Effects of General Instructions on Rule Following
Keywords:
Match-to-sample, General instructions, Accurate instructions, Inaccurate instructions, Rule followingAbstract
The present work had as objective to test the effects of different general instructions on rule following. Eighteen college students were exposed to a modified match-to-sample task and divided in three groups, which differed in the presentation of preliminary instructions (complete, without passages about materials or without passages about consequences). Subjects of each group were divided in two experimental conditions, in which accurate and inaccurate instructions were presented. Results showed that absence of sections about materials in the instructions complicates the learning task while absence of sections about consequences decreases the variety of responses. Notwithstanding, all subjects that performed the task correctly followed both accurate and inaccurate instructions.
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References
Albuquerque, L. C., de Souza, D. G., Matos, M. A., & Paracampo, C. C. P. (2003). Análise dos efeitos de histórias experimentais sobre o seguimento subseqüente de regras. Acta Comportamentalia, 11, 87-126.
Albuquerque, L. C., & Ferreira, K. V. D. (2001). Efeitos de regras com diferentes extensões sobre o comportamento humano. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 14, 143-155.
Albuquerque, L. C., Mescouto, W. A., & Paracampo, C. C. P. (2011). Controle por regras: efeitos de perguntas, sugestões e ordens. Acta Comportamentalia, 19, 19-42.
Albuquerque, L. C., & Silva, F. M. (2006). Efeitos da exposição a mudanças nas contingências sobre o seguir regras. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 22, 101-112.
Barret, D. H., Deitz, S. M., Gaydos, G. R., & Quinn, P. C. (1987). The effects of programmed contingencies and social conditions on responses stereotipy with human subjects. The Psychological Record, 37, 489-505.
Baum, W. M. (1995). Rules, culture and fitness. The Behavior Analyst, 18, 1-21.
Braga, M. V. N., Albuquerque, L. C., & Paracampo, C. C. P. (2005). Análise dos efeitos de perguntas e de instruções sobre o comportamento não-verbal. Interação em Psicologia, 9, 77-89.
Cerutti, D. T. (1994). Compliance with instructions: Effects of randomness in scheduling and monitoring. The Psychological Record, 44, 259-276.
DeGrandpre, R. J., & Buskist, W. F. (1991). Effects of accuracy of instructions on human behavior: Correspondence with reinforcement contingency matters. The Psychological Record, 41, 371-384.
DeGrandpre, R., Buskist, W., & Cush, D. (1990). Effects of orienting instructions on sensitivity to scheduled contingencies. Bulletin of Psychonomic Society, 28, 331-334.
England, D. E., & Buskist, W. (1995). The effects of instructions on subjects’ disclosure of information about operant tasks. The Psychological Record, 45, 451-461.
Farias, A. F., Paracampo, C. C. P., & Albuquerque, L. C. (2011). Efeitos de ordens, sugestões e acordos sobre o comportamento não-verbal de adultos. Acta Comportamentalia, 19, 65-88.
Hayes, S. C., Brownstein, A. J., Zettle, R. D., Rosenfarb, I., & Korn, Z. (1986). Rule governed behavior and sensitivity to changing consequences of responding. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 45, 237-256.
Hayes, S. C., Zettle, R., & Rosenfarb. I. (1989). Rule-following. In S. C. Hayes (Ed.), Rule governed behavior: Cognition, contingencies, and instructional control (pp. 191-220). New York: Plenum.
Joyce, J. H., & Chase, P. N. (1990). Effects of response variability on the sensivity of rule-governed behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 54, 251-262.
LeFrancois, J. R., Chase, P. N., & Joyce, J. (1988). The effects of variety of instructions on human fixed-interval performance. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 49, 383-393.
Mallot, R. W. (1989). The achievement of evasive goals: control by rules describing contingencies that are not direct acting. In S. C. Hayes (Ed.), Rule-governed behavior: Cognition, contingencies and instructional control (pp. 269-322). New York: Plenum.
Martinez, H., & Tamayo, R. (2005). Interactions of contingencies, instructional accuracy, and instructional history in conditional discrimination. The Psychological Record, 55, 633-646.
Newman, B., Buffington, D. M., & Hemmes, N. S. (1995). The effects of schedules of reinforcement on instruction following. The Psychological Record, 45, 463-476.
Oliveira, V. L., & Albuquerque, L. C. (2007). Efeitos de histórias experimentais e de esquemas de reforço sobre o seguir regras. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 23, 217-218.
Paracampo, C. C. P., de Souza, D. G., Matos, M. A., & Albuquerque, L. C. (2001). Efeitos de mudança em contingências de reforço sobre o comportamento verbal e não verbal. Acta Comportamentalia, 9, 31-55.
Schlinger, H. (1993). Separating discriminative and function-altering effects of verbal stimuli. The Behavior Analyst, 16, 9-23.
Schlinger, H., & Blakely, E. (1987). Function-altering effects of contingency-specifying stimuli. The Behavior Analyst, 10, 41-45.
Shimoff, E., Catania, A. C., & Matthews, B. A. (1981). Uninstructed human responding: Sensitivity of low-rate performance to schedule contingencies. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 36, 207-220.
Simonassi, L., Oliveira, C., & Gosch, C. (1997). Exposição a contingências, conteúdo de instrução e formulação de regras. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 13, 189-195.
Skinner, B. F. (1966). An operant analysis of problem solving. In B. Kleinmuntz (Ed.), Problem Solving: research, method, and theory (pp. 225-257). New York: Wiley.
Teixeira Júnior, R. R., & Paracampo, C. C. P. (no prelo). Efeitos de instruções preliminares, específicas e mínima sobre uma tarefa experimental e seguimento de instruções. Revista Brasileira de Análise do Comportamento.
Weiner, H. (1970). Instructional control of human operant responding during extinction following fixed-ratio conditioning. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 13, 391-394.
Zettle, R. D., & Hayes, S. C. (1982). Rule-governed behavior: A potential theoretical framework for cognitive-behavioral therapy. In P. C. Kendall (Ed.), Advances in cognitive-behavioral research and therapy (pp. 73-118). New York: Academic Press.
Albuquerque, L. C., & Ferreira, K. V. D. (2001). Efeitos de regras com diferentes extensões sobre o comportamento humano. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 14, 143-155.
Albuquerque, L. C., Mescouto, W. A., & Paracampo, C. C. P. (2011). Controle por regras: efeitos de perguntas, sugestões e ordens. Acta Comportamentalia, 19, 19-42.
Albuquerque, L. C., & Silva, F. M. (2006). Efeitos da exposição a mudanças nas contingências sobre o seguir regras. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 22, 101-112.
Barret, D. H., Deitz, S. M., Gaydos, G. R., & Quinn, P. C. (1987). The effects of programmed contingencies and social conditions on responses stereotipy with human subjects. The Psychological Record, 37, 489-505.
Baum, W. M. (1995). Rules, culture and fitness. The Behavior Analyst, 18, 1-21.
Braga, M. V. N., Albuquerque, L. C., & Paracampo, C. C. P. (2005). Análise dos efeitos de perguntas e de instruções sobre o comportamento não-verbal. Interação em Psicologia, 9, 77-89.
Cerutti, D. T. (1994). Compliance with instructions: Effects of randomness in scheduling and monitoring. The Psychological Record, 44, 259-276.
DeGrandpre, R. J., & Buskist, W. F. (1991). Effects of accuracy of instructions on human behavior: Correspondence with reinforcement contingency matters. The Psychological Record, 41, 371-384.
DeGrandpre, R., Buskist, W., & Cush, D. (1990). Effects of orienting instructions on sensitivity to scheduled contingencies. Bulletin of Psychonomic Society, 28, 331-334.
England, D. E., & Buskist, W. (1995). The effects of instructions on subjects’ disclosure of information about operant tasks. The Psychological Record, 45, 451-461.
Farias, A. F., Paracampo, C. C. P., & Albuquerque, L. C. (2011). Efeitos de ordens, sugestões e acordos sobre o comportamento não-verbal de adultos. Acta Comportamentalia, 19, 65-88.
Hayes, S. C., Brownstein, A. J., Zettle, R. D., Rosenfarb, I., & Korn, Z. (1986). Rule governed behavior and sensitivity to changing consequences of responding. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 45, 237-256.
Hayes, S. C., Zettle, R., & Rosenfarb. I. (1989). Rule-following. In S. C. Hayes (Ed.), Rule governed behavior: Cognition, contingencies, and instructional control (pp. 191-220). New York: Plenum.
Joyce, J. H., & Chase, P. N. (1990). Effects of response variability on the sensivity of rule-governed behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 54, 251-262.
LeFrancois, J. R., Chase, P. N., & Joyce, J. (1988). The effects of variety of instructions on human fixed-interval performance. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 49, 383-393.
Mallot, R. W. (1989). The achievement of evasive goals: control by rules describing contingencies that are not direct acting. In S. C. Hayes (Ed.), Rule-governed behavior: Cognition, contingencies and instructional control (pp. 269-322). New York: Plenum.
Martinez, H., & Tamayo, R. (2005). Interactions of contingencies, instructional accuracy, and instructional history in conditional discrimination. The Psychological Record, 55, 633-646.
Newman, B., Buffington, D. M., & Hemmes, N. S. (1995). The effects of schedules of reinforcement on instruction following. The Psychological Record, 45, 463-476.
Oliveira, V. L., & Albuquerque, L. C. (2007). Efeitos de histórias experimentais e de esquemas de reforço sobre o seguir regras. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 23, 217-218.
Paracampo, C. C. P., de Souza, D. G., Matos, M. A., & Albuquerque, L. C. (2001). Efeitos de mudança em contingências de reforço sobre o comportamento verbal e não verbal. Acta Comportamentalia, 9, 31-55.
Schlinger, H. (1993). Separating discriminative and function-altering effects of verbal stimuli. The Behavior Analyst, 16, 9-23.
Schlinger, H., & Blakely, E. (1987). Function-altering effects of contingency-specifying stimuli. The Behavior Analyst, 10, 41-45.
Shimoff, E., Catania, A. C., & Matthews, B. A. (1981). Uninstructed human responding: Sensitivity of low-rate performance to schedule contingencies. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 36, 207-220.
Simonassi, L., Oliveira, C., & Gosch, C. (1997). Exposição a contingências, conteúdo de instrução e formulação de regras. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 13, 189-195.
Skinner, B. F. (1966). An operant analysis of problem solving. In B. Kleinmuntz (Ed.), Problem Solving: research, method, and theory (pp. 225-257). New York: Wiley.
Teixeira Júnior, R. R., & Paracampo, C. C. P. (no prelo). Efeitos de instruções preliminares, específicas e mínima sobre uma tarefa experimental e seguimento de instruções. Revista Brasileira de Análise do Comportamento.
Weiner, H. (1970). Instructional control of human operant responding during extinction following fixed-ratio conditioning. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 13, 391-394.
Zettle, R. D., & Hayes, S. C. (1982). Rule-governed behavior: A potential theoretical framework for cognitive-behavioral therapy. In P. C. Kendall (Ed.), Advances in cognitive-behavioral research and therapy (pp. 73-118). New York: Academic Press.
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Published
2012-10-01
How to Cite
Teixeira Júnior, R. R., & Paracampo, C. C. P. (2012). Effects of General Instructions on Rule Following. Psicologia: Teoria E Pesquisa, 28(3), 267–274. Retrieved from https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/revistaptp/article/view/18160
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Estudos Empíricos
