Organizational Commitment:
Basis for a Process Approach
Keywords:
Organizational commitment, Longitudinal studies, Contextualizing organizational researchAbstract
The links between individuals and their employer organization have been a main focus within research on organizational commitment (CO). The present study aimed to characterize the scientific literature analyzing this construct from a process perspective, considering its importance in clarifying conceptual and empirical issues. 39articles reporting longitudinal data on CO, published between 1975 and 2010, were analyzed. In addition to confirming the infrequent use of this research design in the area, the analysis pointed out that: a) a central focus on the identification of its antecedents, more than on changes in commitment patterns over time and their determining factors; b) only a reduced number of studies incorporate context variables. This review results in relevant recommendations for future studies.
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References
Armstrong-Stassen, M. (2002). Designated redundant but escaping
lay-off: A special group of lay-off survivors. Journal of
Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 75, 1-13.
Armstrong-Stassen, M., Cameron, S. J., Mantler, J., & Horsburgh,
M. E. (2001). The impact of hospital amalgamation on the
job attitudes of nurses. Canadian Journal of Administrative
Sciences, 18(3), 149-162.
Bastos, A. V. B. (1998, setembro). Comprometimento no trabalho:
contextos em mudança e os rumos da pesquisa deste domínio
[Tape recording]. In Anais, 22. Encontro da ANPAD, 1998,
Foz do Iguaçu, PR.
Bastos, A. V. B., Rodrigues, A. C. A., Moscon, D. C. B., Silva, E. E.
C., & Pinho, A. P. M. (2013). Comprometimento no Trabalho:
fundamentos para a gestão de Pessoas. In L. O. Borges, & L.
Mourão (Eds.), O Trabalho e as Organizações ”“ atuações a
partir da Psicologia (pp. 279-310). Porto Alegre: Artmed.
Beck, K., & Wilson, C. (2000). Development of Affective
Organizational Commitment: A Cross-Sequential Examination
of Change with Tenure. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 56,
114-136.
Beck, K., & Wilson, C. (2001). Have we studied, should we
study, and can we study the development of commitment?
Methodological issues and the developmental study of workrelated
commitment. Human Resource Management Review,
11, 257-278.
Becker, T. E., Klein, H. J., & Meyer, J. P. (2009). Commitment in
organizations: accumulated wisdom and new directions. In
H. J. Klein, T. E. Becker, & J. P. Meyer (Eds.), Commitment
in Organizations. Accumulated Wisdom and New Directions.
(pp. 419-452). New York / London: Routledge ”“ Taylor &
Francis Group.
Bentein, K., Vandenberg, R., Vandenberghe, C., & Stinglhamber,
F. (2005). The role of change in the relationship between
commitment and turnover: a latent growth modeling approach.
Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(3), 468-482.
Cohen, A. (2003). Multiple commitments in workplaces: an
integrative approach. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence
Erlbaum Associates.
Cohen, A., & Freund, A. (2005). A longitudinal analysis of the
relationship between multiple commitments and withdrawal
cognitions. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 21, 329-
351.
Cooper-Hakim, A., & Viswesvaran, C. (2005). The construct
of work commitment: testing an integrative framework.
Psychological Bulletin, 131(2), 241-259.
Crano, W. D., & Prislin, R. (2006). Attitudes and persuasion. Annual
Review of Psychology, 57, 354-374.
Cunha, M. P., Rego, A., Cunha, R. C., & Cabral-Cardoso, C.
(2004). Comportamento organizacional: disposições, situações
e percepções (2004). In M. P. Cunha, A. Rego, R. C. Cunha,
& C. Cabral-Cardoso (Eds.), Manual de comportamento
organizacional e gestão (pp. 95-120). Lisboa: Editora RH.
Donaldson, S. I., Ensher, E. A., & Grant-Vallone, E. J. (2000).
Longitudinal Examination of Mentoring Relationships on
Organizational Commitment and Citizenship Behavior. Journal
of Career Development, 26(4), 233-249.
Gouveia, V. V., Santos, W. S., & Milfort, T. L. (2009). O uso
da estatística na avaliação psicológica: comentários e
considerações práticas. In C. S. Hutz (Ed.). Avanços e
polêmicas em avaliação psicológica: em homenagem a Jurema
Alcides Cunha (pp. 127-156). São Paulo: Casa do Psicólogo.
Johnston, M. W., Griffeth, R. W., Burton, S., & Carson, P. P. (1993).
An exploratory investigation in to the relationships between
promotion and turnover: A quasi-experimental longitudinal
study. Journal of Management, 19, 33-49.
Kelman, H. C. (2006). Interests, relationships, identities: three
central issues for individuals and groups in negotiating their
social environment. Annual Review of Psychology, 57(1),
01-26.
Klein, H. J., Molloy, J. C., & Cooper, J. T. (2009). Conceptual
foundations: construct definitions and theoretical representations
of workplace commitments. In T. E. Becker, H. J. Klein, & J.
P. Meyer, (Eds.), Commitment in Organizations. Accumulated
Wisdom and New Directions (pp. 3-36). New York / London:
Routledge ”“ Taylor & Francis Group.
Majchrzak, A., & Cotton, J. (1988). A longitudinal study of
adjustment to technological change: From mass to computerautomated
batch production. Journal of Occupational
Psychology, 61, 43-66.
Mathieu, J. E., & Zajac, D. M. (1990). A Review and Meta-
Analysis of the Antecedents, Correlates, and Consequences of
Organizational Commitment. Psychological Bulletin, 108(2),
171-194.
Menezes, I. G., & Bastos, A. V. B. (2009). Bases sociológicas,
antropológicas e psicológicas do comprometimento
organizacional. Psicologia em Revista, 15(3), 200-215.
Meyer, J. P. (2009). Commitment in a changing world of work. In
T. E. Becker, H. J. Klein, & J. P. Meyer, (Eds.), Commitment
in Organizations. Accumulated Wisdom and New Directions
(pp. 37-68). New York / London: Routledge ”“ Taylor & Francis
Group.
Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1991). A three-component
conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human
Resource Management Review, 1, 61-89.
Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1997). Commitment in the workplace:
theory, research and application. Thousands Oaks: SAGE.
Meyer, J. P., Stanley, J. D., Herscovitch, L., & Topolnytsky, L.
(2002). Affective, Continuance, and Normative Commitment to
the Organization: A Meta-analysis of Antecedents, Correlates,
and Consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61, 20-52.
Morrow, P. C. (1993). The theory and measurement of work
commitment. Greenwich, CT: Jai.
Morrow, P. C. (2011). Managing organizational commitment:
Insights from longitudinal research. Journal of Vocational
Behavior, 79, 18-35.
Mowday, R. T., Porter, L. W., & Steers, R. M. (1982). Employeeorganization
linkages - the psychology of commitment,
absenteeism, and turnover. New York: Academic Press.
Newman, J. M., & Krzystofiak, F. J. (1993). Changes in employee
attitudes after an acquisition. Group & Organizational Studies,
18(4), 390−410.
Nord, W. R., & Fox, S. (2004). O indivíduo nos estudos
organizacionais: o grande ato de desaparecimento? In: S. R.
Clegg, C. Hardy, & W. Nord (Eds.). Handbook de Estudos
Organizacionais (pp. 186-225). São Paulo: Atlas.
Osigweh, C. A. B. (1989). Concept fallibility in organizational
science. Academy of Management. The Academy of
Management Review, 14(4), 579-594.
Peiró, J. M., & Tetrick, L. (2011). Occupational Health Psychology.
In P. R. Martin, F. M. Cheung, M. C. Knowles, M. C. Kyrios,
L. Littlefield, J. B. Overmier, & J. M. Prieto (Eds.), IAAP
Handbook of Applied Psychology (pp. 292-315). Oxford:
Blackwell Publishing.
Ployhart, R. E., & Vandenberg, R. J. (2010). Longitudinal
research: the theory, design, and analysis of change. Journal
of Management, 36(1), 94-120.
Riketta, M., & Van Dick, R. (2009). Commitment´s Place in the
Literature. In T. E. Becker, H. J. Klein, & J. P. Meyer, (Eds.),
Commitment in Organizations. Accumulated Wisdom and New
Directions (pp. 67-95). New York / London: Routledge ”“ Taylor
& Francis Group.
Riggle, R. J., Edmondson, D. R., & Hansen, J. D. (2009). A metaanalysis
of the relationship between perceived organizational
support and job outcomes: 20 years of research. Journal of
Business Research, 62, 1027-1030.
Rodrigues, A. C. A., & Bastos, A. V. B. (2012). Entrincheiramento
organizacional: construção e validação da escala. Psicologia:
Reflexão e Crítica, 25, 688-700.
Roe, R. A., Waller, M. J., & Clegg, S. R. (2009). Time in
organizational research. New York; London: Routledge.
Rousseau, D. M. (1995). Psychological contract in organizations:
understanding written and unwritten agreements. Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage, London.
Rousseau, D. M. (1997). Organizational behavior in the new era.
Annual Review of Psychology, 48, 515-546.
Rousseau, D. M., & Fried, Y. (2001). Location, location,
location: contextualizing organizational research. Journal of
Organizational Behavior, 22, 1-13.
Scheible, A. C. F., Bastos, A. V. B., & Rodrigues, A. C. A. (2007,
setembro). Comprometimento e Entrincheiramento: Integrar
ou Reconstruir? Uma Exploração das Relações entre estes
Construtos à luz do Desempenho. [Tape recording]. In Anais,
31. Encontro da ANPAD, 2007, Rio de Janeiro, RJ.
Silva E. E. C., & Bastos, A. V. B. (2010). A escala de consentimento
organizacional: construção e evidências de sua validade.
Revista Psicologia: Organizações e Trabalho, 10(1), 7-22.
Solinger, O. N., Van Olffen, W., & Roe, R. A. (2008). Beyond
the three-component model of organizational commitment.
Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(1), 70-83.
Van Maanen, J. (1975). Police socialization: A longitudinal
examination of job attitudes in an urban police department.
Administrative Science Quarterly, 20, 207-228.
Wright, P. M., & Kehoe, R. R. (2009). Organizational-Level
Antecedents and Consequences of Commitment. In T. E.
Becker, H. J. Klein, & J. P. Meyer, (Eds.), Commitment in
Organizations. Accumulated Wisdom and New Directions.
(pp. 285-307). New York / London: Routledge ”“ Taylor &
Francis Group.
lay-off: A special group of lay-off survivors. Journal of
Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 75, 1-13.
Armstrong-Stassen, M., Cameron, S. J., Mantler, J., & Horsburgh,
M. E. (2001). The impact of hospital amalgamation on the
job attitudes of nurses. Canadian Journal of Administrative
Sciences, 18(3), 149-162.
Bastos, A. V. B. (1998, setembro). Comprometimento no trabalho:
contextos em mudança e os rumos da pesquisa deste domínio
[Tape recording]. In Anais, 22. Encontro da ANPAD, 1998,
Foz do Iguaçu, PR.
Bastos, A. V. B., Rodrigues, A. C. A., Moscon, D. C. B., Silva, E. E.
C., & Pinho, A. P. M. (2013). Comprometimento no Trabalho:
fundamentos para a gestão de Pessoas. In L. O. Borges, & L.
Mourão (Eds.), O Trabalho e as Organizações ”“ atuações a
partir da Psicologia (pp. 279-310). Porto Alegre: Artmed.
Beck, K., & Wilson, C. (2000). Development of Affective
Organizational Commitment: A Cross-Sequential Examination
of Change with Tenure. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 56,
114-136.
Beck, K., & Wilson, C. (2001). Have we studied, should we
study, and can we study the development of commitment?
Methodological issues and the developmental study of workrelated
commitment. Human Resource Management Review,
11, 257-278.
Becker, T. E., Klein, H. J., & Meyer, J. P. (2009). Commitment in
organizations: accumulated wisdom and new directions. In
H. J. Klein, T. E. Becker, & J. P. Meyer (Eds.), Commitment
in Organizations. Accumulated Wisdom and New Directions.
(pp. 419-452). New York / London: Routledge ”“ Taylor &
Francis Group.
Bentein, K., Vandenberg, R., Vandenberghe, C., & Stinglhamber,
F. (2005). The role of change in the relationship between
commitment and turnover: a latent growth modeling approach.
Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(3), 468-482.
Cohen, A. (2003). Multiple commitments in workplaces: an
integrative approach. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence
Erlbaum Associates.
Cohen, A., & Freund, A. (2005). A longitudinal analysis of the
relationship between multiple commitments and withdrawal
cognitions. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 21, 329-
351.
Cooper-Hakim, A., & Viswesvaran, C. (2005). The construct
of work commitment: testing an integrative framework.
Psychological Bulletin, 131(2), 241-259.
Crano, W. D., & Prislin, R. (2006). Attitudes and persuasion. Annual
Review of Psychology, 57, 354-374.
Cunha, M. P., Rego, A., Cunha, R. C., & Cabral-Cardoso, C.
(2004). Comportamento organizacional: disposições, situações
e percepções (2004). In M. P. Cunha, A. Rego, R. C. Cunha,
& C. Cabral-Cardoso (Eds.), Manual de comportamento
organizacional e gestão (pp. 95-120). Lisboa: Editora RH.
Donaldson, S. I., Ensher, E. A., & Grant-Vallone, E. J. (2000).
Longitudinal Examination of Mentoring Relationships on
Organizational Commitment and Citizenship Behavior. Journal
of Career Development, 26(4), 233-249.
Gouveia, V. V., Santos, W. S., & Milfort, T. L. (2009). O uso
da estatística na avaliação psicológica: comentários e
considerações práticas. In C. S. Hutz (Ed.). Avanços e
polêmicas em avaliação psicológica: em homenagem a Jurema
Alcides Cunha (pp. 127-156). São Paulo: Casa do Psicólogo.
Johnston, M. W., Griffeth, R. W., Burton, S., & Carson, P. P. (1993).
An exploratory investigation in to the relationships between
promotion and turnover: A quasi-experimental longitudinal
study. Journal of Management, 19, 33-49.
Kelman, H. C. (2006). Interests, relationships, identities: three
central issues for individuals and groups in negotiating their
social environment. Annual Review of Psychology, 57(1),
01-26.
Klein, H. J., Molloy, J. C., & Cooper, J. T. (2009). Conceptual
foundations: construct definitions and theoretical representations
of workplace commitments. In T. E. Becker, H. J. Klein, & J.
P. Meyer, (Eds.), Commitment in Organizations. Accumulated
Wisdom and New Directions (pp. 3-36). New York / London:
Routledge ”“ Taylor & Francis Group.
Majchrzak, A., & Cotton, J. (1988). A longitudinal study of
adjustment to technological change: From mass to computerautomated
batch production. Journal of Occupational
Psychology, 61, 43-66.
Mathieu, J. E., & Zajac, D. M. (1990). A Review and Meta-
Analysis of the Antecedents, Correlates, and Consequences of
Organizational Commitment. Psychological Bulletin, 108(2),
171-194.
Menezes, I. G., & Bastos, A. V. B. (2009). Bases sociológicas,
antropológicas e psicológicas do comprometimento
organizacional. Psicologia em Revista, 15(3), 200-215.
Meyer, J. P. (2009). Commitment in a changing world of work. In
T. E. Becker, H. J. Klein, & J. P. Meyer, (Eds.), Commitment
in Organizations. Accumulated Wisdom and New Directions
(pp. 37-68). New York / London: Routledge ”“ Taylor & Francis
Group.
Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1991). A three-component
conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human
Resource Management Review, 1, 61-89.
Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1997). Commitment in the workplace:
theory, research and application. Thousands Oaks: SAGE.
Meyer, J. P., Stanley, J. D., Herscovitch, L., & Topolnytsky, L.
(2002). Affective, Continuance, and Normative Commitment to
the Organization: A Meta-analysis of Antecedents, Correlates,
and Consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61, 20-52.
Morrow, P. C. (1993). The theory and measurement of work
commitment. Greenwich, CT: Jai.
Morrow, P. C. (2011). Managing organizational commitment:
Insights from longitudinal research. Journal of Vocational
Behavior, 79, 18-35.
Mowday, R. T., Porter, L. W., & Steers, R. M. (1982). Employeeorganization
linkages - the psychology of commitment,
absenteeism, and turnover. New York: Academic Press.
Newman, J. M., & Krzystofiak, F. J. (1993). Changes in employee
attitudes after an acquisition. Group & Organizational Studies,
18(4), 390−410.
Nord, W. R., & Fox, S. (2004). O indivíduo nos estudos
organizacionais: o grande ato de desaparecimento? In: S. R.
Clegg, C. Hardy, & W. Nord (Eds.). Handbook de Estudos
Organizacionais (pp. 186-225). São Paulo: Atlas.
Osigweh, C. A. B. (1989). Concept fallibility in organizational
science. Academy of Management. The Academy of
Management Review, 14(4), 579-594.
Peiró, J. M., & Tetrick, L. (2011). Occupational Health Psychology.
In P. R. Martin, F. M. Cheung, M. C. Knowles, M. C. Kyrios,
L. Littlefield, J. B. Overmier, & J. M. Prieto (Eds.), IAAP
Handbook of Applied Psychology (pp. 292-315). Oxford:
Blackwell Publishing.
Ployhart, R. E., & Vandenberg, R. J. (2010). Longitudinal
research: the theory, design, and analysis of change. Journal
of Management, 36(1), 94-120.
Riketta, M., & Van Dick, R. (2009). Commitment´s Place in the
Literature. In T. E. Becker, H. J. Klein, & J. P. Meyer, (Eds.),
Commitment in Organizations. Accumulated Wisdom and New
Directions (pp. 67-95). New York / London: Routledge ”“ Taylor
& Francis Group.
Riggle, R. J., Edmondson, D. R., & Hansen, J. D. (2009). A metaanalysis
of the relationship between perceived organizational
support and job outcomes: 20 years of research. Journal of
Business Research, 62, 1027-1030.
Rodrigues, A. C. A., & Bastos, A. V. B. (2012). Entrincheiramento
organizacional: construção e validação da escala. Psicologia:
Reflexão e Crítica, 25, 688-700.
Roe, R. A., Waller, M. J., & Clegg, S. R. (2009). Time in
organizational research. New York; London: Routledge.
Rousseau, D. M. (1995). Psychological contract in organizations:
understanding written and unwritten agreements. Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage, London.
Rousseau, D. M. (1997). Organizational behavior in the new era.
Annual Review of Psychology, 48, 515-546.
Rousseau, D. M., & Fried, Y. (2001). Location, location,
location: contextualizing organizational research. Journal of
Organizational Behavior, 22, 1-13.
Scheible, A. C. F., Bastos, A. V. B., & Rodrigues, A. C. A. (2007,
setembro). Comprometimento e Entrincheiramento: Integrar
ou Reconstruir? Uma Exploração das Relações entre estes
Construtos à luz do Desempenho. [Tape recording]. In Anais,
31. Encontro da ANPAD, 2007, Rio de Janeiro, RJ.
Silva E. E. C., & Bastos, A. V. B. (2010). A escala de consentimento
organizacional: construção e evidências de sua validade.
Revista Psicologia: Organizações e Trabalho, 10(1), 7-22.
Solinger, O. N., Van Olffen, W., & Roe, R. A. (2008). Beyond
the three-component model of organizational commitment.
Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(1), 70-83.
Van Maanen, J. (1975). Police socialization: A longitudinal
examination of job attitudes in an urban police department.
Administrative Science Quarterly, 20, 207-228.
Wright, P. M., & Kehoe, R. R. (2009). Organizational-Level
Antecedents and Consequences of Commitment. In T. E.
Becker, H. J. Klein, & J. P. Meyer, (Eds.), Commitment in
Organizations. Accumulated Wisdom and New Directions.
(pp. 285-307). New York / London: Routledge ”“ Taylor &
Francis Group.
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Published
2014-12-22
How to Cite
Costa, F. M., & Bastos, A. V. B. (2014). Organizational Commitment:: Basis for a Process Approach. Psicologia: Teoria E Pesquisa, 30(3), 329–337. Retrieved from https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/revistaptp/article/view/18211
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Revisão da Literatura
