The Structuring Process and the Experience of Parenthood in Same-Sex Couples
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102.3772e35nspe1Keywords:
Parenthood, Homosexuality, Homosexual parents, Family, Family relationsAbstract
This study aims to understand the process of constitution and experience of parenthood in four same-sex couples. We interviewed three gay couples and a lesbian couple, aged between 30 and 50 years who had children in this relationship. We analyzed the data by Consensual Qualitative Research (CQR) and generated 29 categories, grouped into four domains: sexual identity, marital bond, parenting process and parenting experience. Overall results suggest that parenting is experienced with satisfaction and responsibility; is a way of inclusion in society; is facilitated by social support and complicated by social prejudice; is characterized by flexibility in parental roles; gives priority the transmission of values of freedom and respect for differences.
Downloads
References
Alves, M. J. H., Parente, J. S., & Albuquerque, G. A. (2016). Homosexual orientation in childhood and adolescence: experiences of concealment and prejudice. Reprodução e Climatério, 31(2), 68-75. doi: 10.1016/j.recli.2016.03.002
Andrêo, C., Peres, W. S., Tokuda, A. M. P., & Souza, L. L. (2016). Homofobia na construção das masculinidades hegemônicas: Queerizando as hierarquias entre gêneros. Estudos e Pesquisas em Psicologia, 16(1), 46-67.
Baiocco, R., Argalia, M., & Laghi, F. (2013). The desire to marry and attitudes toward same-sex family legalization in a sample of Italian lesbians and gay men. Journal of Family Issues, 35(2), 181-200. doi: 10.1177/0192513X12464872
Bramlett, B. H. (2012). The cross-pressures of religion and contact with gays and lesbians, and their impact on same-sex marriage opinion. Politics & Policy, 40(1), 13-30. doi: 10.1111/j.1747-1346.2011.00337.x
Corrêa, M. E. C. (2012). Duas mães? Mulheres lésbicas e maternidade (Tese de Doutorado). Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil. doi: 10.11606/T.6.2012.tde-29042012-124625
Costa, A. B., Peroni, R. O., Bandeira, D. R., & Nardi, H. C. (2013). Homophobia or sexism? A systematic review of prejudice against nonheterosexual orientation in Brazil. International Journal of Psychology, 48(5), 900-909. doi: 10.1080/00207594.2012.729839
Costa, C. B., Machado, M. R., & Wagner, M. F. (2015). Percepções do homossexual masculino: Sociedade, família e amizades. Temas em Psicologia, 23(3), 777-788. doi: 10.9788/TP2015.3-20
D’Augelli, A. R., Rendina, J., & Sinclair, K. O. (2007). Gay and lesbian youth want long-term couple relationships and raising children. Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling, 1(4), 77-98. doi: 10.1177/0192513X13484272
Fairthlough, A. (2008). Growing up with a lesbian or gay parent: Young people’s perspectives. Health and Social Care in the Community, 16(5), 521-528. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2524.2008.00774.x
Farr, R., & Patterson, C. J. (2013). Coparenting among lesbian, gay, and heterosexual couples: Associations with adopted children's outcomes. Child Development, 84(4), 1226-1240. doi: 10.1111/cdev.12046
Fonseca, C. (2006). Da circulação de crianças à adoção internacional: Questões de pertencimento e posse. Cadernos Pagu, 26, 11-43. doi: 10.1590/S0104-83332006000100002
Gartrell, N., & Bos, H. (2010). US national longitudinal lesbian family study: Psychological adjustment of 17-year-old adolescents. Pediatrics, 126(3), 28-36. doi: 10.1542/peds.2009-3153
Gates, G., Badgett, L. M., Macomber, J. E., & Chambers, K. (2007). Adoption and foster care by lesbian and gay parents in the United States. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute and The Williams Institute.
Goldberg, A. E. (2010).Lesbian and gay parents and their children: Research on the family life cycle. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Goldberg, A. E., & Allen, K. R. (2007). Imagining men: Lesbian mother’s perceptions of male involvement during the transition to parenthood. Journal of Marriage and Family, 69(2), 352-365. doi: 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2007.00370.x
Goldberg, A. E., & Smith, J. Z. (2013). Work conditions and mental health in lesbian and gay dual-earner parents. Family Relations, 62(5), 727-740. doi: 10.1111/fare.12042
Goldberg, A. E., Downing, J. B., & Moyer, A. M. (2012). Why parenthood, and why now? Gay men’s motivations for pursuing parenthood. Family Relations, 6(1), 157-174. doi: 10.1111/j.1741-3729.2011.00687.x
Goldberg, A. E., Kinkler, L. A., Moyer, A. M., & Weber, E. B. (2014). Intimate relationship challenges in early parenthood among lesbian, gay, and heterosexual couples adopting via the Child Welfare System. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 45(4), 221-230. doi: 10.1037/a0037443
Goldberg, A. E., Smith, J. Z., & Perry-Jenkins, M. (2012). The division of labor in lesbian, gay, and heterosexual new adoptive parents. Journal of Marriage and Family, 74(4), 812-828. doi: 10.1111/fare.12042
Golding, A. C. (2006). Redefining the nuclear family: An exploration of resiliency in lesbian parents. Journal of Feminist Family Therapy, 18(1/2), 35-65. doi: 10.1300/J086v18n01_02
Golombok, S., Mellish, L., Jennings, S., Casey, P., Tasker, F., & Lamb, M. E. (2014). Adoptive gay father families: Parent-child relationships and children’s psychological adjustment. Child Development, 85(2), 456-68. doi: 10.1111/cdev.12155
Hildebrandt, A. (2014). Routes to decriminalization: A comparative analysis of the legalization of same-sex sexual acts. Sexualities, 17(1/2), 230-253. doi: 10.1177/1363460713511105
Hill, C. E. (2012). Consensual Qualitative Research: A practical resource for investigating social science phenomena. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association .
Kleinert, E., Martin, O., Brähler, E., & Stöbel-Richter, Y. (2015). Motives and decisions for and against having children among nonheterosexuals and the impact of experiences of discrimination, internalized stigma, and social acceptance. Journal of Sex Research, 52(2), 174-185. doi: 10.1080/00224499.2013.838745
Machin, R. (2016). Homoparentalidade e adoção: (Re)afirmando seu lugar como família.Psicologia & Sociedade,28(2), 350-359. doi: 10.1590/1807-03102016v28n2p350
Meletti, A. T., & Scorsolini-Comin, F. (2015). Conjugalidade e expectativas em relação à parentalidade em casais homossexuais.Psicologia: Teoria e Prática,17(1), 37-49. doi: 10.15348/1980-6906
Merino, S. M. (2013). Contact with gays and lesbians and same-sex marriage support: The moderating role of social context. Social Science Research, 42(4), 1156-1166. doi: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2013.02.004
Miscioscia, M., Blavier, A., Pagone, P. R., & Simonelli, A. (2017) The desire of parenthood: Intuitive co-parental behaviors and quality of couple relationship among Italian and Belgian same-sex and opposite-sex couples.Frontiers in Psychology, 110(8), 1-9. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00110
Murphy, D. A. (2013). The desire for parenthood gay men choosing to become parents through surrogacy. Journal of Family Issues, 34(8), 1104-1124. doi: 10.1177/0192513X13484272
Nunan, A. (2010). Preconceito internalizado e comportamento sexual de risco em homossexuais masculinos. Psicologia Argumento, 28(62), 247- 259.
Oliva, A., Arranz, E., Parra, A., & Olabarrieta, F. (2014). Family structure and child adjustment in Spain. Journal of Child & Family Studies, 23(1), 10-19. doi: 10.1007/s10826-012-9681-2
Paiva, V., Aranha, F., & Bastos, F. (2008). Opiniões e atitudes em relação à sexualidade: Pesquisa de âmbito nacional, Brasil 2005. Revista de Saúde Pública, 42(1), 54-64. doi: 10.1590/S0034-89102008000800008
Palma, Y. A., & Levandowski, D. C. (2008). Vivências pessoais e familiares de homossexuais femininas. Psicologia em Estudo, 13(4), 771-779.
Pereira, C. R., Torres, A. R. R., Falcão, L., & Pereira, A. S. (2013). O papel de representações sociais sobre a natureza da homossexualidade na oposição ao casamento civil e à adoção por famílias homoafetivas. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 29(1), 79-89. doi: 10.1590/S0102-37722013000100010
Power, J., Perlesz, A., McNair, R., Schofield, M., Pitts, M., Brown, R., & Bickerdike, A. (2012). Gay and bisexual dads and diversity: Fathers in the Work, Love, Play study. Journal of Family Studies, 18(2-3), 143-154. doi: 10.5172/jfs.2012.18.2-3.143
Ramírez-Gálvez, M. (2011). Inscrito nos genes ou escrito nas estrelas? Adoção de crianças e uso de reprodução assistida. Revista de Antropologia, 54(1), 47-87.
Riskind, R. G., & Patterson, C. J. (2010). Parenting intention and desires among childless lesbian, gay and heterosexual individuals. Journal of Family Psychology, 24(1), 78-81. doi: 10.1037/a0017941
Rodrigues, M. A., & Carmo, M. (2013). A configuração do significado de família para homossexuais: Um estudo fenomenológico. Revista da Abordagem Gestáltica, 19(1), 12-20.
Rodriguez, B., & Paiva, M. L. (2009). Um estudo sobre o exercício da parentalidade em contexto homoparental. Vínculo, 6(1), 13-25.
Rostosky, S. S., Korfhage, B. A., Duhigg, J. M., Stern, A. J., Bennett, L., & Riggle, E. D. B. (2004). Same-sex couple perceptions of family support: A Consensual Qualitative study. Family Process, 43(1), 43-57. doi: 10.1111/j.1545-5300.2004.04301005.x
Ryan, M., & Berkowitz, D. (2009). Constructing gay and lesbian parent families “beyond the closet”. Qualitative Sociology, 32(2), 153-172. doi: 10.1007/s11133-009-9124-6
Shenkman, G. (2012). The gap between fatherhood and couplehood desires among Israeli gay men and estimations of their likelihood. Journal of Family Psychology, 25(5), 828-832. doi: 10.1037/a0029471
Shulman, J. L., Gotta, G., & Green, R-J. (2012). Will marriage matter? Effects of marriage anticipated by same-sex couples. Journal of Family Issues, 33(2), 158-181. doi: 10.1177/0192513X11406228
Soliva, T. B., & Junior, J. B. S. (2014). Entre revelar e esconder: Pais e filhos em face da descoberta da homossexualidade. Sexualidad, Salud y Sociedad, 17, 124-148. doi: 10.1590/1984-6487.sess.2014.17.08.a
Wainright, J. L., Russell, S. T., & Patterson, C. J. (2004). Psychosocial adjustment, school outcomes, and romantic relationships of adolescents with same-sex parents. Child Development, 75(6), 1886-1898.
Wall, M. L. (2013). Lesbians’ perceived readiness to parent. Affilia: Journal of Women and Social Work, 28(4), 391-400. doi: 10.1177/0886109913504723
Webb, S. N., Chonody, J. M., & Kavanagh, P. S. (2016). Attitudes toward same-sex parenting: An effect of gender. Journal of Homosexuality, 64(11), 1583- 1595. doi: 10.1080/00918369.2016.1247540
Willoughby, B. B., Doty, N. D., & Malik, N. M. (2010). Victimization, family rejection, and outcomes of gay, lesbian, and bisexual young people: The role of negative GLB identity. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 6(4), 403-424. doi: 10.1080/1550428X.2010.511085
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2019 Marina Ortolan Araldi, Fernanda Barcellos Serralta
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.