Processamento Implícito e Dependência Química:
Teoria, Avaliação e Perspectivas
Palavras-chave:
Ciências Humanas - Psicologia, Cognição implícita, Dependência química, Viés atencionalResumo
Pesquisas recentes têm investigado os mecanismos cognitivos implícitos que influenciam a decisão e o comportamento de uso da droga, tais como o viés atencional e a reatividade a pistas. Tais respostas são eliciadas automaticamente, podendo potencializar a vulnerabilidade à dependência e recaída ao uso da droga. Este estudo foi desenvolvido a fim de apresentar a perspectiva teórica dos modelos de duplo-processamento dos comportamentos aditivos assim como discutir a influência dos processos automáticos no uso de drogas, suas formas de avaliação e técnicas que objetivam modificar diretamente tais processos. Para tanto estudos recentes da área foram revisados. Esforços ainda devem ser concentrados neste campo de pesquisa, especialmente no que concerne à teoria e à avaliação dos processos implícitos subjacentes à s adições.
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Referências
Araujo, R. B., & Zeni, T. C. (2011). Relação entre o craving por tabaco e o craving por crack em pacientes internados para desintoxicação. Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria, 60, 28-33.
Attwood , A. S., O’Sullivan , H., Leonards, U., Mackintosh, B., & Munafo , M. R. (2008). Attentional bias training and cue reactivity in cigarette smokers. Addiction 103, 1875”“1882.
Bowen, S., Chawla, N., Collins, S. E., Witkiewitz, K., Hsu, S., Grow, J., ...Marlatt, A. (2009). Mindfulness-based relapse prevention for substance use disorders: A pilot efficacy trial. Substance Abuse, 30, 295-305.
Bowen, S., Witkiewitz, K., Dillworth, T. M., & Marlatt, G. A. (2007). The role of thought suppression in the relationship between mindfulness meditation and alcohol use. Addictive Behaviors, 32, 2324-2328.
Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: mindfulness and Its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 822-848.
Bradley, B. P., Mogg, K., Wright, T., & Field, M. (2003). Attentional bias in drug dependence: vigilance for cigarette-related cues in smokers. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 17, 66-72.
Carter, B. L., & Tiffany, S. T. (1999). Meta-analysis of cue reactivity in addiction research. Addiction, 94, 327-340.
Chawla, N., Collins, S., Bowen, S., Hsu, S., Grow, J., Douglas, A., & Marlatt, G. A. (2010). The Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention Adherence and Competence Scale: Development, Interrater Reliability and Validity. Psychotherapy Research, 20(4), 388-397.
Chiamulera, C. (2005). Cue reactivity in nicotine and tobacco dependence: a “multiple-action” model of nicotine as a primary reinforcement and as an enhancer of effects of smoking-associated stimuli. Brain Research Reviews, 48, 74-97.
Cooney, N., Litt, M., Cooney, J., Pilkey, D., Steinberg, H., & Oncken, C. A. (2007). Alcohol and Tobacco Cessation in Alcohol-Dependent Smokers: Analysis of Real-Time-Reports. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 21, 277-286.
Cox, W. M., Fadardi, J. S., & Pothos, E. M. (2006). The addiction-stroop test: Theoretical considerations and procedural recommendations. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 443-76.
Cunha, S. M. (2010). Viés atencional para o cigarro em bebedores jovens fumantes após exposição a imagens relacionadas ao álcool. Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre.
Cunha, S. M., & Bizarro, L. (2011). Reatividade cruzada a pistas no consumo de álcool e cigarro: Revisão crítica da literatura. Interação em Psicologia, 15, 121-128.
Davis, J. M., Fleming, M. F., Bonus, K. A., & Baker, T. B. (2007). A pilot study on mindfulness based stress reduction for smokers. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 7, 1-7.
Dawson, D. (2000). Drinkink as a risk factor for sustained smoking. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 59, 235-249.
Drobes, D. J. (2002). Cue reactivity in alcohol and tobacco dependence. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 26(12), 1928-1929.
Ehrman, R. N., Robbins, S. J., Bromwell, M. A., Lankford, M. E., Monterosso, J. R., & O’Brien, C. P. (2002). Comparing attentional bias to smoking cues in current smokers, former smokers, and non-smokers using a dot-probe task. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 67, 185-191.
Erblich, J, Montgomery, G. H., & Bovbjerg, D. H. (2009). Script-guided imagery of social drinking induces both alcohol and cigarette fissura in a sample of nicotine-dependent smokers. Addictive Behaviors, 34,164-70.
Field, M., & Cox, W. M. (2008). Attentional bias in addictive behaviors: a review of its development, causes, and consequences. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 1, 1-20.
Field, M., Duka, T., Tyler, E., & Schoenmakers, T. (2009). Attentional bias modification in tobacco smokers. Nicotine Tobacco Research, 11, 812-22
Field, M., & Eastwood, B. (2005). Experimental manipulation of attentional bias increases the motivation to drink alcohol. Psychopharmacology, 183, 350-357.
Field, M., Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. (2005). Alcohol increases cognitive biases for smoking cues in smokers. Psychopharmacology, 180, 63-72.
Field, M., Mogg, K., Zatteler, J., & Bradley, B. (2004). Attentional biases for alcohol cues in heavy and light social drinkers: The roles of initial orienting and maintained attention. Psychopharmacology, 176, 88-93.
Field, M., Duka, T., Eastwood, B., Child, R., Santarcangelo, M., & Gayton, M. (2007). Experimental manipulation of attentional bias in heavy drinkers: do the effects generalize? Psychopharmacology, 192, 593-608.
Goldstein, R. Z., & Volkow, N. D. (2002). Drug addiction and its underlying neurobiological basis: neuroimaging evidence for the involvement of the frontal cortex. American Journal of Psychiatric, 159, 1643-1652.
Hoffman, J., Welte, J., & Barnes, G. (2001). Co-occurrence of alcohol and cigarette use among adolescents. Addictive Behaviors, 26, 63-78.
Kahler, C., Strong, D., Papandonatos, G., Colby, S., Clark, M., Boerges, J., …Buka, S. (2008). Cigarette smoking and the lifetime alcohol involvement continuum. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 93, 111-120.
Jain, S., Shapiro, S. L., Swanick, S., Roesch, S. C., Mills, P. J., Bell, I., & Schwartz, G. E. (2007). A randomized controlled trial of mindfulness meditation versus relaxation training: effects on distress, positive states of mind, rumination and distraction. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 33, 11-21.
Lopes, F. M. (2009). Viés atencional em jovens fumantes. Dissertação de Mestrado. Programa de Pós-graduação em Psicologia, Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre, Brasil.
Lopes, F. M., Peuker, A. C., & Bizarro, L. A. (2008). Viés atencional em fumantes. Psico, 39, 280-288.
Lutz, A., Dunne, J. D., & Davidson, R. J. (2007). Meditation and the neuroscience of consciousness: An introduction. In P. Zelazo, M. Moscovitch & E. Thompson (Eds.), Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness (pp. 499-554). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Lutz, A., Slagter, H. A., Dunne, J. D., & Davidson, R. J. (2008). Attention regulation and monitoring in meditation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12, 163-169.
Mintz, J., Boyd, G., Rose, J., Charuvastra, V., & Jarvik, M. (1985). Alcohol increases cigarette smoking: A laboratory demonstration. Addictive Behaviors, 10, 203-207.
Ochsner, K. N., Ray, R. R., Hughes, B., McRae, K., Cooper, J. C., Weber, J., ...Gross, J. (2009). Bottom-up and top-down processes in emotion generation: Common and distinct neural mechanisms. Psychological Science, 20, 1322-1331.
Palfai, T. P., Monti, P. M., Ostafin, B., & Hutchison, K. (2000). Effects of nicotine deprivation on alcohol related information processing and drinking behavior. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 96-105.
Peuker, A. C., Lopes, F. M., & Bizarro, L. (2009). Viés atencional no abuso de drogas: teoria e método. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 25, 505-512.
Polich, J. (2003). Event-related potentials and everyday drugs. Brain and Cognition, 53, 45.
Robinson, T. E., & Berridge, K. C. (1993). The neural basis of drug fissura: An incentive-sensitization theory of addiction. Brain Research Reviews, 18, 247-291.
Rooke, S. E., Hine, D. W., & Thorsteinsson, E. B. (2008). Implicit cognition and substance use: a meta-analysis. Addictive Behaviors, 33, 1314-28.
Schoenmakers, T., Bruin, M., Lux, I., Goertz, A., Van Kerkhof, D., & Wiers, R. (2010). Clinical effectiveness of attentional bias modification training in abstinent alcoholic patients. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 109, 30-36.
Schoenmakers, T., Wiers, R., Jones, B., Bruce, G., & Jansen, A. (2007). Attentional re-training decreases attentional bias in heavy drinkers without generalization. Addiction, 102, 399-405.
Tang, Y., Ma, Y., Wang, J., Fan, Y., Feng, S., Lu, Q., ...Posner, M. (2007). Short-term meditation training improves attention and self-regulation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104, 17152-17156.
Tang, Y., & Posner, M. I. (2009). Attention training and attention state training. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13, 222-227.
Tiffany, S. (1990). A cognitive model of drug urges and drug-use behavior: Role of automatic and non-automatic processes. Psychological Review, 97, 147-168.
Traylor, A., Parrish, D., Copp, H., & Bordnick, P. (2011). Using virtual reality to investigate complex and contextual cue reactivity in nicotine dependent problem drinking. Addictive Behaviors, 36, 1068-1075.
Verdejo-García, A., & Bechara A. (2009). A somatic marker theory of addiction. Neuropharmacology, 56, 48-62.
Verdejo-García A., Pérez-García, M., & Bechara, A. (2006). Emotion, decision-making and substance dependence: a somatic-marker model of addiction. Current Neuropharmacology, 4, 17-31.
Vollstädt-Klein, S., Loeber, S., von der Goltz, C., Mann, K., & Kiefer, F. (2009). Avoidance of alcohol-related stimuli increases during the early stage of abstinence in alcohol-dependent patients. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 44, 458-63.
Wiers, R. W., Bartholow, B. D., van der Wildenberg, E., Trush, C., Engels, R. C., Sher, K. J., …Stacy, A. W. (2007). Automatic and controlled process and the development of addictive behaviors in adolescents: a review and a model. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behaviors, 86, 263-283.
White, H., Pandina, R., & Chen, P. (2002). Developmental trajectories of cigarette use from early adolescence into young adulthood. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 65, 167-178.
Wiers, R., & Stacy, A. (2006). Implicit cognition and addiction. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15, 292-296.
Witkiewitz, K., Bowen, S., Douglas, H., & Hsu, S.H. (2012). Mindfulness-based relapse prevention for substance craving. Addictive Behaviors, 38(2), 1563-1571. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.04.001.
Yalachkov,Y., Kaiser, J., & Naumer, M. (2011). Functional neuroimaging studies in addiction multisensory drug stimuli and neural cue reactivity. Neuroscience & Behavioral Reviews, 36, 825-835.
Yin, H. H., & Knowlton, B. J. (2006). Addiction and learning in the brain. In R. Wiers & A. W. Stacy (Eds.), Handbook of Implicit Cognition and Addiction (pp. 185-199). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Attwood , A. S., O’Sullivan , H., Leonards, U., Mackintosh, B., & Munafo , M. R. (2008). Attentional bias training and cue reactivity in cigarette smokers. Addiction 103, 1875”“1882.
Bowen, S., Chawla, N., Collins, S. E., Witkiewitz, K., Hsu, S., Grow, J., ...Marlatt, A. (2009). Mindfulness-based relapse prevention for substance use disorders: A pilot efficacy trial. Substance Abuse, 30, 295-305.
Bowen, S., Witkiewitz, K., Dillworth, T. M., & Marlatt, G. A. (2007). The role of thought suppression in the relationship between mindfulness meditation and alcohol use. Addictive Behaviors, 32, 2324-2328.
Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: mindfulness and Its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 822-848.
Bradley, B. P., Mogg, K., Wright, T., & Field, M. (2003). Attentional bias in drug dependence: vigilance for cigarette-related cues in smokers. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 17, 66-72.
Carter, B. L., & Tiffany, S. T. (1999). Meta-analysis of cue reactivity in addiction research. Addiction, 94, 327-340.
Chawla, N., Collins, S., Bowen, S., Hsu, S., Grow, J., Douglas, A., & Marlatt, G. A. (2010). The Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention Adherence and Competence Scale: Development, Interrater Reliability and Validity. Psychotherapy Research, 20(4), 388-397.
Chiamulera, C. (2005). Cue reactivity in nicotine and tobacco dependence: a “multiple-action” model of nicotine as a primary reinforcement and as an enhancer of effects of smoking-associated stimuli. Brain Research Reviews, 48, 74-97.
Cooney, N., Litt, M., Cooney, J., Pilkey, D., Steinberg, H., & Oncken, C. A. (2007). Alcohol and Tobacco Cessation in Alcohol-Dependent Smokers: Analysis of Real-Time-Reports. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 21, 277-286.
Cox, W. M., Fadardi, J. S., & Pothos, E. M. (2006). The addiction-stroop test: Theoretical considerations and procedural recommendations. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 443-76.
Cunha, S. M. (2010). Viés atencional para o cigarro em bebedores jovens fumantes após exposição a imagens relacionadas ao álcool. Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre.
Cunha, S. M., & Bizarro, L. (2011). Reatividade cruzada a pistas no consumo de álcool e cigarro: Revisão crítica da literatura. Interação em Psicologia, 15, 121-128.
Davis, J. M., Fleming, M. F., Bonus, K. A., & Baker, T. B. (2007). A pilot study on mindfulness based stress reduction for smokers. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 7, 1-7.
Dawson, D. (2000). Drinkink as a risk factor for sustained smoking. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 59, 235-249.
Drobes, D. J. (2002). Cue reactivity in alcohol and tobacco dependence. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 26(12), 1928-1929.
Ehrman, R. N., Robbins, S. J., Bromwell, M. A., Lankford, M. E., Monterosso, J. R., & O’Brien, C. P. (2002). Comparing attentional bias to smoking cues in current smokers, former smokers, and non-smokers using a dot-probe task. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 67, 185-191.
Erblich, J, Montgomery, G. H., & Bovbjerg, D. H. (2009). Script-guided imagery of social drinking induces both alcohol and cigarette fissura in a sample of nicotine-dependent smokers. Addictive Behaviors, 34,164-70.
Field, M., & Cox, W. M. (2008). Attentional bias in addictive behaviors: a review of its development, causes, and consequences. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 1, 1-20.
Field, M., Duka, T., Tyler, E., & Schoenmakers, T. (2009). Attentional bias modification in tobacco smokers. Nicotine Tobacco Research, 11, 812-22
Field, M., & Eastwood, B. (2005). Experimental manipulation of attentional bias increases the motivation to drink alcohol. Psychopharmacology, 183, 350-357.
Field, M., Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. (2005). Alcohol increases cognitive biases for smoking cues in smokers. Psychopharmacology, 180, 63-72.
Field, M., Mogg, K., Zatteler, J., & Bradley, B. (2004). Attentional biases for alcohol cues in heavy and light social drinkers: The roles of initial orienting and maintained attention. Psychopharmacology, 176, 88-93.
Field, M., Duka, T., Eastwood, B., Child, R., Santarcangelo, M., & Gayton, M. (2007). Experimental manipulation of attentional bias in heavy drinkers: do the effects generalize? Psychopharmacology, 192, 593-608.
Goldstein, R. Z., & Volkow, N. D. (2002). Drug addiction and its underlying neurobiological basis: neuroimaging evidence for the involvement of the frontal cortex. American Journal of Psychiatric, 159, 1643-1652.
Hoffman, J., Welte, J., & Barnes, G. (2001). Co-occurrence of alcohol and cigarette use among adolescents. Addictive Behaviors, 26, 63-78.
Kahler, C., Strong, D., Papandonatos, G., Colby, S., Clark, M., Boerges, J., …Buka, S. (2008). Cigarette smoking and the lifetime alcohol involvement continuum. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 93, 111-120.
Jain, S., Shapiro, S. L., Swanick, S., Roesch, S. C., Mills, P. J., Bell, I., & Schwartz, G. E. (2007). A randomized controlled trial of mindfulness meditation versus relaxation training: effects on distress, positive states of mind, rumination and distraction. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 33, 11-21.
Lopes, F. M. (2009). Viés atencional em jovens fumantes. Dissertação de Mestrado. Programa de Pós-graduação em Psicologia, Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre, Brasil.
Lopes, F. M., Peuker, A. C., & Bizarro, L. A. (2008). Viés atencional em fumantes. Psico, 39, 280-288.
Lutz, A., Dunne, J. D., & Davidson, R. J. (2007). Meditation and the neuroscience of consciousness: An introduction. In P. Zelazo, M. Moscovitch & E. Thompson (Eds.), Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness (pp. 499-554). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Lutz, A., Slagter, H. A., Dunne, J. D., & Davidson, R. J. (2008). Attention regulation and monitoring in meditation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12, 163-169.
Mintz, J., Boyd, G., Rose, J., Charuvastra, V., & Jarvik, M. (1985). Alcohol increases cigarette smoking: A laboratory demonstration. Addictive Behaviors, 10, 203-207.
Ochsner, K. N., Ray, R. R., Hughes, B., McRae, K., Cooper, J. C., Weber, J., ...Gross, J. (2009). Bottom-up and top-down processes in emotion generation: Common and distinct neural mechanisms. Psychological Science, 20, 1322-1331.
Palfai, T. P., Monti, P. M., Ostafin, B., & Hutchison, K. (2000). Effects of nicotine deprivation on alcohol related information processing and drinking behavior. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 96-105.
Peuker, A. C., Lopes, F. M., & Bizarro, L. (2009). Viés atencional no abuso de drogas: teoria e método. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 25, 505-512.
Polich, J. (2003). Event-related potentials and everyday drugs. Brain and Cognition, 53, 45.
Robinson, T. E., & Berridge, K. C. (1993). The neural basis of drug fissura: An incentive-sensitization theory of addiction. Brain Research Reviews, 18, 247-291.
Rooke, S. E., Hine, D. W., & Thorsteinsson, E. B. (2008). Implicit cognition and substance use: a meta-analysis. Addictive Behaviors, 33, 1314-28.
Schoenmakers, T., Bruin, M., Lux, I., Goertz, A., Van Kerkhof, D., & Wiers, R. (2010). Clinical effectiveness of attentional bias modification training in abstinent alcoholic patients. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 109, 30-36.
Schoenmakers, T., Wiers, R., Jones, B., Bruce, G., & Jansen, A. (2007). Attentional re-training decreases attentional bias in heavy drinkers without generalization. Addiction, 102, 399-405.
Tang, Y., Ma, Y., Wang, J., Fan, Y., Feng, S., Lu, Q., ...Posner, M. (2007). Short-term meditation training improves attention and self-regulation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104, 17152-17156.
Tang, Y., & Posner, M. I. (2009). Attention training and attention state training. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13, 222-227.
Tiffany, S. (1990). A cognitive model of drug urges and drug-use behavior: Role of automatic and non-automatic processes. Psychological Review, 97, 147-168.
Traylor, A., Parrish, D., Copp, H., & Bordnick, P. (2011). Using virtual reality to investigate complex and contextual cue reactivity in nicotine dependent problem drinking. Addictive Behaviors, 36, 1068-1075.
Verdejo-García, A., & Bechara A. (2009). A somatic marker theory of addiction. Neuropharmacology, 56, 48-62.
Verdejo-García A., Pérez-García, M., & Bechara, A. (2006). Emotion, decision-making and substance dependence: a somatic-marker model of addiction. Current Neuropharmacology, 4, 17-31.
Vollstädt-Klein, S., Loeber, S., von der Goltz, C., Mann, K., & Kiefer, F. (2009). Avoidance of alcohol-related stimuli increases during the early stage of abstinence in alcohol-dependent patients. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 44, 458-63.
Wiers, R. W., Bartholow, B. D., van der Wildenberg, E., Trush, C., Engels, R. C., Sher, K. J., …Stacy, A. W. (2007). Automatic and controlled process and the development of addictive behaviors in adolescents: a review and a model. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behaviors, 86, 263-283.
White, H., Pandina, R., & Chen, P. (2002). Developmental trajectories of cigarette use from early adolescence into young adulthood. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 65, 167-178.
Wiers, R., & Stacy, A. (2006). Implicit cognition and addiction. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15, 292-296.
Witkiewitz, K., Bowen, S., Douglas, H., & Hsu, S.H. (2012). Mindfulness-based relapse prevention for substance craving. Addictive Behaviors, 38(2), 1563-1571. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.04.001.
Yalachkov,Y., Kaiser, J., & Naumer, M. (2011). Functional neuroimaging studies in addiction multisensory drug stimuli and neural cue reactivity. Neuroscience & Behavioral Reviews, 36, 825-835.
Yin, H. H., & Knowlton, B. J. (2006). Addiction and learning in the brain. In R. Wiers & A. W. Stacy (Eds.), Handbook of Implicit Cognition and Addiction (pp. 185-199). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
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2013-04-22
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Peuker, A. C., Lopes, F. M., Menezes, C. B., Cunha, S. M., & Bizarro, L. (2013). Processamento Implícito e Dependência Química:: Teoria, Avaliação e Perspectivas. Psicologia: Teoria E Pesquisa, 29(1), 07–14. Recuperado de https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/revistaptp/article/view/17595
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Artigos Metodológicos
