Detecção de Simulação com o uso do Wisconsin Card Sorting Test e do Trail Making Test
Palavras-chave:
Simulação, Neuropsicologia forense, Wisconsin card sorting test, Trail making testResumo
Neste trabalho, tentamos identificar índices de simulação na avaliação neuropsicológica forense, através da avaliação dos padrões de resposta apresentados em provas neuropsicológicas. A amostra foi constituída por 56 sujeitos diagnosticados com traumatismo crânioencefálico. Todos se encontravam numa situação de possível recompensa monetária por incapacidade. Os instrumentos utilizados foram o Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), o Trail Making Test (TMT), o Inventário de Sintomas Psicopatológicos (BSI), e a grelha de análise dos autos do processo. Cerca de 30% da amostra enquadrou-se no grupo de prováveis simuladores. Esta frequência vai de encontro ao esperado pela literatura. Verificou-se uma grande homogeneidade entre os indivíduos com e sem indicadores de simulação, a nível sintomatológico e características sócio-demográficas, o que reforça a necessidade de desenvolvimento de métodos eficazes na detecção da simulação.
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Referências
Bernard, L. C., McGrath, M. J., & Houston, W. (1996). The differential effects of simulating malingering, closed head injury, and other CNS pathology on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: Support for the “pattern of performance” hypothesis. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 11, 231-245.
Berry, D. R., & Granacher, Jr., P. (2009). Feigning of psychiatric symptoms in the context of documented severe head injury and preserved motivation on neuropsychological testing. In J. E. Morgan, & J. J. Sweet (Eds.), Neuropsychology of malingering casebook (pp. 170-179). New York: Psychology Press.
Bianchini, K. J., Etherton, J. L., & Greve, K. W. (2004). Diagnosing cognitive malingering in patients with work-related pain: Four cases. Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology, 4, 65-85.
Canavarro, M. L. (1999). Inventário de Sintomas Psicopatológicos: Uma revisão crítica dos estudos realizados em Portugal. In L. Almeida, M. Simões, C. Machado, & M. Gonçalves (Eds.), Avaliação psicológica. Instrumentos validados para a população Portuguesa, (vol. III, pp. 87-109). Coimbra: Quarteto Editora.
Egeland, J., & Langfjaeran, T. (2007). Differentiating malingering from genuine cognitive dysfunction using the Trail Making Test-ratio and Stroop interference scores. Applied Neuropsychology, 14, 113-119.
Faust, D., Hart, K., & Guilmette, T. (1988). Pediatric malingering: The capacity of children to fake believable deficits on neuropsychological testing. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 578-582.
Greve, K. W., & Bianchini, K. J. (2007). Detection of cognitive malingering with tests of executive function. In G. J. Larrabee (Ed.), Assessment of malingered neuropsychological deficits (pp. 171-225). New York: Oxford University Press.
Golden, C. (2005). Stroop: Test de colores y palabras (4ª ed.). Madrid: TEA Ediciones.
Grote, C. L., & Hook, J. N. (2007). Forced-choice recognition tests of malingering. In G. J. Larrabee (Ed.), Assessment of malingered neuropsychological deficits (pp. 44-79). New York: Oxford University Press.
Heaton, G. J., Chelune, J. L., Talley, G. G., Kay, & Curtiss, G. (1997). Test de Clasificación de Tarjetas de Wisconsin. Madrid: TEA Ediciones.
Larrabee, G. J. (2003). Detection of malingering using atypical performance patterns on neuropsychological tests. The Clinical Neuropsychologists, 17, 410-425.
Mittenberg, W., Patton, C., Canyock, E. M., & Condit, D. C. (2002). Base rates of malingering and symptom exaggeration. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 24, 1094-1102.
O’Bryant, S. E., Hilsabeck, R. C., Fisher, J. M., & McCaffrey, R. J. (2003). Utility of the Trail Making Test in the assessment of malingering in a sample of mild traumatic brain injury litigants. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 17, 69-74.
Reitan, R. M., & Wolfson, D. (1985). The Halstead”“Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery: Therapy and clinical interpretation. Tucson: Neuropsychological Press.
Rogers, R., & Bender, S. D. (2009). Feigning mental disorders with concomitant cognitive deficits. In J. E. Morgan & J. J. Sweet (Eds.), Neuropsychology of malingering casebook (pp. 145-154). New York: Psychology Press.
Slick, D. J., Sherman, E. M. S., & Iverson, G. L. (1999). Diagnostic criteria for malingered neurocognitive dysfunction: Proposed standards for clinical practice and research. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 13, 545-561.
Spreen, O., & Strauss, E. (1998). A compendium of neuropsychological tests: administration, norms and commentary (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
Suhr, J. A., & Boyer, D. (1999). Use of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in the detection of malingering in student simulator and patient samples. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 21, 701-708.
Van Gorp, W. G., Humphrey, L. A., Kalechstein, A., Brumm, V. L., McMullen, W. J., Stoddard, M., & Pachana, N. A. (1999). How well do standard clinical neuropsychology tests identify malingering? A preliminary analysis. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 21, 245-250.
Wechsler, D. (2008). WMS-III: Escala de Memória de Wechsler ”“ 3ª Edição: Manual Técnico. Lisboa: Cegoc.
Berry, D. R., & Granacher, Jr., P. (2009). Feigning of psychiatric symptoms in the context of documented severe head injury and preserved motivation on neuropsychological testing. In J. E. Morgan, & J. J. Sweet (Eds.), Neuropsychology of malingering casebook (pp. 170-179). New York: Psychology Press.
Bianchini, K. J., Etherton, J. L., & Greve, K. W. (2004). Diagnosing cognitive malingering in patients with work-related pain: Four cases. Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology, 4, 65-85.
Canavarro, M. L. (1999). Inventário de Sintomas Psicopatológicos: Uma revisão crítica dos estudos realizados em Portugal. In L. Almeida, M. Simões, C. Machado, & M. Gonçalves (Eds.), Avaliação psicológica. Instrumentos validados para a população Portuguesa, (vol. III, pp. 87-109). Coimbra: Quarteto Editora.
Egeland, J., & Langfjaeran, T. (2007). Differentiating malingering from genuine cognitive dysfunction using the Trail Making Test-ratio and Stroop interference scores. Applied Neuropsychology, 14, 113-119.
Faust, D., Hart, K., & Guilmette, T. (1988). Pediatric malingering: The capacity of children to fake believable deficits on neuropsychological testing. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 578-582.
Greve, K. W., & Bianchini, K. J. (2007). Detection of cognitive malingering with tests of executive function. In G. J. Larrabee (Ed.), Assessment of malingered neuropsychological deficits (pp. 171-225). New York: Oxford University Press.
Golden, C. (2005). Stroop: Test de colores y palabras (4ª ed.). Madrid: TEA Ediciones.
Grote, C. L., & Hook, J. N. (2007). Forced-choice recognition tests of malingering. In G. J. Larrabee (Ed.), Assessment of malingered neuropsychological deficits (pp. 44-79). New York: Oxford University Press.
Heaton, G. J., Chelune, J. L., Talley, G. G., Kay, & Curtiss, G. (1997). Test de Clasificación de Tarjetas de Wisconsin. Madrid: TEA Ediciones.
Larrabee, G. J. (2003). Detection of malingering using atypical performance patterns on neuropsychological tests. The Clinical Neuropsychologists, 17, 410-425.
Mittenberg, W., Patton, C., Canyock, E. M., & Condit, D. C. (2002). Base rates of malingering and symptom exaggeration. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 24, 1094-1102.
O’Bryant, S. E., Hilsabeck, R. C., Fisher, J. M., & McCaffrey, R. J. (2003). Utility of the Trail Making Test in the assessment of malingering in a sample of mild traumatic brain injury litigants. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 17, 69-74.
Reitan, R. M., & Wolfson, D. (1985). The Halstead”“Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery: Therapy and clinical interpretation. Tucson: Neuropsychological Press.
Rogers, R., & Bender, S. D. (2009). Feigning mental disorders with concomitant cognitive deficits. In J. E. Morgan & J. J. Sweet (Eds.), Neuropsychology of malingering casebook (pp. 145-154). New York: Psychology Press.
Slick, D. J., Sherman, E. M. S., & Iverson, G. L. (1999). Diagnostic criteria for malingered neurocognitive dysfunction: Proposed standards for clinical practice and research. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 13, 545-561.
Spreen, O., & Strauss, E. (1998). A compendium of neuropsychological tests: administration, norms and commentary (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
Suhr, J. A., & Boyer, D. (1999). Use of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in the detection of malingering in student simulator and patient samples. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 21, 701-708.
Van Gorp, W. G., Humphrey, L. A., Kalechstein, A., Brumm, V. L., McMullen, W. J., Stoddard, M., & Pachana, N. A. (1999). How well do standard clinical neuropsychology tests identify malingering? A preliminary analysis. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 21, 245-250.
Wechsler, D. (2008). WMS-III: Escala de Memória de Wechsler ”“ 3ª Edição: Manual Técnico. Lisboa: Cegoc.
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2013-04-22
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Sousa, H., Machado, M., & Quintas, J. (2013). Detecção de Simulação com o uso do Wisconsin Card Sorting Test e do Trail Making Test. Psicologia: Teoria E Pesquisa, 29(1), 15–20. Recuperado de https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/revistaptp/article/view/17586
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