Detection of Malingering using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and the Trail Making Test
Keywords:
Malingering, Forensic neuropsychology, Wisconsin card sorting test, Trail making testAbstract
The objective of this study was to identify indicators of malingering in forensic neuropsychological assessment by identifying response patterns in neuropsychological tests. The sample was composed by 56 subjects diagnosed with a cranioencephalic trauma. All subjects were in a situation of monetary reward if incapacity was proven. The instruments used were the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), the Trail Making Test (TMT), the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), and a legal process data file. Approximately 30% of the studied sample was identified as probable malingerers. This percentage is consistent with the literature. We identified a high level of homogeneity of psychological symptoms and socio-demographic features in the group of subjects with indicators of malingering and in the group without such indicators. These results reinforce the necessity to develop efficient methods to detect malingering.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Bernard, L. C., McGrath, M. J., & Houston, W. (1996). The differential effects of simulating malingering, closed head injury, and other CNS pathology on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: Support for the “pattern of performance” hypothesis. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 11, 231-245.
Berry, D. R., & Granacher, Jr., P. (2009). Feigning of psychiatric symptoms in the context of documented severe head injury and preserved motivation on neuropsychological testing. In J. E. Morgan, & J. J. Sweet (Eds.), Neuropsychology of malingering casebook (pp. 170-179). New York: Psychology Press.
Bianchini, K. J., Etherton, J. L., & Greve, K. W. (2004). Diagnosing cognitive malingering in patients with work-related pain: Four cases. Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology, 4, 65-85.
Canavarro, M. L. (1999). Inventário de Sintomas Psicopatológicos: Uma revisão crítica dos estudos realizados em Portugal. In L. Almeida, M. Simões, C. Machado, & M. Gonçalves (Eds.), Avaliação psicológica. Instrumentos validados para a população Portuguesa, (vol. III, pp. 87-109). Coimbra: Quarteto Editora.
Egeland, J., & Langfjaeran, T. (2007). Differentiating malingering from genuine cognitive dysfunction using the Trail Making Test-ratio and Stroop interference scores. Applied Neuropsychology, 14, 113-119.
Faust, D., Hart, K., & Guilmette, T. (1988). Pediatric malingering: The capacity of children to fake believable deficits on neuropsychological testing. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 578-582.
Greve, K. W., & Bianchini, K. J. (2007). Detection of cognitive malingering with tests of executive function. In G. J. Larrabee (Ed.), Assessment of malingered neuropsychological deficits (pp. 171-225). New York: Oxford University Press.
Golden, C. (2005). Stroop: Test de colores y palabras (4ª ed.). Madrid: TEA Ediciones.
Grote, C. L., & Hook, J. N. (2007). Forced-choice recognition tests of malingering. In G. J. Larrabee (Ed.), Assessment of malingered neuropsychological deficits (pp. 44-79). New York: Oxford University Press.
Heaton, G. J., Chelune, J. L., Talley, G. G., Kay, & Curtiss, G. (1997). Test de Clasificación de Tarjetas de Wisconsin. Madrid: TEA Ediciones.
Larrabee, G. J. (2003). Detection of malingering using atypical performance patterns on neuropsychological tests. The Clinical Neuropsychologists, 17, 410-425.
Mittenberg, W., Patton, C., Canyock, E. M., & Condit, D. C. (2002). Base rates of malingering and symptom exaggeration. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 24, 1094-1102.
O’Bryant, S. E., Hilsabeck, R. C., Fisher, J. M., & McCaffrey, R. J. (2003). Utility of the Trail Making Test in the assessment of malingering in a sample of mild traumatic brain injury litigants. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 17, 69-74.
Reitan, R. M., & Wolfson, D. (1985). The Halstead”“Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery: Therapy and clinical interpretation. Tucson: Neuropsychological Press.
Rogers, R., & Bender, S. D. (2009). Feigning mental disorders with concomitant cognitive deficits. In J. E. Morgan & J. J. Sweet (Eds.), Neuropsychology of malingering casebook (pp. 145-154). New York: Psychology Press.
Slick, D. J., Sherman, E. M. S., & Iverson, G. L. (1999). Diagnostic criteria for malingered neurocognitive dysfunction: Proposed standards for clinical practice and research. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 13, 545-561.
Spreen, O., & Strauss, E. (1998). A compendium of neuropsychological tests: administration, norms and commentary (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
Suhr, J. A., & Boyer, D. (1999). Use of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in the detection of malingering in student simulator and patient samples. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 21, 701-708.
Van Gorp, W. G., Humphrey, L. A., Kalechstein, A., Brumm, V. L., McMullen, W. J., Stoddard, M., & Pachana, N. A. (1999). How well do standard clinical neuropsychology tests identify malingering? A preliminary analysis. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 21, 245-250.
Wechsler, D. (2008). WMS-III: Escala de Memória de Wechsler ”“ 3ª Edição: Manual Técnico. Lisboa: Cegoc.
Berry, D. R., & Granacher, Jr., P. (2009). Feigning of psychiatric symptoms in the context of documented severe head injury and preserved motivation on neuropsychological testing. In J. E. Morgan, & J. J. Sweet (Eds.), Neuropsychology of malingering casebook (pp. 170-179). New York: Psychology Press.
Bianchini, K. J., Etherton, J. L., & Greve, K. W. (2004). Diagnosing cognitive malingering in patients with work-related pain: Four cases. Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology, 4, 65-85.
Canavarro, M. L. (1999). Inventário de Sintomas Psicopatológicos: Uma revisão crítica dos estudos realizados em Portugal. In L. Almeida, M. Simões, C. Machado, & M. Gonçalves (Eds.), Avaliação psicológica. Instrumentos validados para a população Portuguesa, (vol. III, pp. 87-109). Coimbra: Quarteto Editora.
Egeland, J., & Langfjaeran, T. (2007). Differentiating malingering from genuine cognitive dysfunction using the Trail Making Test-ratio and Stroop interference scores. Applied Neuropsychology, 14, 113-119.
Faust, D., Hart, K., & Guilmette, T. (1988). Pediatric malingering: The capacity of children to fake believable deficits on neuropsychological testing. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 578-582.
Greve, K. W., & Bianchini, K. J. (2007). Detection of cognitive malingering with tests of executive function. In G. J. Larrabee (Ed.), Assessment of malingered neuropsychological deficits (pp. 171-225). New York: Oxford University Press.
Golden, C. (2005). Stroop: Test de colores y palabras (4ª ed.). Madrid: TEA Ediciones.
Grote, C. L., & Hook, J. N. (2007). Forced-choice recognition tests of malingering. In G. J. Larrabee (Ed.), Assessment of malingered neuropsychological deficits (pp. 44-79). New York: Oxford University Press.
Heaton, G. J., Chelune, J. L., Talley, G. G., Kay, & Curtiss, G. (1997). Test de Clasificación de Tarjetas de Wisconsin. Madrid: TEA Ediciones.
Larrabee, G. J. (2003). Detection of malingering using atypical performance patterns on neuropsychological tests. The Clinical Neuropsychologists, 17, 410-425.
Mittenberg, W., Patton, C., Canyock, E. M., & Condit, D. C. (2002). Base rates of malingering and symptom exaggeration. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 24, 1094-1102.
O’Bryant, S. E., Hilsabeck, R. C., Fisher, J. M., & McCaffrey, R. J. (2003). Utility of the Trail Making Test in the assessment of malingering in a sample of mild traumatic brain injury litigants. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 17, 69-74.
Reitan, R. M., & Wolfson, D. (1985). The Halstead”“Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery: Therapy and clinical interpretation. Tucson: Neuropsychological Press.
Rogers, R., & Bender, S. D. (2009). Feigning mental disorders with concomitant cognitive deficits. In J. E. Morgan & J. J. Sweet (Eds.), Neuropsychology of malingering casebook (pp. 145-154). New York: Psychology Press.
Slick, D. J., Sherman, E. M. S., & Iverson, G. L. (1999). Diagnostic criteria for malingered neurocognitive dysfunction: Proposed standards for clinical practice and research. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 13, 545-561.
Spreen, O., & Strauss, E. (1998). A compendium of neuropsychological tests: administration, norms and commentary (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
Suhr, J. A., & Boyer, D. (1999). Use of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in the detection of malingering in student simulator and patient samples. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 21, 701-708.
Van Gorp, W. G., Humphrey, L. A., Kalechstein, A., Brumm, V. L., McMullen, W. J., Stoddard, M., & Pachana, N. A. (1999). How well do standard clinical neuropsychology tests identify malingering? A preliminary analysis. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 21, 245-250.
Wechsler, D. (2008). WMS-III: Escala de Memória de Wechsler ”“ 3ª Edição: Manual Técnico. Lisboa: Cegoc.
Downloads
Published
2013-04-22
How to Cite
Sousa, H., Machado, M., & Quintas, J. (2013). Detection of Malingering using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and the Trail Making Test. Psicologia: Teoria E Pesquisa, 29(1), 15–20. Retrieved from https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/revistaptp/article/view/17586
Issue
Section
Estudos Empíricos
