RATHUS' ASSERTIVENESS SCALE - RAS:
BRAZILIAN ADAPTATION
Abstract
The RAS was validated for Brazilian population with a
sample of 302 single high-school and university students. An Alpha factor
analysis revealed the presence of a single major factor in which 20 of the
original 30 itens had high loadings. The factor was identified as inhibition
vs. uninhibition and had an alpha = .81. Two other factors appeared, but
their structure is still not clearly defined. It was concluded that the scale is
useful to measure one aspect, but not the full range of meaning of the
construct of assertiveness.
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References
Alberti, R. E., & Emmons, M. L. (1974). You're perfect right: A guide to assertive
behavior. San Luis Obispo, California: Impact.
Allport, G. (1928).4-S reaction study. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin.
Bates, H. D., & Zimmerman, S. F. (1971). Toward the development of a screening
scale for assertive training. Psychological Reports, 28, 99-107.
Borkovec, T. D., Stone, N. M., O'Brien, G. Т., & Kaloupek, D. G. (1974). Evaluation of
a clinically relevant target behavior for analog outcome research. Behavior
Therapy, 5, 503-513.
Broverman, I. K., Broverman, D. M., Clarkson, F. E., Rosenkrantz, P. S., & Vogel, S.
R. (1970). Sex-role stereotypes and clinical judgments of mental health. Journal of
Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 34, 1-7.
Cattell, R. B. (1965). The scientific analysis of personality. Baltimore: Penguin Books.
Delamater, R. J., & McNamara, J. R. (1985). Perceptions of assertiveness by high -
and low-assertive female college students. The Journal of Psychology, 779(6),
581-586.
Eisler, R. M., Hersen, M., Miller, P. M., & Blanchard, E. B. (1975). Situational
determinants of assertive behaviors. Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology, 43, 330-340.
Eisler, R. M., Miller, P. M., & Hersen, M. (1973). Components of assertive behavior. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 29, 295-299.
Epstein, N. (1980). Social consequences of assertion, aggression, passive
aggression, and submission: Situational and dispositional determinants. Behavior
Therapy, 11, 662-669.
Fixsen, D. I., Phillips, E. I., & Wolf, M. M. (1972). Achievement place: The reliability of
self-reporting and peer-reporting and their effects on behavior. Journal of Applied
Behavior Analyis, 5, 19-30.
Friedman, P. M. (1968). The effects of modeling and role playing on assertive
behavior. Dissertation Abstracts, 29, 3557B-4901B.
Galassi, J. P., DeLeo, J. S., Galassi, M. D. & Bastien, S. (1974). The college
Self-Expression Scale: A measure of assertiveness. Behavior Therapy, 5,
165-171.
Galassi, J. P., & Galassi, M. D. (1974). Validity of a measure of assertiveness. Journal
of Counseling Psychology, 21, 248-250.
Gambrill, E. D., & Richey, С. Ð. (1975). An assertion inventory for use in assessment
and research. Behavior Therapy, 6, 550-561.
Goldfried, A. P., & Sprafkin, J. N. (1974). Behavioral personality assessment
Morristown. J. N.: General Learning Press.
Goldstein, A. P., Martens, J., Hubben, J., Van Belle, H. A., Schaaf, W., Weirsma, &
Goedhart, A. (1973). The use of modeling to increase independent behavior.
Behavior Research and Therapy, 11, 31-42.
Guilford, J. P., & Zimmerman, W. S. (1956). The Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament
Survey. Beverly Hills, California: Sheridan Psychology Services.
Hrop, S., & Rakos, R. F. (1985). The influence of race in the evaluation of assertion in
conflict situations. Behavior Therapy, 16, 478-493.
Hull, D. Ð’., & Schoeder, H. E. (1979). Some interpessoal effects of assertion,
nonassertion and aggression. Behavior Therapy, 10, 22-28.
Kern, J. M. (1982). Predicting the impact of assertive, empathic-assertive, and
non-assertive behavior: The assertiveness of the assertee. Behavior Therapy, 13,
486-498.
Kern, J. M., Cavell, T. A., & Beck, B. (1985). Predicting differential reactions to 'males'
versus females' assertions, empathic-assertions, and nonassertions. Behavior
Therapy, 16, 63-75.
Kelley, J. A., Kern, J. M., Kirkley, G. В., Patterson, J. N.. & Keane, Т. М. (1980).
Reactions to assertive versus unassertive behavior: Differential effects for males
and females and implications for assertive training. Behavior Therapy, 11,
670-681.
Lawrence, P. S. (1970). The assessment and modification of assertive behavior.
Dissertation Abstracts International, 31, 1B-971B.
Lazarus, A. A. (1971). Behavior therapy and beyond. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Lazarus, A. A. (1973). On assertive behavior: A brief note. Behavior Therapy, 4,
697-699.
Lieberman, R. P. (1972). A guide to behavioral analysis and therapy. New York:
Pergamon.
Lao, R. С, Upchurch, W. H., Corwin, В. J., & Grassnickle, W. F. (1975). Biased
attitudes towards females as indicated by intelligence and likeability. Psychological
Reports, 37, 1315-1320.
Loo, R. M. (1971). The effects of projected consequences and overt behavioral
rehearsal on assertive behavior. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of
Illinois.
McFall, R. M., & Lillesand, D. B. (1971). Behavior rehearsal with modeling and
coaching in assertion training. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 77, 313-323.
McFall, R. M., & Marston, A. R. (1970). An experimental investigation of behavior
rehearsal in assertive training. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 76, 295-303.
McFall, R. M., & Twentyman, С. Т. (1973). Four experiments on the relative
contributions of rehearsal, modeling, and coaching to assertion training. Journal of
Abnormal Psychology, 81, 199-218.
Meyer, R. (1971). The art of refusal. British Journal of Criminology, 11, 265-274.
O'Connor, R. D. (1969). Modification of social withdrawal through symbolic modeling.
Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 2,15-22.
Rakos, R. F., & Hrop, S. (1983). The influence of positive content and mode of
presentation on the social evaluation of assertive behavior in conflict situations.
Behavior Counseling and Community Interventions, 3,153-164.
Rathus, S. A. (1973). A 30-item schedule for assessing assertive behavior. Behavior
Therapy, 4, 398-406.
Rich, A. R., & Schroeder, H. E. (1976). Research issues in assertiveness training.
Psychology Bulletin, 03(6), 1081-1096.
Rosenkrantz, P., Vogel, S., Bee, H., Broverman, I., & Broverman, D. M. (1968).
Sex-role stereotypes and self-concepts in college students. Journal of Consulting
and Clinical Psychology, 32, 287-295.
Salter, A. (1949). Conditioned reflex therapy. New York: Farrar, Strauss.
Serber, M. (1972). Teaching the non-verbal components of assertive training. Journal
of Behavior and Experimental Psychiatry, 3,179-183.
Vestewing, R. E., & Mose, M. K. (1976). The relationship of extroversion and
neuroticism to two measures of assertive behavior. The Journal of Psychology,
93,141-146.
Weinman, Ð’., Gelbart, P., Wallace, M., & Post, M. (1972). Inducing assertive behavior
in chronic schizophrenics: A comparison of socioenvironmental, desensitization,
and relaxation therapies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 39,
246-252.
Williams, J. M„ & Stout, J. K. (1985). The effects of high and low assertiveness on
locus of control and health problems. The Journal the Psychology, 119(2),
169-173.
Wolpe, J. (1958). Psychotherapy by reciprocal inhibition. Stanford, California: Stanford
University Press.
Wolpe, J. (1980). Prática da terapia comportamental (3- edição). São Paulo: Editora
Brasiliense.
Wolpe, J., & Lazarus, A. A. (1966). Behavior therapy techniques. New York:
Pergamon Press.
Woolfolk, L, & Dever, S. (1979). Perception of assertion: An empirical analysis.
Behavior Therapy, 10,404-411.
behavior. San Luis Obispo, California: Impact.
Allport, G. (1928).4-S reaction study. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin.
Bates, H. D., & Zimmerman, S. F. (1971). Toward the development of a screening
scale for assertive training. Psychological Reports, 28, 99-107.
Borkovec, T. D., Stone, N. M., O'Brien, G. Т., & Kaloupek, D. G. (1974). Evaluation of
a clinically relevant target behavior for analog outcome research. Behavior
Therapy, 5, 503-513.
Broverman, I. K., Broverman, D. M., Clarkson, F. E., Rosenkrantz, P. S., & Vogel, S.
R. (1970). Sex-role stereotypes and clinical judgments of mental health. Journal of
Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 34, 1-7.
Cattell, R. B. (1965). The scientific analysis of personality. Baltimore: Penguin Books.
Delamater, R. J., & McNamara, J. R. (1985). Perceptions of assertiveness by high -
and low-assertive female college students. The Journal of Psychology, 779(6),
581-586.
Eisler, R. M., Hersen, M., Miller, P. M., & Blanchard, E. B. (1975). Situational
determinants of assertive behaviors. Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology, 43, 330-340.
Eisler, R. M., Miller, P. M., & Hersen, M. (1973). Components of assertive behavior. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 29, 295-299.
Epstein, N. (1980). Social consequences of assertion, aggression, passive
aggression, and submission: Situational and dispositional determinants. Behavior
Therapy, 11, 662-669.
Fixsen, D. I., Phillips, E. I., & Wolf, M. M. (1972). Achievement place: The reliability of
self-reporting and peer-reporting and their effects on behavior. Journal of Applied
Behavior Analyis, 5, 19-30.
Friedman, P. M. (1968). The effects of modeling and role playing on assertive
behavior. Dissertation Abstracts, 29, 3557B-4901B.
Galassi, J. P., DeLeo, J. S., Galassi, M. D. & Bastien, S. (1974). The college
Self-Expression Scale: A measure of assertiveness. Behavior Therapy, 5,
165-171.
Galassi, J. P., & Galassi, M. D. (1974). Validity of a measure of assertiveness. Journal
of Counseling Psychology, 21, 248-250.
Gambrill, E. D., & Richey, С. Ð. (1975). An assertion inventory for use in assessment
and research. Behavior Therapy, 6, 550-561.
Goldfried, A. P., & Sprafkin, J. N. (1974). Behavioral personality assessment
Morristown. J. N.: General Learning Press.
Goldstein, A. P., Martens, J., Hubben, J., Van Belle, H. A., Schaaf, W., Weirsma, &
Goedhart, A. (1973). The use of modeling to increase independent behavior.
Behavior Research and Therapy, 11, 31-42.
Guilford, J. P., & Zimmerman, W. S. (1956). The Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament
Survey. Beverly Hills, California: Sheridan Psychology Services.
Hrop, S., & Rakos, R. F. (1985). The influence of race in the evaluation of assertion in
conflict situations. Behavior Therapy, 16, 478-493.
Hull, D. Ð’., & Schoeder, H. E. (1979). Some interpessoal effects of assertion,
nonassertion and aggression. Behavior Therapy, 10, 22-28.
Kern, J. M. (1982). Predicting the impact of assertive, empathic-assertive, and
non-assertive behavior: The assertiveness of the assertee. Behavior Therapy, 13,
486-498.
Kern, J. M., Cavell, T. A., & Beck, B. (1985). Predicting differential reactions to 'males'
versus females' assertions, empathic-assertions, and nonassertions. Behavior
Therapy, 16, 63-75.
Kelley, J. A., Kern, J. M., Kirkley, G. В., Patterson, J. N.. & Keane, Т. М. (1980).
Reactions to assertive versus unassertive behavior: Differential effects for males
and females and implications for assertive training. Behavior Therapy, 11,
670-681.
Lawrence, P. S. (1970). The assessment and modification of assertive behavior.
Dissertation Abstracts International, 31, 1B-971B.
Lazarus, A. A. (1971). Behavior therapy and beyond. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Lazarus, A. A. (1973). On assertive behavior: A brief note. Behavior Therapy, 4,
697-699.
Lieberman, R. P. (1972). A guide to behavioral analysis and therapy. New York:
Pergamon.
Lao, R. С, Upchurch, W. H., Corwin, В. J., & Grassnickle, W. F. (1975). Biased
attitudes towards females as indicated by intelligence and likeability. Psychological
Reports, 37, 1315-1320.
Loo, R. M. (1971). The effects of projected consequences and overt behavioral
rehearsal on assertive behavior. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of
Illinois.
McFall, R. M., & Lillesand, D. B. (1971). Behavior rehearsal with modeling and
coaching in assertion training. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 77, 313-323.
McFall, R. M., & Marston, A. R. (1970). An experimental investigation of behavior
rehearsal in assertive training. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 76, 295-303.
McFall, R. M., & Twentyman, С. Т. (1973). Four experiments on the relative
contributions of rehearsal, modeling, and coaching to assertion training. Journal of
Abnormal Psychology, 81, 199-218.
Meyer, R. (1971). The art of refusal. British Journal of Criminology, 11, 265-274.
O'Connor, R. D. (1969). Modification of social withdrawal through symbolic modeling.
Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 2,15-22.
Rakos, R. F., & Hrop, S. (1983). The influence of positive content and mode of
presentation on the social evaluation of assertive behavior in conflict situations.
Behavior Counseling and Community Interventions, 3,153-164.
Rathus, S. A. (1973). A 30-item schedule for assessing assertive behavior. Behavior
Therapy, 4, 398-406.
Rich, A. R., & Schroeder, H. E. (1976). Research issues in assertiveness training.
Psychology Bulletin, 03(6), 1081-1096.
Rosenkrantz, P., Vogel, S., Bee, H., Broverman, I., & Broverman, D. M. (1968).
Sex-role stereotypes and self-concepts in college students. Journal of Consulting
and Clinical Psychology, 32, 287-295.
Salter, A. (1949). Conditioned reflex therapy. New York: Farrar, Strauss.
Serber, M. (1972). Teaching the non-verbal components of assertive training. Journal
of Behavior and Experimental Psychiatry, 3,179-183.
Vestewing, R. E., & Mose, M. K. (1976). The relationship of extroversion and
neuroticism to two measures of assertive behavior. The Journal of Psychology,
93,141-146.
Weinman, Ð’., Gelbart, P., Wallace, M., & Post, M. (1972). Inducing assertive behavior
in chronic schizophrenics: A comparison of socioenvironmental, desensitization,
and relaxation therapies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 39,
246-252.
Williams, J. M„ & Stout, J. K. (1985). The effects of high and low assertiveness on
locus of control and health problems. The Journal the Psychology, 119(2),
169-173.
Wolpe, J. (1958). Psychotherapy by reciprocal inhibition. Stanford, California: Stanford
University Press.
Wolpe, J. (1980). Prática da terapia comportamental (3- edição). São Paulo: Editora
Brasiliense.
Wolpe, J., & Lazarus, A. A. (1966). Behavior therapy techniques. New York:
Pergamon Press.
Woolfolk, L, & Dever, S. (1979). Perception of assertion: An empirical analysis.
Behavior Therapy, 10,404-411.
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Published
2012-08-16
How to Cite
Pasquali, L., & Gouveia, V. V. (2012). RATHUS’ ASSERTIVENESS SCALE - RAS:: BRAZILIAN ADAPTATION. Psicologia: Teoria E Pesquisa, 6(3), 233–249. Retrieved from https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/revistaptp/article/view/17096
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