EFFECTS OF PROTEIN-CALORIC DEFFICIENCIES ON AVOIDANCE RESPONSE ACQUISITION:
A LITERATURE REVIEW
Keywords:
Protein-calorie deficiencies, Avoidance acquisition, Malnutrition, Rats, MiceAbstract
This literature review deals with the
influence of, protein-caloric deficiencies on the acquisition of avoidance
responding. Its principal aim is to provide a global overview of those
controversial situations prevailing within this research field. A comparative
analysis of methodological differences is presented, pointing out possible
factors responsible for outcome inconsistencies. It also attempts to offer possible
solutions to these contradictions. Analysis of the literature reveals that
certain factors, such as the models of malnutrition, experimental subjects,
and housing conditions underly much of the contradictions, thereby
constituting the most relevant variables requiring assessment. In these
terms, research altematives are proposed, which may contribute towards
clarification of specific divergencies inherent in data sets, thus enhancing
understanding of the way in which protein-calorie deficiencies affect
avoidance responding.
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References
Almeida, S. S. (1987). Efeitos estruturais, bioquímicos e comportamentais da
desnutrição proteica: reatividade de ratos desnutridos ao clordiazepóxido.
Dissertação de Mestrado. Ribeirão Preto: Universidade de São Paulo.
Almeida, S. S., & Oliveira, L. M. (1981). Sous-alimentation protéíque et effect de trois
intensités de choc sur Tacquisition et I'extinction de reponses d'évitement.
Medicine et Nutrition, 17, 459-466.
Anderson, N. H., & Nakamura, C. Y. (1964). Avoidance decrement in avoidance
conditioning. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 57(2),
196-204.
Bolles, R. C, Warren, J. A., & Ostrov, N. (1966). The role of the CS-US interval in bar
press avoidance learning. Psychonomic Science, 5(3), 113-114.
Boren, J. J„ & Devine, D. D. (1968) The repeated acquisition of behavioral chains.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 11, 651-660.
Brozek, J. (1978). Malnutrition and behavior. Journal of The American Dietetic
Association, 72, 17-23.
Brush, F. R. (1962). The effects of intertrial interval on avoidance learning in the rat.
Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55(5), 888-892.
Bush, M., & Leathwood, P. D. (1975). Effects of different regimens of early malnutrition
on behavioural development and adult avoidance learning in swiss white mice.
British Journal of Nutrition, 33, 373-385.
Castelano, C, & Oliverio, A. (1976). Early malnutrition and postnatal changes in brain
and behavior in the mouse. Brain Research, 101(2), 317-325.
Crnic, L. S. (1976). Effects of infantile undernutrition on adult learning in rats:
Methodological and design problems. Psychological Bulletin, 83(4), 715-728.
Egger, G. J., & Livesey, P. J. (1970). Acquisition measure in avoidance learning.
Psychonomic Science, 20(5), 285-286.
Frankova, S„ & Barnes, R. H. (1968). Effects of malnutrition in early life on avoidance
conditioning and behavior of adult rats. Journal of Nutrition, 96, 485-493.
Galler, J. R., & Turkewitz, G. (1977). Motor competence in rats of different stock
reared in large and small litters. Physiology and Behavior, 9(5), 697-699.
Griffin, W. S. T., Woodward, D. J„ & Chanda, R. (1977). Malnutrition and brain
development: cerebellar weight, DNA, RNA, protein and histological correlations.
Journalof Neurochemistry, 28(6), 1269-1279.
Guthrie, H. A. (1968). Severe undernutrition in early infancy and behavior in
reabilitated albino rats. Physiology and Behavior, 3, 619-623.
Guthrie, H. A., & Browm, M. L. (1968). Effect of severe undernutrition in early life on
growth, brain size and composition in adult rats. Journal of Nutrition, 94, 418-426.
Hoffman, H. S. (1976). Análisis de la evitación discriminada. Em W. K. Honig (Org.),
Conducta operante: Investigación y aplicaciones (p. 589-625). México: Editorial
Trillas.
Howard, E., Olton, D. S., & Johnson, C. T. (1976). Active avoidance and brain DNA
after postnatal food deprivation in rats. Development Psychobiology, 9(3),
217-221.
Kurtz, P. S., & Shafer, J. N. (1967). The interaction of UCS intensity and intertrial
interval in avoidance leaming. Psychonomic Science, 8(11), 465-466.
Leathwood, P. D. (1978). Influence of early undemutrition on behavioral development
and learning in rodents. Em G. Gottlieb (Org.), Studies on the development of
behavior and the nervous system: Early influences (p. 187-209). New York:
Academic.
Leathwood, P. D., Bush, M. S., Berent, C, & Mauron, J. (1974). Effects of early
malnutrition on swiss white mice: Avoidance learning after rearing in large litters.
Life Science, 14, 157-162.
Leathwood, P. D., Bush, M. S., & Mauron, J. (1975). The effects of chlordiazepoxide in
avoidance performance of mice sujected to undemutrition or handling stress in
early life. Psychopharmacology, 41, 105-109.
Levine, S., & England. S. J. (1960). Temporal factors in avoidance learning. Journal of
Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 53(3), 282-283.
Levitsky, D. A., & Barnes, R. H. (1970). Effects of early malnutrition on the reaction of
adult rats to aversive stimuli. Nature, 225, 468-469.
Levitsky, D. A., & Barnes, R. H. (1972). Nutritional and enviromental interaction in the
behavioral development of the rat long-term effects. Science, 176, 68-71.
Lynch, A. (1976). Passive avoidance behavior and response thresholds in adult male
rats after early postnatal undemutrition. Physiology and Behavior, 16, 27-32.
Moerschbaecher, J. M., & Thompson, D. M. (1980). Effects of damphetamine, cocaine
and phencyclidine on the acquisition of response sequences with and without
stimulus fading. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 33, 369-381.
McClelland, W. J., & Colman. F. D. (1967). Activity and different types of eletric shock
stimuli. Psychonomic Science, 7(11), 391-392.
Morgan, B. L. G., & Naismith, D. J. (1982).The effect of early post natal undemutrition
on the growth and development of the rat brain. British Journal of Nutrition, 48,
15-23.
Morris, C. J. (1974). The effects of early malnutrition on one-way and two-way avoidance
behavior. Physiological Psychology, 2(2), 148-150.
Murphy, J. V., & Miller, R. E. (1956). Spaced and massed practice whith a methodological
consideration of avoidance conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 52, 77-81.
Netto, C. A., & Izquierdo, I. (1985). On how passive is inhibitory avoidance. Behavioral and
Neural Biology, 43, 327-330.
Oliveira, L. M., & Almeida, S. S. (1985). Effects of malnutrition and enviroment on the
acquisition and extinction of avoidance behavior in rats. Physiology and Behavior, 34(1),
141-145.
Peele, D. B., & Baron, S. P. (1988). Effects of scopolamine on repeated acquisition of
radial-arm maze performance by rats. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior,
49, 275-290.
Randt, C. T., & Derby, B. M. (1974). Behavioral and brain correlations in early life nutritional
deprivation. Archives of Neurology, 28, 167-162.
Reddy, P. V., Anasuya Das, & Sastry, P. S. (1979). Ouantitative and compositional changes in
mielin of undernourished and protein malnourished rat brain. Brain Research, 161,
227-235.
Ricciuti, H. N., & Rosemblith, J. F. (1977). Methodological issues in the study of behavioral
effects of malnutrition. Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 7(1), 1-26.
Rider, A. A., & Simonson, M. (1974). The relationship between maternal diet, birth weight and
behavior of the ofíspring in the rat. Nutrition Report International, 10, 19-24.
Schrot, J. M., Boren. J. J., & Moerschbaecher, J. M. (1976). Sequential reacquisition as a
function of timeout f rom avoidance. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 25,
303-310.
Schrot, J. M., Boren, J. J., Moerschbaecher, J. M., & Simões Fontes, J. G. (1978). Effects of
damphetamine and cocaine on repeated acquisition with timeout from avoidance.
Pharmacobgy Biochemistry and Behavior, 9, 659-663.
Smart. J. L, Dobbing, J.. Adlard, B. P. F.. Lynch, A.. & Sands, J. (1973). Vulnerability of
developing brain: Relative effects of growth restriction during the fetal and suckling
periods on behavior and brain composition of adult rats. Journal of Nutrition, 103,
1327-1338.
Sobotka, T. J., Cook, M. P.. & Brodie, R. E. (1974). Neonatal malnutrition: Neurochemical,
hormonal and behavioral manifestations. Brain Research, 65, 443-457.
Strobel, D. (1979). Behavior and malnutrition in nonhuman primates. Em D. A. Levitsky (Org.)
Malnutrition, environment, and behavior: New perspectives (p. 193-218). Ithaca: Cornell
University Press.
Thompson, D. M. (1970). Repeated acquisition as a behavioral baseline. Psychonomic
Science, 21, 156-157.
Thompson, D. M. (1973). Repeated acquisition as a behavioral baseline for studying
drug effects. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 184,
506-514.
Thompson, D, M. (1974a). Repeated acquisition of response sequences: Effects of
d-amphetamine and chlorpromazine. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior,
2, 741-746.
Thompson, D. M. (1974b). Repeated acquisition of behavioral chains under chronic
drug conditions. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics,
188, 700-713.
Thompson, D. M. (1975). Repeated acquisition of response sequences: Stimulus
control and drugs. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 23, 429-436.
Thompson, D. M. (1976). Repeated acquisition of behavioral chains: Effects of
methilphenidate and imipramine. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 4,
671-677.
Thompson, D. M. (1977). Development of tolerance to the disruptive effects of cocaine
on repeated acquisition and performance of response sequences. The Journal of
Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics: 203, 294-302.
Thompson, D. M., & Moerschbaecher, J. M. (1979). An experimental analysis of the
effects of d-amphetamine and cocaine on the acquisition and performance of
response chains in monkeys. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior,
32, 433-444.
Thompson, D. M., & Moerschbaecher, J. M. (1980). Effects of d'amphetamine and
cocaine on strained ratio behavior in a repeated acquisition task. Journal of the
Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 33, 141-148.
Tikai, K., Benesová, S., & Frankova, S. (1976). The effect of pyrithioxine and
pyridoxine on individual behavior, social interactions, and learning in rats
malnourished in early postnatal life. Psychopharmacology, 46, 325-332.
Vendite, D., Wofchuk. S., & Souza, D. O. (1985). Effects of undernutrition during
suckling on footshock escape behavior and on related neurochemical parameters
in rats. Journal of Nutrition, 775(1), 1418-1424.
Villescas, R., Marthens, E., & Hammer, R. P. (1981a). Prenatal undernutrition: Effects
on behavior, brain chemistry and neuroanatomy in rats. Pharmacology
Biochemistry and Behavior, 14, 455-462.
Villescas, R., Ostwald, R.. Marimoto, H., & Bennett, E. L. (1981b). Effects of neonatal
undernutrition and cold stress on behavior and biochemical brain parameters in
rats. Journal of Nutrition, 777(6) , 1103-1110.
Walker, S. R. (1977). Effects of dextroamphetamine sulfate on repeated acquisition
behavior and mood in humans: A preliminary report. The Psychological Record,
31, 29-41.
Wigging, W. S. T., Fuller, G.. & Enna, S. J. (1984). Undemutrition and the
developmentof brain neurotransmitter systems. Life Science, 19(35), 2085-2094.
Winsauer, P. J., Thompson, D. M., & Moerschbaecher, J. M. (1985). Comparison of
drug effects on fixed-ratio performance and chain performance maintained under a
second-order fixed-ratio schedule. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of
Behavior, 44, 367-376.
Wise, L. A., & Zimmermann. R. R. (1973). Shock threshold of low-and
high-protein-reared rhesus monkeys. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 36, 674.
desnutrição proteica: reatividade de ratos desnutridos ao clordiazepóxido.
Dissertação de Mestrado. Ribeirão Preto: Universidade de São Paulo.
Almeida, S. S., & Oliveira, L. M. (1981). Sous-alimentation protéíque et effect de trois
intensités de choc sur Tacquisition et I'extinction de reponses d'évitement.
Medicine et Nutrition, 17, 459-466.
Anderson, N. H., & Nakamura, C. Y. (1964). Avoidance decrement in avoidance
conditioning. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 57(2),
196-204.
Bolles, R. C, Warren, J. A., & Ostrov, N. (1966). The role of the CS-US interval in bar
press avoidance learning. Psychonomic Science, 5(3), 113-114.
Boren, J. J„ & Devine, D. D. (1968) The repeated acquisition of behavioral chains.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 11, 651-660.
Brozek, J. (1978). Malnutrition and behavior. Journal of The American Dietetic
Association, 72, 17-23.
Brush, F. R. (1962). The effects of intertrial interval on avoidance learning in the rat.
Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55(5), 888-892.
Bush, M., & Leathwood, P. D. (1975). Effects of different regimens of early malnutrition
on behavioural development and adult avoidance learning in swiss white mice.
British Journal of Nutrition, 33, 373-385.
Castelano, C, & Oliverio, A. (1976). Early malnutrition and postnatal changes in brain
and behavior in the mouse. Brain Research, 101(2), 317-325.
Crnic, L. S. (1976). Effects of infantile undernutrition on adult learning in rats:
Methodological and design problems. Psychological Bulletin, 83(4), 715-728.
Egger, G. J., & Livesey, P. J. (1970). Acquisition measure in avoidance learning.
Psychonomic Science, 20(5), 285-286.
Frankova, S„ & Barnes, R. H. (1968). Effects of malnutrition in early life on avoidance
conditioning and behavior of adult rats. Journal of Nutrition, 96, 485-493.
Galler, J. R., & Turkewitz, G. (1977). Motor competence in rats of different stock
reared in large and small litters. Physiology and Behavior, 9(5), 697-699.
Griffin, W. S. T., Woodward, D. J„ & Chanda, R. (1977). Malnutrition and brain
development: cerebellar weight, DNA, RNA, protein and histological correlations.
Journalof Neurochemistry, 28(6), 1269-1279.
Guthrie, H. A. (1968). Severe undernutrition in early infancy and behavior in
reabilitated albino rats. Physiology and Behavior, 3, 619-623.
Guthrie, H. A., & Browm, M. L. (1968). Effect of severe undernutrition in early life on
growth, brain size and composition in adult rats. Journal of Nutrition, 94, 418-426.
Hoffman, H. S. (1976). Análisis de la evitación discriminada. Em W. K. Honig (Org.),
Conducta operante: Investigación y aplicaciones (p. 589-625). México: Editorial
Trillas.
Howard, E., Olton, D. S., & Johnson, C. T. (1976). Active avoidance and brain DNA
after postnatal food deprivation in rats. Development Psychobiology, 9(3),
217-221.
Kurtz, P. S., & Shafer, J. N. (1967). The interaction of UCS intensity and intertrial
interval in avoidance leaming. Psychonomic Science, 8(11), 465-466.
Leathwood, P. D. (1978). Influence of early undemutrition on behavioral development
and learning in rodents. Em G. Gottlieb (Org.), Studies on the development of
behavior and the nervous system: Early influences (p. 187-209). New York:
Academic.
Leathwood, P. D., Bush, M. S., Berent, C, & Mauron, J. (1974). Effects of early
malnutrition on swiss white mice: Avoidance learning after rearing in large litters.
Life Science, 14, 157-162.
Leathwood, P. D., Bush, M. S., & Mauron, J. (1975). The effects of chlordiazepoxide in
avoidance performance of mice sujected to undemutrition or handling stress in
early life. Psychopharmacology, 41, 105-109.
Levine, S., & England. S. J. (1960). Temporal factors in avoidance learning. Journal of
Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 53(3), 282-283.
Levitsky, D. A., & Barnes, R. H. (1970). Effects of early malnutrition on the reaction of
adult rats to aversive stimuli. Nature, 225, 468-469.
Levitsky, D. A., & Barnes, R. H. (1972). Nutritional and enviromental interaction in the
behavioral development of the rat long-term effects. Science, 176, 68-71.
Lynch, A. (1976). Passive avoidance behavior and response thresholds in adult male
rats after early postnatal undemutrition. Physiology and Behavior, 16, 27-32.
Moerschbaecher, J. M., & Thompson, D. M. (1980). Effects of damphetamine, cocaine
and phencyclidine on the acquisition of response sequences with and without
stimulus fading. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 33, 369-381.
McClelland, W. J., & Colman. F. D. (1967). Activity and different types of eletric shock
stimuli. Psychonomic Science, 7(11), 391-392.
Morgan, B. L. G., & Naismith, D. J. (1982).The effect of early post natal undemutrition
on the growth and development of the rat brain. British Journal of Nutrition, 48,
15-23.
Morris, C. J. (1974). The effects of early malnutrition on one-way and two-way avoidance
behavior. Physiological Psychology, 2(2), 148-150.
Murphy, J. V., & Miller, R. E. (1956). Spaced and massed practice whith a methodological
consideration of avoidance conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 52, 77-81.
Netto, C. A., & Izquierdo, I. (1985). On how passive is inhibitory avoidance. Behavioral and
Neural Biology, 43, 327-330.
Oliveira, L. M., & Almeida, S. S. (1985). Effects of malnutrition and enviroment on the
acquisition and extinction of avoidance behavior in rats. Physiology and Behavior, 34(1),
141-145.
Peele, D. B., & Baron, S. P. (1988). Effects of scopolamine on repeated acquisition of
radial-arm maze performance by rats. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior,
49, 275-290.
Randt, C. T., & Derby, B. M. (1974). Behavioral and brain correlations in early life nutritional
deprivation. Archives of Neurology, 28, 167-162.
Reddy, P. V., Anasuya Das, & Sastry, P. S. (1979). Ouantitative and compositional changes in
mielin of undernourished and protein malnourished rat brain. Brain Research, 161,
227-235.
Ricciuti, H. N., & Rosemblith, J. F. (1977). Methodological issues in the study of behavioral
effects of malnutrition. Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 7(1), 1-26.
Rider, A. A., & Simonson, M. (1974). The relationship between maternal diet, birth weight and
behavior of the ofíspring in the rat. Nutrition Report International, 10, 19-24.
Schrot, J. M., Boren. J. J., & Moerschbaecher, J. M. (1976). Sequential reacquisition as a
function of timeout f rom avoidance. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 25,
303-310.
Schrot, J. M., Boren, J. J., Moerschbaecher, J. M., & Simões Fontes, J. G. (1978). Effects of
damphetamine and cocaine on repeated acquisition with timeout from avoidance.
Pharmacobgy Biochemistry and Behavior, 9, 659-663.
Smart. J. L, Dobbing, J.. Adlard, B. P. F.. Lynch, A.. & Sands, J. (1973). Vulnerability of
developing brain: Relative effects of growth restriction during the fetal and suckling
periods on behavior and brain composition of adult rats. Journal of Nutrition, 103,
1327-1338.
Sobotka, T. J., Cook, M. P.. & Brodie, R. E. (1974). Neonatal malnutrition: Neurochemical,
hormonal and behavioral manifestations. Brain Research, 65, 443-457.
Strobel, D. (1979). Behavior and malnutrition in nonhuman primates. Em D. A. Levitsky (Org.)
Malnutrition, environment, and behavior: New perspectives (p. 193-218). Ithaca: Cornell
University Press.
Thompson, D. M. (1970). Repeated acquisition as a behavioral baseline. Psychonomic
Science, 21, 156-157.
Thompson, D. M. (1973). Repeated acquisition as a behavioral baseline for studying
drug effects. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 184,
506-514.
Thompson, D, M. (1974a). Repeated acquisition of response sequences: Effects of
d-amphetamine and chlorpromazine. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior,
2, 741-746.
Thompson, D. M. (1974b). Repeated acquisition of behavioral chains under chronic
drug conditions. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics,
188, 700-713.
Thompson, D. M. (1975). Repeated acquisition of response sequences: Stimulus
control and drugs. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 23, 429-436.
Thompson, D. M. (1976). Repeated acquisition of behavioral chains: Effects of
methilphenidate and imipramine. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 4,
671-677.
Thompson, D. M. (1977). Development of tolerance to the disruptive effects of cocaine
on repeated acquisition and performance of response sequences. The Journal of
Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics: 203, 294-302.
Thompson, D. M., & Moerschbaecher, J. M. (1979). An experimental analysis of the
effects of d-amphetamine and cocaine on the acquisition and performance of
response chains in monkeys. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior,
32, 433-444.
Thompson, D. M., & Moerschbaecher, J. M. (1980). Effects of d'amphetamine and
cocaine on strained ratio behavior in a repeated acquisition task. Journal of the
Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 33, 141-148.
Tikai, K., Benesová, S., & Frankova, S. (1976). The effect of pyrithioxine and
pyridoxine on individual behavior, social interactions, and learning in rats
malnourished in early postnatal life. Psychopharmacology, 46, 325-332.
Vendite, D., Wofchuk. S., & Souza, D. O. (1985). Effects of undernutrition during
suckling on footshock escape behavior and on related neurochemical parameters
in rats. Journal of Nutrition, 775(1), 1418-1424.
Villescas, R., Marthens, E., & Hammer, R. P. (1981a). Prenatal undernutrition: Effects
on behavior, brain chemistry and neuroanatomy in rats. Pharmacology
Biochemistry and Behavior, 14, 455-462.
Villescas, R., Ostwald, R.. Marimoto, H., & Bennett, E. L. (1981b). Effects of neonatal
undernutrition and cold stress on behavior and biochemical brain parameters in
rats. Journal of Nutrition, 777(6) , 1103-1110.
Walker, S. R. (1977). Effects of dextroamphetamine sulfate on repeated acquisition
behavior and mood in humans: A preliminary report. The Psychological Record,
31, 29-41.
Wigging, W. S. T., Fuller, G.. & Enna, S. J. (1984). Undemutrition and the
developmentof brain neurotransmitter systems. Life Science, 19(35), 2085-2094.
Winsauer, P. J., Thompson, D. M., & Moerschbaecher, J. M. (1985). Comparison of
drug effects on fixed-ratio performance and chain performance maintained under a
second-order fixed-ratio schedule. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of
Behavior, 44, 367-376.
Wise, L. A., & Zimmermann. R. R. (1973). Shock threshold of low-and
high-protein-reared rhesus monkeys. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 36, 674.
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Published
2012-08-21
How to Cite
de Almeida, O. K., & Fontes, J. C. S. (2012). EFFECTS OF PROTEIN-CALORIC DEFFICIENCIES ON AVOIDANCE RESPONSE ACQUISITION:: A LITERATURE REVIEW. Psicologia: Teoria E Pesquisa, 8(1), 21–41. Retrieved from https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/revistaptp/article/view/17122
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