T. (1976). Active avoidance and brain DNA
after postnatal food deprivation in rats. Development Psychobiology, 9(3),
217-221.
Kurtz, P. S., & Shafer, J. N. (1967). The interaction of UCS intensity and intertrial
interval in avoidance leaming. Psychonomic Science, 8(11), 465-466.
Leathwood, P. D. (1978). Influence of early undemutrition on behavioral development
and learning in rodents. Em G. Gottlieb (Org.), Studies on the development of
behavior and the nervous system: Early influences (p. 187-209). New York:
Academic.
Leathwood, P. D., Bush, M. S., Berent, C, & Mauron, J. (1974). Effects of early
malnutrition on swiss white mice: Avoidance learning after rearing in large litters.
Life Science, 14, 157-162.
Leathwood, P. D., Bush, M. S., & Mauron, J. (1975). The effects of chlordiazepoxide in
avoidance performance of mice sujected to undemutrition or handling stress in
early life. Psychopharmacology, 41, 105-109.
Levine, S., & England. S. J. (1960). Temporal factors in avoidance learning. Journal of
Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 53(3), 282-283.
Levitsky, D. A., & Barnes, R. H. (1970). Effects of early malnutrition on the reaction of
adult rats to aversive stimuli. Nature, 225, 468-469.
Levitsky, D. A., & Barnes, R. H. (1972). Nutritional and enviromental interaction in the
behavioral development of the rat long-term effects. Science, 176, 68-71.
Lynch, A. (1976). Passive avoidance behavior and response thresholds in adult male
rats after early postnatal undemutrition. Physiology and Behavior, 16, 27-32.
Moerschbaecher, J. M., & Thompson, D. M. (1980). Effects of damphetamine, cocaine
and phencyclidine on the acquisition of response sequences with and without
stimulus fading. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 33, 369-381.
McClelland, W. J., & Colman. F. D. (1967). Activity and different types of eletric shock
stimuli. Psychonomic Science, 7(11), 391-392.
Morgan, B. L. G., & Naismith, D. J. (1982).The effect of early post natal undemutrition
on the growth and development of the rat brain. British Journal of Nutrition, 48,
15-23.
Morris, C. J. (1974). The effects of early malnutrition on one-way and two-way avoidance
behavior. Physiological Psychology, 2(2), 148-150.
Murphy, J. V., & Miller, R. E. (1956). Spaced and massed practice whith a methodological
consideration of avoidance conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 52, 77-81.
Netto, C. A., & Izquierdo, I. (1985). On how passive is inhibitory avoidance. Behavioral and
Neural Biology, 43, 327-330.
Oliveira, L. M., & Almeida, S. S. (1985). Effects of malnutrition and enviroment on the
acquisition and extinction of avoidance behavior in rats. Physiology and Behavior, 34(1),
141-145.
Peele, D. B., & Baron, S. P. (1988). Effects of scopolamine on repeated acquisition of
radial-arm maze performance by rats. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior,
49, 275-290.
Randt, C. T., & Derby, B. M. (1974). Behavioral and brain correlations in early life nutritional
deprivation. Archives of Neurology, 28, 167-162.
Reddy, P. V., Anasuya Das, & Sastry, P. S. (1979). Ouantitative and compositional changes in
mielin of undernourished and protein malnourished rat brain. Brain Research, 161,
227-235.
Ricciuti, H. N., & Rosemblith, J. F. (1977). Methodological issues in the study of behavioral
effects of malnutrition. Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 7(1), 1-26.
Rider, A. A., & Simonson, M. (1974). The relationship between maternal diet, birth weight and
behavior of the ofíspring in the rat. Nutrition Report International, 10, 19-24.
Schrot, J. M., Boren. J. J., & Moerschbaecher, J. M. (1976). Sequential reacquisition as a
function of timeout f rom avoidance. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 25,
303-310.
Schrot, J. M., Boren, J. J., Moerschbaecher, J. M., & Simões Fontes, J. G. (1978). Effects of
damphetamine and cocaine on repeated acquisition with timeout from avoidance.
Pharmacobgy Biochemistry and Behavior, 9, 659-663.
Smart. J. L, Dobbing, J.. Adlard, B. P. F.. Lynch, A.. & Sands, J. (1973). Vulnerability of
developing brain: Relative effects of growth restriction during the fetal and suckling
periods on behavior and brain composition of adult rats. Journal of Nutrition, 103,
1327-1338.
Sobotka, T. J., Cook, M. P.. & Brodie, R. E. (1974). Neonatal malnutrition: Neurochemical,
hormonal and behavioral manifestations. Brain Research, 65, 443-457.
Strobel, D. (1979). Behavior and malnutrition in nonhuman primates. Em D. A. Levitsky (Org.)
Malnutrition, environment, and behavior: New perspectives (p. 193-218). Ithaca: Cornell
University Press.
Thompson, D. M. (1970). Repeated acquisition as a behavioral baseline. Psychonomic
Science, 21, 156-157.
Thompson, D. M. (1973). Repeated acquisition as a behavioral baseline for studying
drug effects. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 184,
506-514.
Thompson, D, M. (1974a). Repeated acquisition of response sequences: Effects of
d-amphetamine and chlorpromazine. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior,
2, 741-746.
Thompson, D. M. (1974b). Repeated acquisition of behavioral chains under chronic
drug conditions. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics,
188, 700-713.
Thompson, D. M. (1975). Repeated acquisition of response sequences: Stimulus
control and drugs. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 23, 429-436.
Thompson, D. M. (1976). Repeated acquisition of behavioral chains: Effects of
methilphenidate and imipramine. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 4,
671-677.
Thompson, D. M. (1977). Development of tolerance to the disruptive effects of cocaine
on repeated acquisition and performance of response sequences. The Journal of
Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics: 203, 294-302.
Thompson, D. M., & Moerschbaecher, J. M. (1979). An experimental analysis of the
effects of d-amphetamine and cocaine on the acquisition and performance of
response chains in monkeys. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior,
32, 433-444.
Thompson, D. M., & Moerschbaecher, J. M. (1980). Effects of d'amphetamine and
cocaine on strained ratio behavior in a repeated acquisition task. Journal of the
Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 33, 141-148.
Tikai, K., Benesová, S., & Frankova, S. (1976). The effect of pyrithioxine and
pyridoxine on individual behavior, social interactions, and learning in rats
malnourished in early postnatal life. Psychopharmacology, 46, 325-332.
Vendite, D., Wofchuk. S., & Souza, D. O. (1985). Effects of undernutrition during
suckling on footshock escape behavior and on related neurochemical parameters
in rats. Journal of Nutrition, 775(1), 1418-1424.
Villescas, R., Marthens, E., & Hammer, R. P. (1981a). Prenatal undernutrition: Effects
on behavior, brain chemistry and neuroanatomy in rats. Pharmacology
Biochemistry and Behavior, 14, 455-462.
Villescas, R., Ostwald, R.. Marimoto, H., & Bennett, E. L. (1981b). Effects of neonatal
undernutrition and cold stress on behavior and biochemical brain parameters in
rats. Journal of Nutrition, 777(6) , 1103-1110.
Walker, S. R. (1977). Effects of dextroamphetamine sulfate on repeated acquisition
behavior and mood in humans: A preliminary report. The Psychological Record,
31, 29-41.
Wigging, W. S. T., Fuller, G.. & Enna, S. J. (1984). Undemutrition and the
developmentof brain neurotransmitter systems. Life Science, 19(35), 2085-2094.
Winsauer, P. J., Thompson, D. M., & Moerschbaecher, J. M. (1985). Comparison of
drug effects on fixed-ratio performance and chain performance maintained under a
second-order fixed-ratio schedule. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of
Behavior, 44, 367-376.
Wise, L. A., & Zimmermann. R. R. (1973). Shock threshold of low-and
high-protein-reared rhesus monkeys. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 36, 674.
desnutrição proteica: reatividade de ratos desnutridos ao clordiazepóxido.
Dissertação de Mestrado. Ribeirão Preto: Universidade de São Paulo.
Almeida, S. S., & Oliveira, L. M. (1981). Sous-alimentation protéíque et effect de trois
intensités de choc sur Tacquisition et I'extinction de reponses d'évitement.
Medicine et Nutrition, 17, 459-466.
Anderson, N. H., & Nakamura, C. Y. (1964). Avoidance decrement in avoidance
conditioning. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 57(2),
196-204.
Bolles, R. C, Warren, J. A., & Ostrov, N. (1966). The role of the CS-US interval in bar
press avoidance learning. Psychonomic Science, 5(3), 113-114.
Boren, J. J„ & Devine, D. D. (1968) The repeated acquisition of behavioral chains.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 11, 651-660.
Brozek, J. (1978). Malnutrition and behavior. Journal of The American Dietetic
Association, 72, 17-23.
Brush, F. R. (1962). The effects of intertrial interval on avoidance learning in the rat.
Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55(5), 888-892.
Bush, M., & Leathwood, P. D. (1975). Effects of different regimens of early malnutrition
on behavioural development and adult avoidance learning in swiss white mice.
British Journal of Nutrition, 33, 373-385.
Castelano, C, & Oliverio, A. (1976). Early malnutrition and postnatal changes in brain
and behavior in the mouse. Brain Research, 101(2), 317-325.
Crnic, L. S. (1976). Effects of infantile undernutrition on adult learning in rats:
Methodological and design problems. Psychological Bulletin, 83(4), 715-728.
Egger, G. J., & Livesey, P. J. (1970). Acquisition measure in avoidance learning.
Psychonomic Science, 20(5), 285-286.
Frankova, S„ & Barnes, R. H. (1968). Effects of malnutrition in early life on avoidance
conditioning and behavior of adult rats. Journal of Nutrition, 96, 485-493.
Galler, J. R., & Turkewitz, G. (1977). Motor competence in rats of different stock
reared in large and small litters. Physiology and Behavior, 9(5), 697-699.
Griffin, W. S. T., Woodward, D. J„ & Chanda, R. (1977). Malnutrition and brain
development: cerebellar weight, DNA, RNA, protein and histological correlations.
Journalof Neurochemistry, 28(6), 1269-1279.
Guthrie, H. A. (1968). Severe undernutrition in early infancy and behavior in
reabilitated albino rats. Physiology and Behavior, 3, 619-623.
Guthrie, H. A., & Browm, M. L. (1968). Effect of severe undernutrition in early life on
growth, brain size and composition in adult rats. Journal of Nutrition, 94, 418-426.
Hoffman, H. S. (1976). Análisis de la evitación discriminada. Em W. K. Honig (Org.),
Conducta operante: Investigación y aplicaciones (p. 589-625). México: Editorial
Trillas.
Howard, E., Olton, D. S., & Johnson, C. T. (1976). Active avoidance and brain DNA
after postnatal food deprivation in rats. Development Psychobiology, 9(3),
217-221.
Kurtz, P. S., & Shafer, J. N. (1967). The interaction of UCS intensity and intertrial
interval in avoidance leaming. Psychonomic Science, 8(11), 465-466.
Leathwood, P. D. (1978). Influence of early undemutrition on behavioral development
and learning in rodents. Em G. Gottlieb (Org.), Studies on the development of
behavior and the nervous system: Early influences (p. 187-209). New York:
Academic.
Leathwood, P. D., Bush, M. S., Berent, C, & Mauron, J. (1974). Effects of early
malnutrition on swiss white mice: Avoidance learning after rearing in large litters.
Life Science, 14, 157-162.
Leathwood, P. D., Bush, M. S., & Mauron, J. (1975). The effects of chlordiazepoxide in
avoidance performance of mice sujected to undemutrition or handling stress in
early life. Psychopharmacology, 41, 105-109.
Levine, S., & England. S. J. (1960). Temporal factors in avoidance learning. Journal of
Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 53(3), 282-283.
Levitsky, D. A., & Barnes, R. H. (1970). Effects of early malnutrition on the reaction of
adult rats to aversive stimuli. Nature, 225, 468-469.
Levitsky, D. A., & Barnes, R. H. (1972). Nutritional and enviromental interaction in the
behavioral development of the rat long-term effects. Science, 176, 68-71.
Lynch, A. (1976). Passive avoidance behavior and response thresholds in adult male
rats after early postnatal undemutrition. Physiology and Behavior, 16, 27-32.
Moerschbaecher, J. M., & Thompson, D. M. (1980). Effects of damphetamine, cocaine
and phencyclidine on the acquisition of response sequences with and without
stimulus fading. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 33, 369-381.
McClelland, W. J., & Colman. F. D. (1967). Activity and different types of eletric shock
stimuli. Psychonomic Science, 7(11), 391-392.
Morgan, B. L. G., & Naismith, D. J. (1982).The effect of early post natal undemutrition
on the growth and development of the rat brain. British Journal of Nutrition, 48,
15-23.
Morris, C. J. (1974). The effects of early malnutrition on one-way and two-way avoidance
behavior. Physiological Psychology, 2(2), 148-150.
Murphy, J. V., & Miller, R. E. (1956). Spaced and massed practice whith a methodological
consideration of avoidance conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 52, 77-81.
Netto, C. A., & Izquierdo, I. (1985). On how passive is inhibitory avoidance. Behavioral and
Neural Biology, 43, 327-330.
Oliveira, L. M., & Almeida, S. S. (1985). Effects of malnutrition and enviroment on the
acquisition and extinction of avoidance behavior in rats. Physiology and Behavior, 34(1),
141-145.
Peele, D. B., & Baron, S. P. (1988). Effects of scopolamine on repeated acquisition of
radial-arm maze performance by rats. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior,
49, 275-290.
Randt, C. T., & Derby, B. M. (1974). Behavioral and brain correlations in early life nutritional
deprivation. Archives of Neurology, 28, 167-162.
Reddy, P. V., Anasuya Das, & Sastry, P. S. (1979). Ouantitative and compositional changes in
mielin of undernourished and protein malnourished rat brain. Brain Research, 161,
227-235.
Ricciuti, H. N., & Rosemblith, J. F. (1977). Methodological issues in the study of behavioral
effects of malnutrition. Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 7(1), 1-26.
Rider, A. A., & Simonson, M. (1974). The relationship between maternal diet, birth weight and
behavior of the ofíspring in the rat. Nutrition Report International, 10, 19-24.
Schrot, J. M., Boren. J. J., & Moerschbaecher, J. M. (1976). Sequential reacquisition as a
function of timeout f rom avoidance. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 25,
303-310.
Schrot, J. M., Boren, J. J., Moerschbaecher, J. M., & Simões Fontes, J. G. (1978). Effects of
damphetamine and cocaine on repeated acquisition with timeout from avoidance.
Pharmacobgy Biochemistry and Behavior, 9, 659-663.
Smart. J. L, Dobbing, J.. Adlard, B. P. F.. Lynch, A.. & Sands, J. (1973). Vulnerability of
developing brain: Relative effects of growth restriction during the fetal and suckling
periods on behavior and brain composition of adult rats. Journal of Nutrition, 103,
1327-1338.
Sobotka, T. J., Cook, M. P.. & Brodie, R. E. (1974). Neonatal malnutrition: Neurochemical,
hormonal and behavioral manifestations. Brain Research, 65, 443-457.
Strobel, D. (1979). Behavior and malnutrition in nonhuman primates. Em D. A. Levitsky (Org.)
Malnutrition, environment, and behavior: New perspectives (p. 193-218). Ithaca: Cornell
University Press.
Thompson, D. M. (1970). Repeated acquisition as a behavioral baseline. Psychonomic
Science, 21, 156-157.
Thompson, D. M. (1973). Repeated acquisition as a behavioral baseline for studying
drug effects. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 184,
506-514.
Thompson, D, M. (1974a). Repeated acquisition of response sequences: Effects of
d-amphetamine and chlorpromazine. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior,
2, 741-746.
Thompson, D. M. (1974b). Repeated acquisition of behavioral chains under chronic
drug conditions. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics,
188, 700-713.
Thompson, D. M. (1975). Repeated acquisition of response sequences: Stimulus
control and drugs. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 23, 429-436.
Thompson, D. M. (1976). Repeated acquisition of behavioral chains: Effects of
methilphenidate and imipramine. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 4,
671-677.
Thompson, D. M. (1977). Development of tolerance to the disruptive effects of cocaine
on repeated acquisition and performance of response sequences. The Journal of
Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics: 203, 294-302.
Thompson, D. M., & Moerschbaecher, J. M. (1979). An experimental analysis of the
effects of d-amphetamine and cocaine on the acquisition and performance of
response chains in monkeys. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior,
32, 433-444.
Thompson, D. M., & Moerschbaecher, J. M. (1980). Effects of d'amphetamine and
cocaine on strained ratio behavior in a repeated acquisition task. Journal of the
Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 33, 141-148.
Tikai, K., Benesová, S., & Frankova, S. (1976). The effect of pyrithioxine and
pyridoxine on individual behavior, social interactions, and learning in rats
malnourished in early postnatal life. Psychopharmacology, 46, 325-332.
Vendite, D., Wofchuk. S., & Souza, D. O. (1985). Effects of undernutrition during
suckling on footshock escape behavior and on related neurochemical parameters
in rats. Journal of Nutrition, 775(1), 1418-1424.
Villescas, R., Marthens, E., & Hammer, R. P. (1981a). Prenatal undernutrition: Effects
on behavior, brain chemistry and neuroanatomy in rats. Pharmacology
Biochemistry and Behavior, 14, 455-462.
Villescas, R., Ostwald, R.. Marimoto, H., & Bennett, E. L. (1981b). Effects of neonatal
undernutrition and cold stress on behavior and biochemical brain parameters in
rats. Journal of Nutrition, 777(6) , 1103-1110.
Walker, S. R. (1977). Effects of dextroamphetamine sulfate on repeated acquisition
behavior and mood in humans: A preliminary report. The Psychological Record,
31, 29-41.
Wigging, W. S. T., Fuller, G.. & Enna, S. J. (1984). Undemutrition and the
developmentof brain neurotransmitter systems. Life Science, 19(35), 2085-2094.
Winsauer, P. J., Thompson, D. M., & Moerschbaecher, J. M. (1985). Comparison of
drug effects on fixed-ratio performance and chain performance maintained under a
second-order fixed-ratio schedule. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of
Behavior, 44, 367-376.
Wise, L. A., & Zimmermann. R. R. (1973). Shock threshold of low-and
high-protein-reared rhesus monkeys. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 36, 674.
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de Almeida, O. K., & Fontes, J. C. S. (2012). Efeitos de deficiência protéico-calórica na aquisição da resposta de esquiva:: Uma revisão da literatura. Psicologia: Teoria E Pesquisa, 8(1), 21–41. Recuperado a partir de https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/revistaptp/article/view/17122
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