UTILITY MEASUREMENT OF THE MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION:
A PSYCHOPHYSICAL APPROACH
Abstract
The objective of this paper is to develop a mathematical
equation that expresses, in terms of cardinal indices, the relative utilities of the means of transportation. We discussed about men's necessities and
desires, men's tendencies of avoiding pain and searching welfare, and
also the utilities perceived by them in ways that can aliviate such anxieties.
In the specific case of passenger transportation, in a situation where the
travel is seen as an intermediate activity, we proposed that intrinsical utility
of the means of transportation can be foundamented on the following
principle: all of us, independently of our socieconomic situation, seek to
abbreviating the time and physical effort spent by transposition of the distance
from origin to destination. For this reason we propose that relative
utility of each transportation mode be evaluated as a function of these parameters.
The literature on Psychophysics and Ergonomics was reviewed
searching ways by which the sensation elicited by a set of physical or
socioeconomic stimuli are usually quantified. We concluded that the travel
mode utility index can be obtained through a multiplicative function whose
factors are powers of the following physical stimuli: straight line distance
from origin to destination, time, and energy spent by time unity.
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References
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Baird J. C. & Stein, T. (1970). When power function fails: A theorethical explanation.
Peceptual and Motor Skills, 30, 415-425.
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Cafarelli, E., Cain, W. S. & Stevens, J. С (1977). Effort of dynamic exercise: influence
of load, duration, and task. Ergonomics, 20(2), 147-158.
D'Amato, M. R. (1970). Experimental Psychology: methodology, psychophysics, and
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uma crítica à psicoffsica de Stevens. Arquivos Brasileiros de Psicologia,
38(4), 3-21.
Da Silva, J. A. (1985b). Scales for perceived egocentric distance in a large open field:
comparison of three psychophysical methods. American Journal of Psychology,
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Da Silva, J. A. & Macedo, L. (1982). A função-potência na percepção - significado e
procedimentos de cálculo do expoente. Arquivos Brasileiros de Psicologia, 34,
27-45.
Da Silva, J. A. & Macedo, L. (1983). Efeito de algumas variáveis experimentais sobre
a invariância das escalas perceptivas. Arquivos Brasileiros de Psicologia, 35, 48-
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Da Silva, J. A., Santos, R. A. & Da Silva, C. B. (1983). Análise psicoffsica do espaço
visual - teoria e pesquisa: tributo a S. S. Stevens. Arquivos Brasileiros de Psicologia,
35, 3-35.
Einhom, H. J. (1970). The use of nonlinear, noncompensatory models in decision making.
Psychological Bulletin, 73(3), 221-230.
Ekman, G. (1956). Subjective power functions and the method of fractionation. Report
from the psychological Laboratories, University of Stockholm, n. 34.
Ekman, G. (1958). Two generalized ratio scaling methods. Journal of Psychology, 45,
287-295.
Ekman, G. (1959). Weber's law and related functions. Journal of Psychology, 47, 343-
352.
Ekman, G. (1964). Is the power law a special case of Fechner's law? Perceptual and
Motor Skills, 19, 730.
Ekman, G. & Sjoberg, L (1965). Scaling. Annual Review of Psychology, 16, 451-474.
Engelmann, A. (1966). A lei de potência de Stevens: um caso de constante perceptiva?
Jornal Brasileiro de Psicobgia, 3, 19-48.
Guilford, J. P. (1954). Psychometric Methods. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Hicks, J. R. (1987). Valor e capital: estudos sobre alguns princípios fundamentais da
teoria econômica. São Paulo: Nova Cultural.
Jones, L. A. & Hunter, Ian W. (1983). Perceived force in fatiguing isometric contraction.
Perception & Psychophysics, 33(4), 369-374.
Jevons, W. S. (1987). A teoria da economia politica. São Paulo: Nova Cultural.
Kawamoto, E. & Da Silva, J. A. (1985). Comentários sobre a derivação das funções
psicofísicas e suas conseqüências. Psicologia, 11 (2), 55-74.
Kawamoto, E. (1988). Um novo enfoque do processo de escolha em transporte com
tratamento baseado na psicofísica multidimensional. Tese de Doutorado. Escola
de Engenharia de São Carlos da Universidade de São Paulo.
Krueger, L E. (1989). Reconciling Fechner and Stevens: toward a unified psychophysical
law. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 12(2), 251 -320.
Kunnapas, Т. М. (1960). Scales for subjective distance. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology,
1, 187-192.
Lockner, J. P. A. & Burger, J. F. (1961). Form of function in the presence of masking
noise. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 33, 1705-1707.
Louviere, J. (1978). Psychological measurement of travel attributes. Em D. A. Hensher
& Q. Dalvi (Orgs.). Determinants of Travel Choice. London: Saxon House. Pp.
148-186.
Marshall, A. (1985). Princípio de Economia, (vol. 1). São Paulo: Nova Cultural.
McKenna, F. P. (1985). Another look at the "new psychophysics". British Journal of
Psychology, 76, 97-109.
Menger, С (1987). Princípios de Economia Politica. São Paulo: Nova Cultural.
Pareto. V. (1987). Manual de Economia Politica. São Paulo: Nova Cultural.
Rachlin, H., Logue, A. W., Gibbon, J. & Frankel, M. (1986). Cognition and behavior in
studies of choice. Psychological Review, 93(1), 33-45.
Schumpeter, J. A. (1955). History of Economic Analysis. Londres: George Allen &
Unwin Ltd.
Simonsen, M. H. (1971). Teoria micro-econômica. Rio de Janeiro: Fundação Getúlio
Vargas.
Stevens, S. S. (1961). To honor Fechner and repeal his law. Science, 133, 80-86.
Stevens, S. S. (1975). Psychophysics: introduction to its perceptual, neural and social
prospects. New York: Wiley-lnterscience.
Teghtsoonian, R. (1971). On the exponents in Stevens' law and the constant in
Ekman's law. Psychological Review, 78, 71-80.
Teghtsoonian, R. (1974). On facts and theories in psychophysics: does Ekman's law
exist? Em H. R. Moskowitz, B. Scharf and J. С Stevens (Orgs.). Sensation and
measurement: papers in honor of S. S. Stevens. Boston: D. Reidel. Pp. 167-176.
Zinnes, J. L. (1969). Scaling. Annual Review of Psychology, 20, 447-478.
York: Wiley.
Baird J. C. & Stein, T. (1970). When power function fails: A theorethical explanation.
Peceptual and Motor Skills, 30, 415-425.
Bentham, J. (1979). Uma introdução aos princípios da moral e da legislação. São
Paulo: Abril Cultural.
Cafarelli, E., Cain, W. S. & Stevens, J. С (1977). Effort of dynamic exercise: influence
of load, duration, and task. Ergonomics, 20(2), 147-158.
D'Amato, M. R. (1970). Experimental Psychology: methodology, psychophysics, and
learning. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Da Silva, J. A. (1985a). Processos psicofisiológicos subjacentes à função de potência:
uma crítica à psicoffsica de Stevens. Arquivos Brasileiros de Psicologia,
38(4), 3-21.
Da Silva, J. A. (1985b). Scales for perceived egocentric distance in a large open field:
comparison of three psychophysical methods. American Journal of Psychology,
98(1), 119-144.
Da Silva, J. A. & Macedo, L. (1982). A função-potência na percepção - significado e
procedimentos de cálculo do expoente. Arquivos Brasileiros de Psicologia, 34,
27-45.
Da Silva, J. A. & Macedo, L. (1983). Efeito de algumas variáveis experimentais sobre
a invariância das escalas perceptivas. Arquivos Brasileiros de Psicologia, 35, 48-
70.
Da Silva, J. A., Santos, R. A. & Da Silva, C. B. (1983). Análise psicoffsica do espaço
visual - teoria e pesquisa: tributo a S. S. Stevens. Arquivos Brasileiros de Psicologia,
35, 3-35.
Einhom, H. J. (1970). The use of nonlinear, noncompensatory models in decision making.
Psychological Bulletin, 73(3), 221-230.
Ekman, G. (1956). Subjective power functions and the method of fractionation. Report
from the psychological Laboratories, University of Stockholm, n. 34.
Ekman, G. (1958). Two generalized ratio scaling methods. Journal of Psychology, 45,
287-295.
Ekman, G. (1959). Weber's law and related functions. Journal of Psychology, 47, 343-
352.
Ekman, G. (1964). Is the power law a special case of Fechner's law? Perceptual and
Motor Skills, 19, 730.
Ekman, G. & Sjoberg, L (1965). Scaling. Annual Review of Psychology, 16, 451-474.
Engelmann, A. (1966). A lei de potência de Stevens: um caso de constante perceptiva?
Jornal Brasileiro de Psicobgia, 3, 19-48.
Guilford, J. P. (1954). Psychometric Methods. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Hicks, J. R. (1987). Valor e capital: estudos sobre alguns princípios fundamentais da
teoria econômica. São Paulo: Nova Cultural.
Jones, L. A. & Hunter, Ian W. (1983). Perceived force in fatiguing isometric contraction.
Perception & Psychophysics, 33(4), 369-374.
Jevons, W. S. (1987). A teoria da economia politica. São Paulo: Nova Cultural.
Kawamoto, E. & Da Silva, J. A. (1985). Comentários sobre a derivação das funções
psicofísicas e suas conseqüências. Psicologia, 11 (2), 55-74.
Kawamoto, E. (1988). Um novo enfoque do processo de escolha em transporte com
tratamento baseado na psicofísica multidimensional. Tese de Doutorado. Escola
de Engenharia de São Carlos da Universidade de São Paulo.
Krueger, L E. (1989). Reconciling Fechner and Stevens: toward a unified psychophysical
law. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 12(2), 251 -320.
Kunnapas, Т. М. (1960). Scales for subjective distance. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology,
1, 187-192.
Lockner, J. P. A. & Burger, J. F. (1961). Form of function in the presence of masking
noise. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 33, 1705-1707.
Louviere, J. (1978). Psychological measurement of travel attributes. Em D. A. Hensher
& Q. Dalvi (Orgs.). Determinants of Travel Choice. London: Saxon House. Pp.
148-186.
Marshall, A. (1985). Princípio de Economia, (vol. 1). São Paulo: Nova Cultural.
McKenna, F. P. (1985). Another look at the "new psychophysics". British Journal of
Psychology, 76, 97-109.
Menger, С (1987). Princípios de Economia Politica. São Paulo: Nova Cultural.
Pareto. V. (1987). Manual de Economia Politica. São Paulo: Nova Cultural.
Rachlin, H., Logue, A. W., Gibbon, J. & Frankel, M. (1986). Cognition and behavior in
studies of choice. Psychological Review, 93(1), 33-45.
Schumpeter, J. A. (1955). History of Economic Analysis. Londres: George Allen &
Unwin Ltd.
Simonsen, M. H. (1971). Teoria micro-econômica. Rio de Janeiro: Fundação Getúlio
Vargas.
Stevens, S. S. (1961). To honor Fechner and repeal his law. Science, 133, 80-86.
Stevens, S. S. (1975). Psychophysics: introduction to its perceptual, neural and social
prospects. New York: Wiley-lnterscience.
Teghtsoonian, R. (1971). On the exponents in Stevens' law and the constant in
Ekman's law. Psychological Review, 78, 71-80.
Teghtsoonian, R. (1974). On facts and theories in psychophysics: does Ekman's law
exist? Em H. R. Moskowitz, B. Scharf and J. С Stevens (Orgs.). Sensation and
measurement: papers in honor of S. S. Stevens. Boston: D. Reidel. Pp. 167-176.
Zinnes, J. L. (1969). Scaling. Annual Review of Psychology, 20, 447-478.
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Published
2012-08-14
How to Cite
Kawamoto, E., Alba Soria, M. H., & Silva, J. A. da. (2012). UTILITY MEASUREMENT OF THE MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION:: A PSYCHOPHYSICAL APPROACH. Psicologia: Teoria E Pesquisa, 5(3), 277–296. Retrieved from https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/revistaptp/article/view/17075
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Section
Estudos Empíricos
