Autism Spectrum Disorders: Assessment of cognitive abilities using the non-verbal SON-R 6-40
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102.3772e3624Keywords:
Autistic disorder, Intelligence, Psychological assessmentAbstract
Cognition in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) shows large variability. Nonverbal tests can be more suitable for cognitive assessment in this group. We investigated cognitive abilities in ASD using the SON-R 6-40 Nonverbal Intelligence Test. A total of 37 individuals with ASD (AG) aged 6-24 years participated. Cognitive assessment of the AG was done using the SON-R 6-40 and performance compared with the standardized sample which served as the control group (CG). Results showed lower subtest scores in the AG than in the CG. Approximately 84% of the AG had intellectual disability according to IQ scores. Individuals with preserved speech in the AG had higher IQ scores than patients without preserved speech. There was no relationship between intelligence and ASD symptom severity as reported by families.
Downloads
References
Alves, T. A. (2016). Evidências de validade e propriedades psicométricas do SON-R 6-40. Master thesis, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brasil.
Alves, T. A., & Laros, J. A. (2017). Propriedades psicométricas do SON-R 6-40 em pessoas com deficiência intelectual. Psicologia: Teoria e Prática, 19(2), 127-138. http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/1980-6906/psicologia.v19n2p151-163
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Author.
Banach R., Szatmari, P., Goldberg, J., Tuff, L. P., Zwaigenbaum, L., & Mahoney, W. J. (2009). Brief Report: Relationship between nonverbal IQ and gender in Autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39(1), 188-193. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-008-0612-4
Bergeron, R., & Floyd, R. G. (2006). Broad cognitive abilities of children with mental retardation: An analysis of group and individual profiles. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 111(6), 417-432. https://doi.org/10.1352/0895-8017(2006)111[417:BCAOCW]2.0.CO;2
Carlsson, L. H., Norrelgen, F., Kjellmer, L., Westerlund, J., Gillberg, C., Fernell, E. (2013). Coexisting disorders and problems in preschool children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. The Scientific World Journal, 2013, 213979. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/213979
Carroll, J. B. (2005). The three-stratum theory of cognitive abilities. In D. P. Flanagan & P. L. Harrison (Eds.), Contemporary intellectual assessment (2nd ed., pp. 69-76). The Guilford Press.
CDC. (2012). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders-Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 14 sites, United States, 2008. MMWR Surveill Summ, 61, 1-19.
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Corbett, B. A., Carmean, V., & Fein, D. (2009). Assessment of neurospychological functioning in autism spectrum disorders. In S. Goldstein, J. A. Naglieri, & S. Ozonoff (Eds.), Assessment of Autism Spectrum Disorders (pp. 253-289). Guilford Press.
Cronbach, L. J., & Gleser, G. C. (1953). Assessing similarity between profiles. Psychological Bulletin, 50, 456-473.
Dawson, M., Soulières, I., Gernsbacher, M. A., & Mottron, L. (2007). The Level and Nature of Autistic Intelligence. Psychological Science, 18, 657-662. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01954.x
Grondhuis, S. N., & Mulick, J. A. (2013). Comparison of the Leiter International Performance Scale-Revised and the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, in children with autism spectrum disorders. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 118, 44-54. https://doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-118.1.44
Johnson, C. P., & Myers, S. M. (2007). Identification and evaluation of children with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics, 120(5), 1183-1215. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-2361
Joseph, R. M. (2011). The significance of IQ and differential cognitive abilities for understanding ASD. In D. A. Fein (Ed.), The Neuropsychology of Autism (pp. 281-294). Oxford University Press.
Kanne, S. M., Gerber, A. J., Quirmbach, L. M., Sparrow, S. S., Cicchetti, D. V., & Saulnier, C. A. (2011). The role of adaptive behavior in autism spectrum disorders: Implications for functional outcome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41(8), 1007-1018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-010-1126-4
Klin, A. (2009). Subtyping the Autism Spectrum Disorders: Theoretical, research and clinical considerations. In S. Goldstein, J. A. Naglieri, & S. Ozonoff (Eds.), Assessment of Autism Spectrum Disorders (pp. 91-116). Guilford Press.
Klinger, L. G., O’Kelley, S. E., & Mussey, J. L. (2009). Assessment of intellectual functioning in Autism Spectrum Disorders. In S. Goldstein, J. A. Naglieri, & S. Ozonoff (Eds.), Assessment of Autism Spectrum Disorders (pp. 209-252). Guilford Press.
Kuschner, E. S., Bennetto, L., & Yost, K. (2007). Patterns of nonverbal cognitive functioning in young children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37, 795-807. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0209-8
Lai, M. C., Lombardo, M. V., Chakrabarti, B., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2013). Subgrouping the Autism “Spectrum": Reflections on DSM-5. PLoS Biology, 11(4), e1001544. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001544.
Laros, J. A., Tellegen, P. J., Jesus, G. R. de & Karino, C. A. (2015). SON-R 2½-7[a]. Manual - Teste não-verbal de inteligência. Hogrefe-CETEPP.
Laros, J. A., Almeida, G. O. N., Valentini, F., & Lima, R. M. F. (2015). Dimensionalidade e evidências de validade convergente do SON-R 6-40. Temas em Psicologia, 23, 929-945. https://doi.org/10.9788/TP2015.4-10
Levy, S. E., Mandell, D. S., & Schultz, R. T. (2009). Autism. Lancet, 374, 1627-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61376-3.
Lima, R. M. F. (2018). Teste não verbal de inteligência SON-R 6-40: validação e normatização para o Brasil. Doctoral dissertation, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília.
Lima, R. M. F., & Laros, J. A. (2017). Evidências de validade convergente e discriminante dos escores do SON-R 6-40. Psicologia: Teoria e Prática, 19, 107-120. http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/1980-6906/psicologia.v19n1p107-120
Lord, C., Corsello, C., & Grzadzinski, R. (2014). Diagnostic instruments in autistic spectrum disorders. In F. R. Volkmar, R. Paul, S. J. Rogers, & K. A. Pelphrey (Orgs), Handbook of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders (Fourth Edition, pp. 609-660). John Wiley & Sons.
Macedo, E. C., Mecca, T. P., Valentini, F., Laros, J. A., Lima, R. M. F., & Schwartzman, J. S. (2013). Using the Nonverbal Test SON-R 2½-7[a] to assess children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Revista Educação Especial, 26, 603-618. https://doi.org/10.5902/1984686X9779.
Mandelbaum, D. E., Stevens, M., Rosenberg, E., Wiznitzer, M., Steinschneider, M., Filipek, P., & Rapin, I. (2006). Sensorimotor performance in school-age children with autism, developmental language disorder, or low IQ. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 48, 33-39. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0012162206000089
Mandy, W., Murin, M., & Skuse, D. (2015). The cognitive profile in autism spectrum disorders. In: M. Leboyer, & P. Chaste (Eds), Autism Spectrum Disorders: Phenotypes, mechanisms, and treatments (pp. 34-45). Karger.
Marteleto, M. R., & Pedromônico, M. R. (2005). Validity of Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC): Preliminary study. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 27, 295-301. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-44462005000400008
Mayes, S. D., & Calhoun, S. L. (2008). WISC-IV and WIAT-II profiles in children with high-functioning autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(3), 428-439. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-007-0410-4.
Mecca, T. P., Orsati, F. T., & de Macedo, E. C. (2014). Non-Verbal cognitive profile of young children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Psychology, 5(11), 1404-1417. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2014.511151
Munson, J., Dawson, G., Sterling, L., Beauchaine, T., Zhou, A., Koehler, E., Lord, C., Rogers, S., Sigman, M., Estes, A., & Abbott, R. (2008). Evidence for latent classes of IQ in young children with autism spectrum disorder. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 113(6), 439-452. https://doi.org/10.1352/2008.113:439-452.
Oliveras-Rentas, R. E., Kenworthy, L., Roberson III, R. B., Martin, A., & Wallace, G. L. (2012). WISC-IV profile in high-functioning autism spectrum disorders: Impaired processing speed is associated with increased autism communication symptoms and decreased adaptive communication abilities. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(5), 655-664. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-011-1289-7.
Pickles, A., Anderson, D. K., & Lord, C. (2014). Heterogeneity and plasticity in the development of language: A 17-year follow-up of children referred early for possible autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55(12), 1354-1362. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12269.
Pugliese, C. E., Anthony, L., Strang, J. F., Dudley, K., Wallace, G. L., & Kenworthy, L. (2015). Increasing adaptive behavior skill deficits from childhood to adolescence in autism spectrum disorder: Role of executive function. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(6), 1579-1587. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2309-1.
Schneider, W. J., & McGrew, K. S. (2012). The Cattell-Horn-Carroll Model of intelligence. In D. P. Flanagan & P. L. Harrison (Eds.), Contemporary intellectual assessment: Theories, tests and issues (3rd ed., pp. 553-581). The Guilford Press.
Szatmari, P., Georgiades, S., Duku., Bennett, T. A., Bryson., Fombonne, E., Mirenda, P., Roberts, W., Smith, I. M., Vaillancourt, T., Volden, J., Wadell, C., Zwageinbaum, L., Elsabbagh, M., Thompson, A., & Pathways in Study Team. (2015). Developmental trajectories of symptom severity and adaptive functioning in an inception cohort of preschool children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. JAMA Psychiatry, 72(3), 276-283. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.2463
Szatmari, P., Tuff, L., Finlayson, M. A., & Bartolucci, G. (1990). Asperger’s Syndrome and Autism: Neurocognitive aspects. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 130-136. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199001000-00021
Tellegen, P. J., & Laros, J. A. (2017). Snijders-Oomen Non-verbal intelligence test SON-R 2-8. Hogrefe.
Tellegen, P. J., & Laros, J. A. (2014). SON-R 6-40. Snijders-Oomen Non-Verbal intelligence test. Research report, instructions & norms. Hogrefe.
Tellegen, P. J., Winkel, M., Wijnberg-Williams, B. J., & Laros, J. A. (1998). Snijders-Oomen Non-verbal intelligence test SON-R 2½-7: Manual and research report. Swets Test Publishers.
Vacha-Haase, T., & Thompson, B. (2004). How to estimate and interpret various effect sizes. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51(4), 473-481.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 Tatiana Pontrelli Mecca, Renata Manuelly Feitosa de Lima, Jacob Arie Laros, Elizeu Coutinho de Macedo, Rosane Lowenthal
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
