ADVANCES IN THE STUDY OF THE NEURAL BASIS OF LEARNING
Keywords:
Learning, Habituation, Sensitization, Neural basisAbstract
The study of the neural mechanisms of learning has
revealed considerable progress in the last twenty years. The possibility of
experimentation with invertebrates nas provided important findings
concerning functional and structural changes at the cellular levei which
are correlated with simple learning processes as habituation and
sensitization.
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References
Bailey. C. H., & Chen, M. (1983). Morphotogical basis of long-term habituation and
sensitization in Aplysia. Science, 220, 91-93. Bailey. C. H., & Chen, M. (1988a).
Long-term memory in Aplysia modulates the total
number of vericosities of single identified sensory neurons. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences ofthe United States of America, 85, 2373-2377.
Bailey, C. H., & Chen, M. (1988b). Morphotogical basis of short-term habituation in
Aplysia. Journal of Neurosciences, 8, 2452-2459. Byrne, J. H. (1990). Learning
and memory in Aplysia and other invertebrates. Em R. P.
Kesner, & D. S. Olton (Orgs.). Neurobiology of Comparative Cognition. Millsdale,
NJ.: Erlbaum. Carew. T. J„ Hawkins, R. D., & Kandel. E. R. (1983). Differential
classical conditioning
of defensive withdrawal refex in Aplysia californica. Science, 219, 397-400. Carew,
T. J., Pinsker. H. M.; & Kandel, E. R. (1972). Long-term habituation in Aplysia.
Science, 175, 451-454. Carew, T. J., Walters, E. T.. & Kandel. E. R. (1981).
Classical conditioning in a simple
withdrawal refelx in Aplysia californica. Journal of Neuroscience, 1, 1426-1437.
Castelucci, V. F., Carew, T. J., & Kandel, E. R. (1978). Cellular analysis of long-term
habituation of the gill-withdrawal reflex of Aplysia californica. Science, 202,
1306-1308.
Castelucci, V. F., & Kandel, E. R. (1974). A quantal analysis of the synaptic
depression underlying habituation of the gíll-withdrawal reflex of
Aplysia.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of
America, 71, 5004-5008. Castelucci, V. F., & Kandel, E. R. (1976). Presynaptic
facilitation as a mechanism for
behavioral sensitization in Aplysia. Science, 194, 1176-1178. Castelucci, V. F„
Pinsker, M., Kupfermann, I., & Kandel, E. R. (1970). Neuronal
mechanisms of habituation and dishabituation of the gill-withdrawal reflex in
Aplysia. Science, 167, 1745-1748. Cook, D. G., & Carew, T. J. (1986). Operant
conditioning of head waving in Aplysia.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of
America, 83, 1120-1124. Crow, T„ & Alkon, D. L. (1978). Retention of an
associative behavioral changge in
Hermissenda. Science, 201, 1239-1241. Crow, T., & Offenbach, N. (1983).
Modification of the inrtiatíon of locomotion in
Hermissenda: Behavioral analysis. Brain Research, 271, 301-310. Frost, W. N.,
Castelucci, V. F., Hawkins. R. D., & Kandel!, E. R. (1985). Monosynaptic
connections made by the sensory neurons of the gil- and siphon-withdrawal reflex
in Aplysia participate in the storage of tong-term memory for sensitization.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of
America, 82, 8266-8269. Gelperin, A. (1975). Rapid food-aversion learning by a
terrestrial mollusk. Science,
189, 567-570. Gingrich, K. J., & Byrne, J. H. (1985). Simulation of synaptic
depression. posttetanic
potentiation, and presynaptic facilitation of synaptic potentials from sensory
neurons mediating gill-withdrawal reflex in Aplysia. Journal of Neurophysiology, 53,
652-669. Gingrich, K. J., & Byrne, J. H. (1987). Single-cell neuronal model for
associative
learning. Journal of Neurophysiology, 57, 1705-1715. Hawkins, R. D., Carew, T.
J., & Kandel, E. R. (1986). Effects of interstimulus interval
and contingency on classical conditioning of the Aplysia siphon withdrawal reflex.
Journal of Neuroscience, 6, 1695-1701. Kandel, E. R. (1979). Small systems of
neurons. Scientific American, 241, 61-70. Kandel, E. R., & Schwartz, J. M. (1982).
Molecular biology of learning: Modulation of
transmitter release. Science, 218, 433-443. Klein, M., & Kandel, E. R. (1978).
Presynaptic modulation of voltage-dependent Ca2+
current: Mechanisms for behavioral sensitization in Aplysia
californica.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of
America, 75, 3512-3516. Klein, M., & Kandel, E. R. (1980). Mechanism of calcium
current modulation underlying
presynaptic facilitation and behavioral sensitization in Aplysia. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 77, 6912-6916.
Lewis, D. J. (1979). Psychobiology of active and inactive memory. Psychological
Bulletin,86, 1054-1083. McGaugh, J. L., & Herz, M. J. (1972). Memory
Consolidation. S. Francisco: Albion.
Mpitsos, G. J., & CoIlins, S. D. (1975). Learning: Rapid aversive condltioning in the
gastropod mollusk Pleurobranchaes. Science, 188, 954-957. Pinsker, M., Hening,
W. A., Carew, T. J., & Kandel, E. R. (1973). Long term
sensitization of a defensive withdrawal reflex in Aplysia. Science, 182,1039-1042.
Pinsker, H., Kupfermann, I., Castelucci, V. F., & Kandel, E. R. (1970). Habituation and
dishabituation of the gill-withdrawal reflex in Aplysia. Science, 167, 1740-1742.
Scholz, K. P., & Byrne, J. H. (1987). Long-term sensitization in Aplysia: Biophysical
correlates in tail sensory neurons. Science, 235, 685-587. Skinner, B. F.
(1938). The Behavior of Organisms. New York:
Appleton-Century-Crofts. Skinner, B. F. (1953). Science and Human Behavior.
New York: Macmillan. Separ, N. E. (1973). Retrieval of memory in animais.
Psychological Review, 80,
163-194.
sensitization in Aplysia. Science, 220, 91-93. Bailey. C. H., & Chen, M. (1988a).
Long-term memory in Aplysia modulates the total
number of vericosities of single identified sensory neurons. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences ofthe United States of America, 85, 2373-2377.
Bailey, C. H., & Chen, M. (1988b). Morphotogical basis of short-term habituation in
Aplysia. Journal of Neurosciences, 8, 2452-2459. Byrne, J. H. (1990). Learning
and memory in Aplysia and other invertebrates. Em R. P.
Kesner, & D. S. Olton (Orgs.). Neurobiology of Comparative Cognition. Millsdale,
NJ.: Erlbaum. Carew. T. J„ Hawkins, R. D., & Kandel. E. R. (1983). Differential
classical conditioning
of defensive withdrawal refex in Aplysia californica. Science, 219, 397-400. Carew,
T. J., Pinsker. H. M.; & Kandel, E. R. (1972). Long-term habituation in Aplysia.
Science, 175, 451-454. Carew, T. J., Walters, E. T.. & Kandel. E. R. (1981).
Classical conditioning in a simple
withdrawal refelx in Aplysia californica. Journal of Neuroscience, 1, 1426-1437.
Castelucci, V. F., Carew, T. J., & Kandel, E. R. (1978). Cellular analysis of long-term
habituation of the gill-withdrawal reflex of Aplysia californica. Science, 202,
1306-1308.
Castelucci, V. F., & Kandel, E. R. (1974). A quantal analysis of the synaptic
depression underlying habituation of the gíll-withdrawal reflex of
Aplysia.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of
America, 71, 5004-5008. Castelucci, V. F., & Kandel, E. R. (1976). Presynaptic
facilitation as a mechanism for
behavioral sensitization in Aplysia. Science, 194, 1176-1178. Castelucci, V. F„
Pinsker, M., Kupfermann, I., & Kandel, E. R. (1970). Neuronal
mechanisms of habituation and dishabituation of the gill-withdrawal reflex in
Aplysia. Science, 167, 1745-1748. Cook, D. G., & Carew, T. J. (1986). Operant
conditioning of head waving in Aplysia.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of
America, 83, 1120-1124. Crow, T„ & Alkon, D. L. (1978). Retention of an
associative behavioral changge in
Hermissenda. Science, 201, 1239-1241. Crow, T., & Offenbach, N. (1983).
Modification of the inrtiatíon of locomotion in
Hermissenda: Behavioral analysis. Brain Research, 271, 301-310. Frost, W. N.,
Castelucci, V. F., Hawkins. R. D., & Kandel!, E. R. (1985). Monosynaptic
connections made by the sensory neurons of the gil- and siphon-withdrawal reflex
in Aplysia participate in the storage of tong-term memory for sensitization.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of
America, 82, 8266-8269. Gelperin, A. (1975). Rapid food-aversion learning by a
terrestrial mollusk. Science,
189, 567-570. Gingrich, K. J., & Byrne, J. H. (1985). Simulation of synaptic
depression. posttetanic
potentiation, and presynaptic facilitation of synaptic potentials from sensory
neurons mediating gill-withdrawal reflex in Aplysia. Journal of Neurophysiology, 53,
652-669. Gingrich, K. J., & Byrne, J. H. (1987). Single-cell neuronal model for
associative
learning. Journal of Neurophysiology, 57, 1705-1715. Hawkins, R. D., Carew, T.
J., & Kandel, E. R. (1986). Effects of interstimulus interval
and contingency on classical conditioning of the Aplysia siphon withdrawal reflex.
Journal of Neuroscience, 6, 1695-1701. Kandel, E. R. (1979). Small systems of
neurons. Scientific American, 241, 61-70. Kandel, E. R., & Schwartz, J. M. (1982).
Molecular biology of learning: Modulation of
transmitter release. Science, 218, 433-443. Klein, M., & Kandel, E. R. (1978).
Presynaptic modulation of voltage-dependent Ca2+
current: Mechanisms for behavioral sensitization in Aplysia
californica.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of
America, 75, 3512-3516. Klein, M., & Kandel, E. R. (1980). Mechanism of calcium
current modulation underlying
presynaptic facilitation and behavioral sensitization in Aplysia. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 77, 6912-6916.
Lewis, D. J. (1979). Psychobiology of active and inactive memory. Psychological
Bulletin,86, 1054-1083. McGaugh, J. L., & Herz, M. J. (1972). Memory
Consolidation. S. Francisco: Albion.
Mpitsos, G. J., & CoIlins, S. D. (1975). Learning: Rapid aversive condltioning in the
gastropod mollusk Pleurobranchaes. Science, 188, 954-957. Pinsker, M., Hening,
W. A., Carew, T. J., & Kandel, E. R. (1973). Long term
sensitization of a defensive withdrawal reflex in Aplysia. Science, 182,1039-1042.
Pinsker, H., Kupfermann, I., Castelucci, V. F., & Kandel, E. R. (1970). Habituation and
dishabituation of the gill-withdrawal reflex in Aplysia. Science, 167, 1740-1742.
Scholz, K. P., & Byrne, J. H. (1987). Long-term sensitization in Aplysia: Biophysical
correlates in tail sensory neurons. Science, 235, 685-587. Skinner, B. F.
(1938). The Behavior of Organisms. New York:
Appleton-Century-Crofts. Skinner, B. F. (1953). Science and Human Behavior.
New York: Macmillan. Separ, N. E. (1973). Retrieval of memory in animais.
Psychological Review, 80,
163-194.
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Published
2012-08-20
How to Cite
Todorov, J. C. (2012). ADVANCES IN THE STUDY OF THE NEURAL BASIS OF LEARNING. Psicologia: Teoria E Pesquisa, 7(03), 303–310. Retrieved from https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/revistaptp/article/view/17118
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