Drive for Muscularity:
An Exploratory Study in the Brazilian Army
Keywords:
Body image, Men's health, MilitaryAbstract
Drive for muscularity refers to the desire to achieve an ideal muscular body, as well the degree of concern about
increasing muscle mass. The aim of this research was to investigate drive for muscularity traits in men from the Brazilian army.
Data from a non-probabilistic sample of 652 men were analyzed. Results showed associations among drive for muscularity
variables and habits of physical exercise practice, life and body satisfaction, and social physique anxiety. Differences in drive
for muscularity traits were also found accordingly with the romantic status, financial security and time career in the army. It was
concluded that monitoring the drive for muscularity during military education should be part of the psychosocial care routines.
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References
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In J. K. Thompson & G. Cafri (Eds.), The muscular ideal:
Psychological, social and medical perspectives (pp.141-160).
Washington, DC: APA.
Campana, A. N. B. C., Tavares, M. C. G. C. F., & Silva, D.
(2011, julho). Tradução, adaptação cultural e validação da
Social Physique Anxiety Scale, para a Língua Portuguesa no
Brasil. Actas do 7o Congresso Iberoamericano da Avaliação
Psicológica, Lisboa, Portugal.
Campana, A. N. B. C., Tavares, M. C. G. C. F., Swami, V., & Silva,
D. (2013). An examination of the psychometric properties of
Brazilian Portuguese translations of the drive for muscularity
scale, the Swansea Muscularity Attitudes Questionnaire, and
the Masculine Body Ideal Distress Scale. Psychology of Men
& Masculinity.14, 376-388
Carlton, J. R., Manos, G. H, & Van Slyke, J. A. (2005). Anxiety and
abnormal eating behavior associated with cyclical readiness
testing in a naval hospital active duty population. Military
Medicine, 170, 663-667
Edwards, S., & Launder, C. (2000). Investigating muscularity
concerns in male body image: Development of the Swansea
Muscularity Attitudes Questionnaire. International Journal of
Eating Disorders, 28, 120-124.
Estado-Maior do Exército (EME). Manual de Campanha C 20-
20 ”“ Treinamento Físico Militar (3ª Ed). Brasília: Exército
Brasileiro, 2002.
Estado-Maior do Exército (EME). Diretriz para o Treinamento
Físico Militar do Exército e sua Avaliação. Brasília: Exército
Brasileiro, 2008.
Giles, D. C., & Close, J. (2008). Exposure to ‘lad magazines’ and
drive for muscularity in dating and non-dating young men.
Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 1610-1616.
Ginis, K. A. M., Eng, J. J., Arbour, K. P., Hartman, J. W., &
Phillips, S. M. (2005). Mind over muscle? Sex differences in
the relationship between body image change and subjective
and objective physical changes following a 12-week strengthtraining
program. Body Image, 2, 363-372.
Goldenberg, M. (2002). Nu & vestido. Rio de Janeiro: Record.
Graetz, B. (1993). Health consequences of employment and
unemployment: Longitudinal evidence for young men and
women. Social Science & Medicine, 36, 715-724.
Gunderson, E. K. E. (1965). Body size, self-evaluation, and military
effectiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,
2, 902-906.
Hair, J. F., Jr., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. B.
(2009). Multivariate data analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Prentice Hall.
Hart, E., Leary, M. R., & Rejesky, W. J. (1989). The measurement
of social physique anxiety. Journal of Sport and Exercise
Psychology, 11, 94-104.
Jones, L. (1991). The health consequences of economic recessions.
Journal of Health & Social Policy, 3, 1-14.
Kimmel, S. B., & Mahalik, J. R. (2004). Measuring masculine body
ideal distress: Development of a measure. International Journal
of Men’s Health, 3, 1-10.
Leung, A. S. M., Cheung, Y. A., & Liu, X. (2011). The relations
between life domain satisfaction and subjective well-being.
Journal of Managerial Psychology, 26, 155-169.
Luciano, L. (2001). Looking good: Male body image in modern
America. New York: Hill and Wang.
Malhotra, N. K. (1999). Marketing research: An applied orientation.
New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Magnani, R. (1999). Sampling guide. IMPACT Food Security and
Nutrition Monitoring Project. Arlington: International Science
and Technology Institute.
McCreary, D. R. (2011). Body image and muscularity. In T. Cash
& L. Smolak (Eds.), Body image: A handbook of science,
practice, and prevention (pp. 198-205). New York: Guilford.
McCreary, D. R., & Sasse, D. K. (2000). An exploration of the
drive for muscularity in adolescent boys and girls. Journal of
American College Health, 48, 297-304.
McCreary, D. R., Sasse, D. K., Saucier, D. M., & Dorsch, K.
D. (2004). Measuring the drive for muscularity: Factorial
validity of the Drive for Muscularity Scale in men and women.
Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 5, 49-58.
McCreary, D. R., & Saucier, D. M. (2009). Drive for muscularity,
body comparison, and social physique anxiety in men and
women. Body Image, 6, 24-30.
McNulty, P. A. (1997). Prevalence and contributing factors of
eating disorder behaviors in active duty Navy men. Military
Medicine, 162, 753-8.
Ministério da Defesa (2010). Módulo didático para execução
e avaliação do treinamento físico militar para o curso de
formação de oficiais da escola de formação de oficiais do
Exército. Rio de Janeiro: Exército Brasileiro.
Morgado, J. J. M. (2012). Imagem corporal de homens militares.
(Unpublished master’s thesis), Universidade Federal de Juiz
de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG.
Morrison, T. G., Morrison, M. A., & Mc Cann, L. (2006). Striving
for bodily perfection? An overview of the drive for muscularity.
In M. Kindes (Ed.), Body image: New research (pp. 1-34).
Columbus, NY: Nova Science.
Neves, E. B., & Mello, M. G. S. (2009). O risco da profissão militar
na cidade do Rio de Janeiro em “tempo de paz”: a percepção
da tropa. Ciência e Saúde Coletiva, 14, 1669-1707.
Nowell, C., & Ricciardelli, L. A. (2008). Appearance-based
comments, body dissatisfaction, and drive for muscularity in
males. Body Image, 5, 337-345.
Olivardia, R. (2007). Muscle dysmorphia: Characteristics,
assessment, and treatment. In K. Thompson & G. Cafri
(Eds.), The muscular ideal: Psychological, social and medical
perspectives (pp.123-140). Washington: APA.
Pope, H. G., Phillips, K. A., & Olivardia, R. (2000). The adonis
complex. New York: Free Press.
Pope, H. G., Gruber, A. J., Choi, P., Olivardia, R., & Phillips, K.
A. (1997). Muscle dysmorphia: an unrecognized form of body
dismorphic disorder. Psychosomatics, 38, 548-557.
Pope, C. G., Pope, H. G., Menard, W., Fay, C., Olivardia, R., &
Phillips, K. A. (2005). Clinical features of muscle dysmorphia
among males with body dysmorphic disorder. Body Image,
2, 395-400.
Proyer, R. T., Annen, H., Eggimann, N., Schneider, A., & Ruch,
W. (2012). Assessing the “good life” in a military context:
How does life and work satisfaction relate to orientations
to happiness and career success among Swiss professional
officers? Social Indicators Research, 106, 577-590.
Ricciardelli, L. A., & McCabe, M. P. (2004). A biopsychosocial
model of disordered eating and the pursuit of muscularity in
adolescent boys. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 179-205.
Sabino, C. (2000). Musculação: expansão e manutenção da
masculinidade. In M. Goldenberg (Ed.), Os novos desejos:
das academias de musculação à s agências de encontros (pp.
61-104). Rio de Janeiro: Record.
Smith, A. R., Li, N., & Joiner, T. E. (2011). The pursuit of success:
Can status aspirations negatively affect body satisfaction?
Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 30, 531-547.
Swami, V., Kannan, K., & Furnham, A. (2012). Positive body image:
Inter-ethnic and rural-urban differences among an indigenous
sample from Malaysian Borneo. International Journal of Social
Psychiatry, 58, 568-576.
Warr, P. (1987). Work, unemployment, and mental health. New York:
Oxford University Press.
In J. K. Thompson & G. Cafri (Eds.), The muscular ideal:
Psychological, social and medical perspectives (pp.141-160).
Washington, DC: APA.
Campana, A. N. B. C., Tavares, M. C. G. C. F., & Silva, D.
(2011, julho). Tradução, adaptação cultural e validação da
Social Physique Anxiety Scale, para a Língua Portuguesa no
Brasil. Actas do 7o Congresso Iberoamericano da Avaliação
Psicológica, Lisboa, Portugal.
Campana, A. N. B. C., Tavares, M. C. G. C. F., Swami, V., & Silva,
D. (2013). An examination of the psychometric properties of
Brazilian Portuguese translations of the drive for muscularity
scale, the Swansea Muscularity Attitudes Questionnaire, and
the Masculine Body Ideal Distress Scale. Psychology of Men
& Masculinity.14, 376-388
Carlton, J. R., Manos, G. H, & Van Slyke, J. A. (2005). Anxiety and
abnormal eating behavior associated with cyclical readiness
testing in a naval hospital active duty population. Military
Medicine, 170, 663-667
Edwards, S., & Launder, C. (2000). Investigating muscularity
concerns in male body image: Development of the Swansea
Muscularity Attitudes Questionnaire. International Journal of
Eating Disorders, 28, 120-124.
Estado-Maior do Exército (EME). Manual de Campanha C 20-
20 ”“ Treinamento Físico Militar (3ª Ed). Brasília: Exército
Brasileiro, 2002.
Estado-Maior do Exército (EME). Diretriz para o Treinamento
Físico Militar do Exército e sua Avaliação. Brasília: Exército
Brasileiro, 2008.
Giles, D. C., & Close, J. (2008). Exposure to ‘lad magazines’ and
drive for muscularity in dating and non-dating young men.
Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 1610-1616.
Ginis, K. A. M., Eng, J. J., Arbour, K. P., Hartman, J. W., &
Phillips, S. M. (2005). Mind over muscle? Sex differences in
the relationship between body image change and subjective
and objective physical changes following a 12-week strengthtraining
program. Body Image, 2, 363-372.
Goldenberg, M. (2002). Nu & vestido. Rio de Janeiro: Record.
Graetz, B. (1993). Health consequences of employment and
unemployment: Longitudinal evidence for young men and
women. Social Science & Medicine, 36, 715-724.
Gunderson, E. K. E. (1965). Body size, self-evaluation, and military
effectiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,
2, 902-906.
Hair, J. F., Jr., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. B.
(2009). Multivariate data analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Prentice Hall.
Hart, E., Leary, M. R., & Rejesky, W. J. (1989). The measurement
of social physique anxiety. Journal of Sport and Exercise
Psychology, 11, 94-104.
Jones, L. (1991). The health consequences of economic recessions.
Journal of Health & Social Policy, 3, 1-14.
Kimmel, S. B., & Mahalik, J. R. (2004). Measuring masculine body
ideal distress: Development of a measure. International Journal
of Men’s Health, 3, 1-10.
Leung, A. S. M., Cheung, Y. A., & Liu, X. (2011). The relations
between life domain satisfaction and subjective well-being.
Journal of Managerial Psychology, 26, 155-169.
Luciano, L. (2001). Looking good: Male body image in modern
America. New York: Hill and Wang.
Malhotra, N. K. (1999). Marketing research: An applied orientation.
New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Magnani, R. (1999). Sampling guide. IMPACT Food Security and
Nutrition Monitoring Project. Arlington: International Science
and Technology Institute.
McCreary, D. R. (2011). Body image and muscularity. In T. Cash
& L. Smolak (Eds.), Body image: A handbook of science,
practice, and prevention (pp. 198-205). New York: Guilford.
McCreary, D. R., & Sasse, D. K. (2000). An exploration of the
drive for muscularity in adolescent boys and girls. Journal of
American College Health, 48, 297-304.
McCreary, D. R., Sasse, D. K., Saucier, D. M., & Dorsch, K.
D. (2004). Measuring the drive for muscularity: Factorial
validity of the Drive for Muscularity Scale in men and women.
Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 5, 49-58.
McCreary, D. R., & Saucier, D. M. (2009). Drive for muscularity,
body comparison, and social physique anxiety in men and
women. Body Image, 6, 24-30.
McNulty, P. A. (1997). Prevalence and contributing factors of
eating disorder behaviors in active duty Navy men. Military
Medicine, 162, 753-8.
Ministério da Defesa (2010). Módulo didático para execução
e avaliação do treinamento físico militar para o curso de
formação de oficiais da escola de formação de oficiais do
Exército. Rio de Janeiro: Exército Brasileiro.
Morgado, J. J. M. (2012). Imagem corporal de homens militares.
(Unpublished master’s thesis), Universidade Federal de Juiz
de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG.
Morrison, T. G., Morrison, M. A., & Mc Cann, L. (2006). Striving
for bodily perfection? An overview of the drive for muscularity.
In M. Kindes (Ed.), Body image: New research (pp. 1-34).
Columbus, NY: Nova Science.
Neves, E. B., & Mello, M. G. S. (2009). O risco da profissão militar
na cidade do Rio de Janeiro em “tempo de paz”: a percepção
da tropa. Ciência e Saúde Coletiva, 14, 1669-1707.
Nowell, C., & Ricciardelli, L. A. (2008). Appearance-based
comments, body dissatisfaction, and drive for muscularity in
males. Body Image, 5, 337-345.
Olivardia, R. (2007). Muscle dysmorphia: Characteristics,
assessment, and treatment. In K. Thompson & G. Cafri
(Eds.), The muscular ideal: Psychological, social and medical
perspectives (pp.123-140). Washington: APA.
Pope, H. G., Phillips, K. A., & Olivardia, R. (2000). The adonis
complex. New York: Free Press.
Pope, H. G., Gruber, A. J., Choi, P., Olivardia, R., & Phillips, K.
A. (1997). Muscle dysmorphia: an unrecognized form of body
dismorphic disorder. Psychosomatics, 38, 548-557.
Pope, C. G., Pope, H. G., Menard, W., Fay, C., Olivardia, R., &
Phillips, K. A. (2005). Clinical features of muscle dysmorphia
among males with body dysmorphic disorder. Body Image,
2, 395-400.
Proyer, R. T., Annen, H., Eggimann, N., Schneider, A., & Ruch,
W. (2012). Assessing the “good life” in a military context:
How does life and work satisfaction relate to orientations
to happiness and career success among Swiss professional
officers? Social Indicators Research, 106, 577-590.
Ricciardelli, L. A., & McCabe, M. P. (2004). A biopsychosocial
model of disordered eating and the pursuit of muscularity in
adolescent boys. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 179-205.
Sabino, C. (2000). Musculação: expansão e manutenção da
masculinidade. In M. Goldenberg (Ed.), Os novos desejos:
das academias de musculação à s agências de encontros (pp.
61-104). Rio de Janeiro: Record.
Smith, A. R., Li, N., & Joiner, T. E. (2011). The pursuit of success:
Can status aspirations negatively affect body satisfaction?
Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 30, 531-547.
Swami, V., Kannan, K., & Furnham, A. (2012). Positive body image:
Inter-ethnic and rural-urban differences among an indigenous
sample from Malaysian Borneo. International Journal of Social
Psychiatry, 58, 568-576.
Warr, P. (1987). Work, unemployment, and mental health. New York:
Oxford University Press.
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Published
2014-07-21
How to Cite
Campana, A. N. N. B., Morgado, J. J. M., Morgado, F. F. da R., Campana, M. B., Ferreira, L., & Tavares, M. da C. G. C. F. (2014). Drive for Muscularity:: An Exploratory Study in the Brazilian Army. Psicologia: Teoria E Pesquisa, 30(2), 213–222. Retrieved from https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/revistaptp/article/view/17644
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