STIMULUS CLASSES:
IMPLICATIONS FOR A BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS OF COGNITION
Keywords:
Stimulus classes, Stimulus equivalence, Concepts, Thinking, MeaningAbstract
According to Borges, to think is to forget differences. This
requires the ability to form stimulus classes, relating unique objects, events
or qualities. Stimulus classes may be formed on the basis of physical
similarity or common attributes, or they may be formed on the basis of
arbitrary relations between stimuli. Some types of arbitrary relations may
give rise to equivalence relations between stimuli. Equivalence relations
generate emergent behaviors, so that the individual learns more than has been explicitly taught. Functions directly acquired by a stimulus may
transi er to equivalent stimuli. Stimulus equivalence and transfer of functions
vary according to the context and underlie meaning comprehension. Research
on stimulus equivalence has contributed to the development of
procedures to produce emergent performances in educational settings
(such as learning to read) with mentally retarded individuais or children with
learning difficulties.
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References
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Buenos Aires: Emecé.
Borges, J. L (1956 b).TIon, Uqbar, OrbisTertius. Em J. L. Borges: Ficciones (pp. 13-34).
Buenos Aires: Emecé.
Bush, K.M., Sidman, M. & de Rose, T. M. S. (1989). Contextual control of emergent
equivalence relations. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 51,
29-45.
Cowley, B. J., Green, G., & Braunling-McMorrow, D. (1992). Using stimulus-equivalence
procedures to teach name-face matching to adults with brain injuries. Journal of
Applied Behavior Analysis, 25, 461-475.
DeGrandpre, R. J., Bickel, W. K., & Higgins, S. T. (1992). Emergent equivalence
relations between interoceptive (drug) and exteroceptive (visual) stimuli. Journal
of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 58, 9-18.
de Rose, J.C., Mcllvane, W.J., Dube, W.V., Galpin, V.C, & Stoddard, L.T. (1988).
Emergent simple discrimination established by indirect relation to differential
consequences. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 50, 1-20.
de Rose, J.C., Souza, D.G., Hanna, E. S., Rossito, A. L, Pereira, A. B., Gomes, L S.,
Fonseca, M. L, Fontes, N., Duarte, G. M., Cesaretti, R. E., Zanotto, M. A. &
Bernardes, A. C. (1993). Teaching generalized reading and spelling through
stimulus equivalence and recombination of units. Trabalho apresentado na 19th
Annual Convention, Association for Behavior Analysis, Chicago: EUA.
de Rose, J.C., Souza, D.G., Rossito, A.L, & de Rose, T.M.S. (1989). Aquisição de leitura
após história de fracasso escolar. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 5, 325-346.
de Rose, J.C., Souza, D.G., Rossito, A.L., & de Rose, T.M.S. (1992). Stimulus equivalence
and generalization in reading after matching to sample by exclusion. Em
S.C. Hayes & L.J. Hayes (Orgs.), Understanding Verbal Relations (pp. 69-82).
Reno, EUA: Context Press.
D'Oliveira, M. M. H. (1990). Estudos em relações de equivalência: Uma contribuição Ã
tentativa de identificação do controle por unidades mínimas na aprendizagem de
leitura com pré-escolares. Tese de doutorado, Instituto de Psicologia da Universidade
de São Paulo, 1990.
Dube, W.V., McDonald, S.J., Mcllvane, W.V., & Mackay, H.A. (1991). Constructedresponse
matching to sample and spelling instruction. Journal of Applied Behavior
Analysis, 24, 305-317.
Fields, L, Reeve, K. F., Adams, B. J., & Verhave, T. (1991). Stimulus generalization
and equivalence classes: A model of natural categories. Journal of the Experimental
Analysis of Behavior, 55, 305-312.
Green, G. (1991). Everyday stimulus equivalences for the brain-injured. Em: W. Ishaq
(Org.), Human Behavior in Today's World (pp. 123-132). New York: Praeger
Publishers.
Hayes, S.C. (1989). Nonhumans have not yet shown stimulus equivalence. Journal of
the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 51, 385-392.
Mackay, H.A. (1991). Stimulus equivalence: Implications for the development of adaptive
behavior. Em: R. Remington (Org.), The challenge of severe mental handicap
(pp. 235-259). Londres: Wiley.
Mackay, H.A., & Sidman, M. (1984). Teaching new behavior via equivalence relations.
Em: P. H. Brooks, R. Sperber & C. McCauley (Orgs.), Learning and cognition in
the mentally retarded (pp. 493-513). Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum.
Pilgrim, O, & Galizio, M. (1990). Relations between baseline contingencies and equivalence
probe performances. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 54,
213-224.
Saunders, R. R., & Green, G. (1992). The nonequivalence of behavioral and mathematical
equivalence. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 57, 227-
241.
Saunders, R. R., Saunders, K. J., Kirby, K. C, & Spradlin, J. E. (1988). The merger and
development of equivalence classes by unreinforced conditional selection of
comparison stimuli. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 50, 145-
162.
Saunders, R. R., Wachter, J., & Spradlin, J. E. (1988). Establishing auditory stimulus
control over an eight-member equivalence class via conditional discrimination
procedures. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 49, 95-115.
Sidman, M. (1971). The behavioral analysis of aphasia. Journal of Psychiatric Research,
8,413-422.
Sidman, M. (1986). Functional analysis of emergent verbal classes. Em: T. Thompson
& M. D. Zeiler (Orgs.), Analysis and Integration of Behavioral Units (pp. 213-245).
Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Sidman, M. (1991). Equivalence relations: Where do they come from? Em D. E.
Blackman & H. Lejeune (Orgs.), Behavior Analysis in Theory and Practice:
Contributions and Controversies (pp. 93-114). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Sidman, M. (1992). Equivalence relations: Some basic considerations. Em S.C. Hayes
& L.J. Hayes (Orgs.), Understanding Verbal Relations (pp. 15-27). Reno, EUA:
Context Press.
Sidman, M., & Cresson, O. (1973). Reading and transfer of crossmodal stimulus
equivalences in severe retardation. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 77,
515-523.
Sidman, M., Kirk, B., & Wilson-Morris, M. (1985). Six-member stimulus classes generated
by conditional-discrimination procedures. Journal of the Experimental Analysis
of Behavior, 43, 21-42.
Sidman, M., & Tailby, W. (1982). Conditional discrimination vs. matching to sample: An
expansion of the testing paradigm. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of
Behavior, 37, 5-22.
Silverman, K., Anderson, Marshall, A. & Baer, D. (1986). Establishing and generalizing
audience control of new language repertoires. Analysis and Intervention in Developmental
Disabilities, 6, 21-40.
Skinner, B.F. (1957). Verbal Behavior. New York: Prentice Hall.
Souza, D.G., de Rose, J.C., Kubo, O.M. & Libório, M.A.C. (1989). Acquisition and
generalization of complex grapheme/phoneme units through reinforcement of
whole-word units. Trabalho apresentado na XV Convenção Anual, Association for
Behavior Analysis, Milwaukee, EUA.
Spradlin, J. E., Saunders, K. J., & Saunders, R. R. (1992). The stability of equivalence
classes. Em S.C. Hayes & L.J. Hayes (Orgs.), Understanding Verbal Relations
(pp. 29-42). Reno, EUA: Context Press.
Stromer, R., Mackay, H. A., & Stoddard, L.T. (1992). Classroom applications of stimulus
equivalence technology. Journal of Behavioral Education, 2, 225-256.
Buenos Aires: Emecé.
Borges, J. L (1956 b).TIon, Uqbar, OrbisTertius. Em J. L. Borges: Ficciones (pp. 13-34).
Buenos Aires: Emecé.
Bush, K.M., Sidman, M. & de Rose, T. M. S. (1989). Contextual control of emergent
equivalence relations. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 51,
29-45.
Cowley, B. J., Green, G., & Braunling-McMorrow, D. (1992). Using stimulus-equivalence
procedures to teach name-face matching to adults with brain injuries. Journal of
Applied Behavior Analysis, 25, 461-475.
DeGrandpre, R. J., Bickel, W. K., & Higgins, S. T. (1992). Emergent equivalence
relations between interoceptive (drug) and exteroceptive (visual) stimuli. Journal
of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 58, 9-18.
de Rose, J.C., Mcllvane, W.J., Dube, W.V., Galpin, V.C, & Stoddard, L.T. (1988).
Emergent simple discrimination established by indirect relation to differential
consequences. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 50, 1-20.
de Rose, J.C., Souza, D.G., Hanna, E. S., Rossito, A. L, Pereira, A. B., Gomes, L S.,
Fonseca, M. L, Fontes, N., Duarte, G. M., Cesaretti, R. E., Zanotto, M. A. &
Bernardes, A. C. (1993). Teaching generalized reading and spelling through
stimulus equivalence and recombination of units. Trabalho apresentado na 19th
Annual Convention, Association for Behavior Analysis, Chicago: EUA.
de Rose, J.C., Souza, D.G., Rossito, A.L, & de Rose, T.M.S. (1989). Aquisição de leitura
após história de fracasso escolar. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 5, 325-346.
de Rose, J.C., Souza, D.G., Rossito, A.L., & de Rose, T.M.S. (1992). Stimulus equivalence
and generalization in reading after matching to sample by exclusion. Em
S.C. Hayes & L.J. Hayes (Orgs.), Understanding Verbal Relations (pp. 69-82).
Reno, EUA: Context Press.
D'Oliveira, M. M. H. (1990). Estudos em relações de equivalência: Uma contribuição Ã
tentativa de identificação do controle por unidades mínimas na aprendizagem de
leitura com pré-escolares. Tese de doutorado, Instituto de Psicologia da Universidade
de São Paulo, 1990.
Dube, W.V., McDonald, S.J., Mcllvane, W.V., & Mackay, H.A. (1991). Constructedresponse
matching to sample and spelling instruction. Journal of Applied Behavior
Analysis, 24, 305-317.
Fields, L, Reeve, K. F., Adams, B. J., & Verhave, T. (1991). Stimulus generalization
and equivalence classes: A model of natural categories. Journal of the Experimental
Analysis of Behavior, 55, 305-312.
Green, G. (1991). Everyday stimulus equivalences for the brain-injured. Em: W. Ishaq
(Org.), Human Behavior in Today's World (pp. 123-132). New York: Praeger
Publishers.
Hayes, S.C. (1989). Nonhumans have not yet shown stimulus equivalence. Journal of
the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 51, 385-392.
Mackay, H.A. (1991). Stimulus equivalence: Implications for the development of adaptive
behavior. Em: R. Remington (Org.), The challenge of severe mental handicap
(pp. 235-259). Londres: Wiley.
Mackay, H.A., & Sidman, M. (1984). Teaching new behavior via equivalence relations.
Em: P. H. Brooks, R. Sperber & C. McCauley (Orgs.), Learning and cognition in
the mentally retarded (pp. 493-513). Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum.
Pilgrim, O, & Galizio, M. (1990). Relations between baseline contingencies and equivalence
probe performances. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 54,
213-224.
Saunders, R. R., & Green, G. (1992). The nonequivalence of behavioral and mathematical
equivalence. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 57, 227-
241.
Saunders, R. R., Saunders, K. J., Kirby, K. C, & Spradlin, J. E. (1988). The merger and
development of equivalence classes by unreinforced conditional selection of
comparison stimuli. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 50, 145-
162.
Saunders, R. R., Wachter, J., & Spradlin, J. E. (1988). Establishing auditory stimulus
control over an eight-member equivalence class via conditional discrimination
procedures. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 49, 95-115.
Sidman, M. (1971). The behavioral analysis of aphasia. Journal of Psychiatric Research,
8,413-422.
Sidman, M. (1986). Functional analysis of emergent verbal classes. Em: T. Thompson
& M. D. Zeiler (Orgs.), Analysis and Integration of Behavioral Units (pp. 213-245).
Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Sidman, M. (1991). Equivalence relations: Where do they come from? Em D. E.
Blackman & H. Lejeune (Orgs.), Behavior Analysis in Theory and Practice:
Contributions and Controversies (pp. 93-114). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Sidman, M. (1992). Equivalence relations: Some basic considerations. Em S.C. Hayes
& L.J. Hayes (Orgs.), Understanding Verbal Relations (pp. 15-27). Reno, EUA:
Context Press.
Sidman, M., & Cresson, O. (1973). Reading and transfer of crossmodal stimulus
equivalences in severe retardation. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 77,
515-523.
Sidman, M., Kirk, B., & Wilson-Morris, M. (1985). Six-member stimulus classes generated
by conditional-discrimination procedures. Journal of the Experimental Analysis
of Behavior, 43, 21-42.
Sidman, M., & Tailby, W. (1982). Conditional discrimination vs. matching to sample: An
expansion of the testing paradigm. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of
Behavior, 37, 5-22.
Silverman, K., Anderson, Marshall, A. & Baer, D. (1986). Establishing and generalizing
audience control of new language repertoires. Analysis and Intervention in Developmental
Disabilities, 6, 21-40.
Skinner, B.F. (1957). Verbal Behavior. New York: Prentice Hall.
Souza, D.G., de Rose, J.C., Kubo, O.M. & Libório, M.A.C. (1989). Acquisition and
generalization of complex grapheme/phoneme units through reinforcement of
whole-word units. Trabalho apresentado na XV Convenção Anual, Association for
Behavior Analysis, Milwaukee, EUA.
Spradlin, J. E., Saunders, K. J., & Saunders, R. R. (1992). The stability of equivalence
classes. Em S.C. Hayes & L.J. Hayes (Orgs.), Understanding Verbal Relations
(pp. 29-42). Reno, EUA: Context Press.
Stromer, R., Mackay, H. A., & Stoddard, L.T. (1992). Classroom applications of stimulus
equivalence technology. Journal of Behavioral Education, 2, 225-256.
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Published
2013-04-25
How to Cite
C. de Rose, J. (2013). STIMULUS CLASSES:: IMPLICATIONS FOR A BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS OF COGNITION. Psicologia: Teoria E Pesquisa, 9(2), 283–303. Retrieved from https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/revistaptp/article/view/17219
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