Risk Models in Developmental Psychology
Keywords:
Atypical development, Prospective models, PreventionAbstract
This article reviews the leading empirical literature about the nature of risk conditions and the possible chronological
pathways of risk effects in childhood and adolescence, with an emphasis on the implications for psychosocial prevention.
The reviewed research indicates that developmental risk conditions tend to be multifactorial and specific to each organism
or his/her context, and they vary gradually from distal, mid-proximal and proximal. Based upon recent longitudinal
research, four models of prospective pathways are presented: vulnerability, continuous primary effects, cumulative effects,
and contemporary effects.
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References
Bates, J.E., Pettit, G.S. & Dodge, K.A. (1995). Family and child
factors in stability and change in children's aggressiveness in
elementary school. Em J. McCord (Org.), Coercion and punishment
in long-term perspectives (pp. 124-138). New York;
Cambridge University Press.
Baumrind, D. (1993). The average expectable environment is not
good enough: A response to Scarr. Child Development, 64,
1299-1317.
Bear, G.G., Telzrow, CF. & De Oliveira, E.A. (1997). Socially responsible
behavior. Em G.G. Bear, K.M. Minke & A. Thomas
(Orgs.), Children's needs: Development, problems and alternatives
(2a. ed., pp. 51-63). Bethesda, MD: National Association
of School Psychologists.
Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment, vol.1 de attachment and loss (2nd.
ed.). London: Hogarth Press; New York: Basic Books.
Bradley, R.H., Caldwell, B.M. & Rock, S.L. (1988). Home environment
and school performance: A ten-year follow-up and
examination of three models of environmental action. Child
Development, 59, 852-867.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1988). Interacting systems in human development.
Research paradigms: Present and future. Em N. Bolger,
A. Caspi, G. Downey & M. Moorehouse (Orgs.), Persons in
context (pp. 25-49). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Curtiss, S. (1977). Genie: A psychological study of a modern-day
wild child. New York: Academic Press.
Deater-Deckard, K., Dodge, K.A., Bates, J.E. & Pettit, G.S. (1996).
Physical discipline among African American and European
American mothers: Links to children's externalizing behaviors.
Developmental Psychology, 32, 1065-1072.
Dodge, K.A., Bates, J.E. & Pettit, G.S. (1990). Mechanisms in the
cycle of violence. Science, 250, 1678-1683.
Dodge, K.A., Pettit, G.S. & Bates, J.E. (1994). Socialization mediators
of the relation between socioeconomic status and child
conduct problems. Child Development, 65, 649-665.
Eckenrode, J., Rowe, E., Laird, M. & Brathwaite, J. (1995). Mobility
as a mediator of the effects of child maltreatment on academic
performance. Child Development, 66, 1130-1142.
Egeland, Ð’., Pianta, R. & O'Brien, M.A. (1993). Maternal intrusiveness
and child maladaptation in early school years. Development
and Psychopathology, 5, 359-370.
Fagot, B.I. & Gauvain, M. (1997). Mother-child problem solving:
Continuity through the early childhood years. Developmental
Psychology, 33, 480-488.
Gandour, M.J. (1989). Activity level as a dimension of temperament
in toddlers. Child Development, 60, 1092-1098.
Hashima, P.Y. & Amato, PR. (1994). Poverty, social support, and
parental behavior. Child Development, 65, 394-403.
Maughan, Ð’., Pickles, A. & Quinton, D. (1995). Parental hostility,
childhood behavior, and adult social functioning. Em J. McCord
(Org.), Coercion and punishment in long-term perspectives (pp.
34-58). New York: Cambridge University Press.
McLoyd, V.C. (1990). The impact of economic hardship on black
families and children: Psychological distress, parenting, and
socioemotional development. Child Development, 61,311-346.
Oliveira, E.A. de (1998). Cognições sociais maternas, interações
mãe-criança e o desenvolvimento social da criança na fase
pré-escolar (relatório n° 301381/97-6). Brasília: MCT/CNPq.
Oliveira, E.A. de, Ackerman, B.P. & Izard, CE. (1996). The role
of caregiver-child microregulation in the externalizing behavior
of Head-Start children. Em F.L. Parker, J. Hagen, C. Clark
& R. Robinson (Orgs.), Summary of conference proceedings:
Making a difference for children, families and communities:
Partnerships among researchers, practitioners and policymakers
(p. 499). Head Start's 3rd. National Research Conference,
Washington, DC.
Pike, A., McGuire, S., Hetherington, E.M., Reiss, D. & Plomin, R.
(1996). Family environment and adolescent depressive symptoms
and antisocial behavior: A multivariate genetic analysis.
Developmental Psychology, 32, 590-603.
Plomin, R. (1989). Environment and genes: Determinants of behavior.
American Psychologist, 44, 105-111.
Rutter, M. (1976). Maternal deprivation, 1972-1978: New findings,
new concepts, new approaches. Child Development, 50,
283-305.
Rutter, M. (1996). Psychosocial adversity: Risk, resilience, and
recovery. Em F.L. Parker, J. Hagen, C. Clark & R. Robinson
(Orgs.), Summary of conference proceedings: Making a difference
for children, families and communities: Partnerships
among researchers, practitioners and policymakers (pp. 27-
42). Head Start's 3rd. National Research Conference, Washington,
DC.
Sameroff, A.J. & Fiese, B.H. (1990). Transactional regulation and
early intervention. Em S.J. Meisels & J.P. Shonkoff (Orgs.),
Handbook of early childbook intervention (pp. 119-149). New
York: Cambridge University Press.
Sameroff, A.J., Seifer, R., Baldwin, A. & Baldwin, С (1993). Stability
of intelligence from preschool to adolescence: The influence
of social and family risk factors. Child Development, 64,
80-97.
Sameroff, A.J., Seifer, R., Barocas, Ð’., Zax, M. & Greenspan, S.
(1987). IQ scores of 4-year-old children: Social-environmental
risk factors. Pediatrics, 79, 343-350.
Scarr, S. (1992). Developmental theories for the 1990s: Development
and individual differences. Child Development, 63, 1-19.
Sroufe, L.A., Egeland, B. & Kreutzer, T. (1990). The fate of early
experience following developmental change in longitudinal
approaches to individual adaptation in childhood. Child Development,
61, 1363-1373.
Sternberg, K.J. & Lamb, M.E. (1993). Can we ignore context in
the definition of child maltreatment? Development and Psychopathology,
3, 87-92.
Sternberg, K.J., Lamb, M.E., Greenbaum, C., Cicchetti, D., Dawud,
S., Cortes, R.M., Krispin, O. & Lorey, F. (1993). Effects of domestic
violence on children's behavior problems and depression.
Developmental Psychology, 29, 44-52.
Werner, E. (1989). Children of the Garden Island. Scientific American,
260, 107-111.
factors in stability and change in children's aggressiveness in
elementary school. Em J. McCord (Org.), Coercion and punishment
in long-term perspectives (pp. 124-138). New York;
Cambridge University Press.
Baumrind, D. (1993). The average expectable environment is not
good enough: A response to Scarr. Child Development, 64,
1299-1317.
Bear, G.G., Telzrow, CF. & De Oliveira, E.A. (1997). Socially responsible
behavior. Em G.G. Bear, K.M. Minke & A. Thomas
(Orgs.), Children's needs: Development, problems and alternatives
(2a. ed., pp. 51-63). Bethesda, MD: National Association
of School Psychologists.
Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment, vol.1 de attachment and loss (2nd.
ed.). London: Hogarth Press; New York: Basic Books.
Bradley, R.H., Caldwell, B.M. & Rock, S.L. (1988). Home environment
and school performance: A ten-year follow-up and
examination of three models of environmental action. Child
Development, 59, 852-867.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1988). Interacting systems in human development.
Research paradigms: Present and future. Em N. Bolger,
A. Caspi, G. Downey & M. Moorehouse (Orgs.), Persons in
context (pp. 25-49). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Curtiss, S. (1977). Genie: A psychological study of a modern-day
wild child. New York: Academic Press.
Deater-Deckard, K., Dodge, K.A., Bates, J.E. & Pettit, G.S. (1996).
Physical discipline among African American and European
American mothers: Links to children's externalizing behaviors.
Developmental Psychology, 32, 1065-1072.
Dodge, K.A., Bates, J.E. & Pettit, G.S. (1990). Mechanisms in the
cycle of violence. Science, 250, 1678-1683.
Dodge, K.A., Pettit, G.S. & Bates, J.E. (1994). Socialization mediators
of the relation between socioeconomic status and child
conduct problems. Child Development, 65, 649-665.
Eckenrode, J., Rowe, E., Laird, M. & Brathwaite, J. (1995). Mobility
as a mediator of the effects of child maltreatment on academic
performance. Child Development, 66, 1130-1142.
Egeland, Ð’., Pianta, R. & O'Brien, M.A. (1993). Maternal intrusiveness
and child maladaptation in early school years. Development
and Psychopathology, 5, 359-370.
Fagot, B.I. & Gauvain, M. (1997). Mother-child problem solving:
Continuity through the early childhood years. Developmental
Psychology, 33, 480-488.
Gandour, M.J. (1989). Activity level as a dimension of temperament
in toddlers. Child Development, 60, 1092-1098.
Hashima, P.Y. & Amato, PR. (1994). Poverty, social support, and
parental behavior. Child Development, 65, 394-403.
Maughan, Ð’., Pickles, A. & Quinton, D. (1995). Parental hostility,
childhood behavior, and adult social functioning. Em J. McCord
(Org.), Coercion and punishment in long-term perspectives (pp.
34-58). New York: Cambridge University Press.
McLoyd, V.C. (1990). The impact of economic hardship on black
families and children: Psychological distress, parenting, and
socioemotional development. Child Development, 61,311-346.
Oliveira, E.A. de (1998). Cognições sociais maternas, interações
mãe-criança e o desenvolvimento social da criança na fase
pré-escolar (relatório n° 301381/97-6). Brasília: MCT/CNPq.
Oliveira, E.A. de, Ackerman, B.P. & Izard, CE. (1996). The role
of caregiver-child microregulation in the externalizing behavior
of Head-Start children. Em F.L. Parker, J. Hagen, C. Clark
& R. Robinson (Orgs.), Summary of conference proceedings:
Making a difference for children, families and communities:
Partnerships among researchers, practitioners and policymakers
(p. 499). Head Start's 3rd. National Research Conference,
Washington, DC.
Pike, A., McGuire, S., Hetherington, E.M., Reiss, D. & Plomin, R.
(1996). Family environment and adolescent depressive symptoms
and antisocial behavior: A multivariate genetic analysis.
Developmental Psychology, 32, 590-603.
Plomin, R. (1989). Environment and genes: Determinants of behavior.
American Psychologist, 44, 105-111.
Rutter, M. (1976). Maternal deprivation, 1972-1978: New findings,
new concepts, new approaches. Child Development, 50,
283-305.
Rutter, M. (1996). Psychosocial adversity: Risk, resilience, and
recovery. Em F.L. Parker, J. Hagen, C. Clark & R. Robinson
(Orgs.), Summary of conference proceedings: Making a difference
for children, families and communities: Partnerships
among researchers, practitioners and policymakers (pp. 27-
42). Head Start's 3rd. National Research Conference, Washington,
DC.
Sameroff, A.J. & Fiese, B.H. (1990). Transactional regulation and
early intervention. Em S.J. Meisels & J.P. Shonkoff (Orgs.),
Handbook of early childbook intervention (pp. 119-149). New
York: Cambridge University Press.
Sameroff, A.J., Seifer, R., Baldwin, A. & Baldwin, С (1993). Stability
of intelligence from preschool to adolescence: The influence
of social and family risk factors. Child Development, 64,
80-97.
Sameroff, A.J., Seifer, R., Barocas, Ð’., Zax, M. & Greenspan, S.
(1987). IQ scores of 4-year-old children: Social-environmental
risk factors. Pediatrics, 79, 343-350.
Scarr, S. (1992). Developmental theories for the 1990s: Development
and individual differences. Child Development, 63, 1-19.
Sroufe, L.A., Egeland, B. & Kreutzer, T. (1990). The fate of early
experience following developmental change in longitudinal
approaches to individual adaptation in childhood. Child Development,
61, 1363-1373.
Sternberg, K.J. & Lamb, M.E. (1993). Can we ignore context in
the definition of child maltreatment? Development and Psychopathology,
3, 87-92.
Sternberg, K.J., Lamb, M.E., Greenbaum, C., Cicchetti, D., Dawud,
S., Cortes, R.M., Krispin, O. & Lorey, F. (1993). Effects of domestic
violence on children's behavior problems and depression.
Developmental Psychology, 29, 44-52.
Werner, E. (1989). Children of the Garden Island. Scientific American,
260, 107-111.
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Published
2012-09-17
How to Cite
de Oliveira, E. A. (2012). Risk Models in Developmental Psychology. Psicologia: Teoria E Pesquisa, 14(1), 019–026. Retrieved from https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/revistaptp/article/view/17304
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