O Pai no Contexto Familiar
Palavras-chave:
Família, Papel do pai, Paternidade, Envolvimento do pai, Desenvolvimento da criançaResumo
Este artigo discute o papel do "pai" na vida familiar. Apesar de haver consenso entre pesquisadores de diferentes disciplinas sobre a importância e a influência do "pai" no desenvolvimento da criança, e a despeito do fato de que os papéis dos "pais" vêm sendo estudados há aproximadamente 30 anos, os resultados das pesquisas são, ainda, inconclusivos. Com o objetivo principal de despertar a atenção dos pesquisadores brasileiros para os papéis desempenhados pelo "pai" no desenvolvimento da criança, especialmente dentro do contexto familiar, são apresentadas uma visão geral da literatura na psicologia do desenvolvimento e algumas sugestões sobre as tendências futuras em pesquisa. Assim, serão discutidos os seguintes aspectos: dimensões e fatores que influenciam o envolvimento do "pai" na dinâmica da família, a paternidade e os sistemas familiares em transição, as influências paternas sobre as crianças e, finalmente, por quê é importante continuar estudando o papel do pai.
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Referências
Ackerman-Ross, S. & Khanna, P. (1989). The relationship of high
quality day care to middle class 3-year-olds' language performance.
Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 4, 97-166.
Aradine, C.R. & Ferketich, S. (1990). The psychological impact of
premature birth on mothers and fathers. Journal of Reproductive
and Infant Psychology, 8, 75-86.
Barnett, R.C. & Baruch, G.K. (1988). Correlates of fathers' participation
in family work. Em P. Bronstein & C.P. Cowan
(Orgs.), Fatherhood today: Men's changing role in the family
(pp. 66-78). New York: Wiley.
Baruch, G.K. & Barnett, R.C. (1986). Fathers' participation in family
work and children's sex-role attitudes. Child Development, 57,
1210-1223.
Belsky, J. (1990). Parental and nonparental care and children's socioemotional
development: A decade review. Journal of Marriage
and the Family, 52, 885-903.
Bem, S. (1974). The measurement of psychological androgyny.
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 45, 196-205.
Bentley, K.S. & Fox, R.A. (1991). Mothers and fathers of young
children: Comparison of parenting styles. Psychological Reports,
69, 320-322.
Bertaux, D. & Delcroix, C. (1992). Where have all the daddies
gone? Em U. Bjornberg (Org.), European parents in the 1990's
(pp. 181-196). New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction.
Biller, H.B. (1981). The father and sex role development. Em M.E.
Lamb (Org.), The role of the father in child development (pp.
489-522). Chichester: Wiley.
Bronstein, P. (1988). Father-child interaction: Implications for gender-
role socialization. Em P. Bronstein & C.P. Cowan (Orgs.),
Fatherhood today: Men's changing role in the family (pp. 107-
124). New York: Wiley.
Brown, M.A. (1994). Family discord during pregnancy: A family
systems approach. Family Systems Medicine, 12, 221-234.
Burgess, A. (1997). Fatherhood reclaimed: The making of the modern
father. London: Vermilion.
Burghes, L. (1997). Fathers and fatherhood. London: Policy Studies
Institute.
Clinton, J.F. & Kelber, S. (1993). Stress and coping in fathers of
newborns: Comparisons of planned versus unplanned pregnancy.
International Journal of Nursing Studies, 30, 437-443.
Cowan, C.P. & Cowan, P.A. (1992). When partners become parents:
The big life change for couples. New York: Basic Books.
Crockett, L.J., Eggebeen, D.J. & Hawkins, A.J. (1993). Father's
presence and young children's behavioural and cognitive adjustment.
Journal of Family Issues, 14, 355-377.
Crouter, A.C., Perry-Jenkins, M., Huston, T.L. & McHale, S.M.
(1987). Involvement in dual-and single-earner families. Developmental
Psychology, 23, 431-440.
De Frain, J. (1979). Androgynous parents tell who they are and
what they need. The Family Coordinator, 28, 237-243.
Dessen, M.A. & Lewis, C. (1998). Como estudar a família e o pai?
Paideia Cadernos de Psicologia e Educação, 1, 105-121.
Dudley, J.R. (1991). The consequences of divorce proceedings for
divorced fathers. Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, 16,171-
193.
Feldman, S. (1987). Predicting strain in mothers and fathers of 6-
month-old infants. Em P. Berman & F. Pedersen (Orgs.), Men's
transition to parenthood (pp. 15-35). Hillsdale, NJ.: Lawrence
Erlbaum.
Fonagy, P., Steele, H. & Steele, M. (1991). Organization of infantmother
attachment at one year of age. Child Development, 62,
891-905.
Furstenberg, F.F., Nord, C.W., Peterson, J.L. & Zill, N. (1983).
The life course children of divorce: Marital disruption and parental
contact. American Sociological Review, 48, 656-668.
Greenberger, E. & O'Neil, R. (1990). Parents' concerns about their
child's development: Implications for fathers' and mothers' wellbeing
and attitudes towards work. Journal of Marriage and the
Family, 52, 621-635.
Greenberger, E. & O'Neil, R. (1992). Maternal employment and
perceptions of young children: Bronfenbrenner et al. revisited.
Child Development, 63, 413-448.
Grossman, F.K., Pollack, W.S. & Golding, E. (1988). Fathers and
children: Predicting the quality and quantity of fathering. Developmental
Psychology, 24, 82-91.
Hart, C.H., De Wolfe, D.M., Wozniak, P. & Burts, D.C. (1992).
Maternal and paternal disciplinary styles: Relations with
preschoolers' playground behavioural orientations and peer status.
Child Development, 63, 879-892.
Hawkins, A.J. & Dollahite, D.C. (1997). Generative fathering.
Thousand Oaks, California: Sage.
Hawkins, A.J. & Eggebeen, D.J. (1991). Are fathers fungible? Patterns
of co-resident adult men in maritally disrupted families
and children's well-being. Journal of Marriage and the Family,
47,93-115.
Herzog, E. & Sudia, C. (1970). Boys in fatherless families. Washington,
DC: U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare.
Hewlett, B.S. (1987). Intimate fathers: Patterns of holding among
Aka pygmies. Em M. E. Lamb (Org.), The father's role: Crosscultural
perspectives (pp. 295-320). Hillsdale, NJ.: Lawrence
Erlbaum.
Hoffman, L.W. (1989). Effects of maternal employment in the two
parent family. American Psychologist, 44, 283-292.
Kruk, E. (1991). Discontinuity between pre and post-divorce father-
child relationships: New evidence regarding paternal disengagement.
Custodial patterns and influences. Journal of Divorce
& Remarriage, 16, 195-227.
Lamb, M.E. (Org.) (1986). The father's role: Applied perspectives.
New York: Wiley.
Lamb, M.E. (Org.) (1997).The role of the father in child development.
New York: Wiley.
Leathers, S., Kelley, M.A. & Richman, J.A. (1997). Postpartum
depressive symptomatology in new mothers and fathers: Parenting,
work and support. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease,
185, 129-139.
Le Masters, E.E. (1957). Parenthood as crisis. Marriage and Family
Living, 19, 352-355.
Lewis, C. (1986). Becoming a father. Milton Keynes: Open University
Press.
Lewis, C. (1997). Fathers and preschoolers. Em M. E. Lamb (Org.),
The role of the father in child development (pp. 121-142). New
York: Wiley.
Lewis, C, Maka, Z. & Papacosta, A. (1997). Why do fathers become
disengaged from their children's lives? Maternal and paternal accounts of divorce in Greece. Journal of Divorce &
Remarriage, 28, 89-117.
Lovestone, S. & Kumar, R. (1993). Postnatal psychiatric illness:
The impact on partners. British Journal of Psychiatry, 163,210-
216.
Lytton, H. & Romney, D.M. (1991). Parents' differential socialisation
of boys and girls: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin,
109, 267-296.
McLoyd, V.C. (1989). Socialization and development in a changing
economy: The effects of paternal job and income loss on
children. American Psychologist, 44, 293-302.
Mead, M. (1962). Male and female. Harmondsworth: Pelican.
(Originalmente publicado em 1950)
Mott, F.L. (1990). When is a father really gone? Paternal-child contact
in father-absent homes. Demography, 27, 499-517.
Neissi, P. (1998). A model examining the influences of father absence,
social support and maternal well being on children's
psychological adjustment. PhD. Thesis, Lancaster University,
Lancaster-UK.
Nock, S.L. & Kingston, P.W. (1988). Time with children: The impact
of couples work-time commitments. Social Forces, 67,
59-85.
Phares, V. (1996). Fathers and developmental psychopathology.
New York: Wiley.
Presser, H.B. (1988). Shift work and child care among young
American parents. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 50,
133-148.
Radin, N. & Goldsmith, R. (1989). The involvement of selected
unemployed and employed men with their children. Child Development,
60, 454-459.
Rossi, A.S. (1985). Gender and parenthood. Em A.S. Rossi (Org.),
Gender and the life course (pp. 161-191). New York: Aldine.
Russell, G. (1978). The father role and its relation to masculinity,
femininity and androgyny. Child Development, 49,1174-1181.
Russell, G. (1983). The changing role of fathers? St. Lucia, Queensland,
Australia University of Queensland Press.
Russell, G. & Radojevic, M. (1992). The changing role of fathers?
Current understandings and future directions for research and
practice. Infant Mental Health Journal, 13, 296-311.
Santrock, J.W., Sitterle, K.A. & Warshak, R.A. (1988). Parent-child
relationships in stepfather families. Em P. Bronstein & C.P.
Cowan (Orgs.), Fatherhood today: Men's changing role in the
family (pp. 144-165). New York:Wiley.
Siegal, A.U. (1987). Are sons and daughters more differently treated
by fathers than by mothers? Developmental Review, 7, 183-
209.
Stevenson, M.R. & Black, K.N. (1988). Paternal absence and sexrole
development: A meta-analysis. Child Development, 59,
793-814.
Volling, B.L. & Belsky, J. (1991). Multiple determinants of father
involvement during infancy in dual-earner and single-earner
families. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 53, 461-474.
Wheelock, J. (1991). Husbands at home: The domestic economy in
a post-industrial society. London: Routledge.
Worden, RE., Kee, D.W. & Ingle, M.J. (1987). Parental teaching
strategies with preschoolers: A comparison of mothers and fathers
within different alphabet tasks. Contemporary Educational
Psychology, 12, 95-109.
quality day care to middle class 3-year-olds' language performance.
Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 4, 97-166.
Aradine, C.R. & Ferketich, S. (1990). The psychological impact of
premature birth on mothers and fathers. Journal of Reproductive
and Infant Psychology, 8, 75-86.
Barnett, R.C. & Baruch, G.K. (1988). Correlates of fathers' participation
in family work. Em P. Bronstein & C.P. Cowan
(Orgs.), Fatherhood today: Men's changing role in the family
(pp. 66-78). New York: Wiley.
Baruch, G.K. & Barnett, R.C. (1986). Fathers' participation in family
work and children's sex-role attitudes. Child Development, 57,
1210-1223.
Belsky, J. (1990). Parental and nonparental care and children's socioemotional
development: A decade review. Journal of Marriage
and the Family, 52, 885-903.
Bem, S. (1974). The measurement of psychological androgyny.
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 45, 196-205.
Bentley, K.S. & Fox, R.A. (1991). Mothers and fathers of young
children: Comparison of parenting styles. Psychological Reports,
69, 320-322.
Bertaux, D. & Delcroix, C. (1992). Where have all the daddies
gone? Em U. Bjornberg (Org.), European parents in the 1990's
(pp. 181-196). New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction.
Biller, H.B. (1981). The father and sex role development. Em M.E.
Lamb (Org.), The role of the father in child development (pp.
489-522). Chichester: Wiley.
Bronstein, P. (1988). Father-child interaction: Implications for gender-
role socialization. Em P. Bronstein & C.P. Cowan (Orgs.),
Fatherhood today: Men's changing role in the family (pp. 107-
124). New York: Wiley.
Brown, M.A. (1994). Family discord during pregnancy: A family
systems approach. Family Systems Medicine, 12, 221-234.
Burgess, A. (1997). Fatherhood reclaimed: The making of the modern
father. London: Vermilion.
Burghes, L. (1997). Fathers and fatherhood. London: Policy Studies
Institute.
Clinton, J.F. & Kelber, S. (1993). Stress and coping in fathers of
newborns: Comparisons of planned versus unplanned pregnancy.
International Journal of Nursing Studies, 30, 437-443.
Cowan, C.P. & Cowan, P.A. (1992). When partners become parents:
The big life change for couples. New York: Basic Books.
Crockett, L.J., Eggebeen, D.J. & Hawkins, A.J. (1993). Father's
presence and young children's behavioural and cognitive adjustment.
Journal of Family Issues, 14, 355-377.
Crouter, A.C., Perry-Jenkins, M., Huston, T.L. & McHale, S.M.
(1987). Involvement in dual-and single-earner families. Developmental
Psychology, 23, 431-440.
De Frain, J. (1979). Androgynous parents tell who they are and
what they need. The Family Coordinator, 28, 237-243.
Dessen, M.A. & Lewis, C. (1998). Como estudar a família e o pai?
Paideia Cadernos de Psicologia e Educação, 1, 105-121.
Dudley, J.R. (1991). The consequences of divorce proceedings for
divorced fathers. Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, 16,171-
193.
Feldman, S. (1987). Predicting strain in mothers and fathers of 6-
month-old infants. Em P. Berman & F. Pedersen (Orgs.), Men's
transition to parenthood (pp. 15-35). Hillsdale, NJ.: Lawrence
Erlbaum.
Fonagy, P., Steele, H. & Steele, M. (1991). Organization of infantmother
attachment at one year of age. Child Development, 62,
891-905.
Furstenberg, F.F., Nord, C.W., Peterson, J.L. & Zill, N. (1983).
The life course children of divorce: Marital disruption and parental
contact. American Sociological Review, 48, 656-668.
Greenberger, E. & O'Neil, R. (1990). Parents' concerns about their
child's development: Implications for fathers' and mothers' wellbeing
and attitudes towards work. Journal of Marriage and the
Family, 52, 621-635.
Greenberger, E. & O'Neil, R. (1992). Maternal employment and
perceptions of young children: Bronfenbrenner et al. revisited.
Child Development, 63, 413-448.
Grossman, F.K., Pollack, W.S. & Golding, E. (1988). Fathers and
children: Predicting the quality and quantity of fathering. Developmental
Psychology, 24, 82-91.
Hart, C.H., De Wolfe, D.M., Wozniak, P. & Burts, D.C. (1992).
Maternal and paternal disciplinary styles: Relations with
preschoolers' playground behavioural orientations and peer status.
Child Development, 63, 879-892.
Hawkins, A.J. & Dollahite, D.C. (1997). Generative fathering.
Thousand Oaks, California: Sage.
Hawkins, A.J. & Eggebeen, D.J. (1991). Are fathers fungible? Patterns
of co-resident adult men in maritally disrupted families
and children's well-being. Journal of Marriage and the Family,
47,93-115.
Herzog, E. & Sudia, C. (1970). Boys in fatherless families. Washington,
DC: U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare.
Hewlett, B.S. (1987). Intimate fathers: Patterns of holding among
Aka pygmies. Em M. E. Lamb (Org.), The father's role: Crosscultural
perspectives (pp. 295-320). Hillsdale, NJ.: Lawrence
Erlbaum.
Hoffman, L.W. (1989). Effects of maternal employment in the two
parent family. American Psychologist, 44, 283-292.
Kruk, E. (1991). Discontinuity between pre and post-divorce father-
child relationships: New evidence regarding paternal disengagement.
Custodial patterns and influences. Journal of Divorce
& Remarriage, 16, 195-227.
Lamb, M.E. (Org.) (1986). The father's role: Applied perspectives.
New York: Wiley.
Lamb, M.E. (Org.) (1997).The role of the father in child development.
New York: Wiley.
Leathers, S., Kelley, M.A. & Richman, J.A. (1997). Postpartum
depressive symptomatology in new mothers and fathers: Parenting,
work and support. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease,
185, 129-139.
Le Masters, E.E. (1957). Parenthood as crisis. Marriage and Family
Living, 19, 352-355.
Lewis, C. (1986). Becoming a father. Milton Keynes: Open University
Press.
Lewis, C. (1997). Fathers and preschoolers. Em M. E. Lamb (Org.),
The role of the father in child development (pp. 121-142). New
York: Wiley.
Lewis, C, Maka, Z. & Papacosta, A. (1997). Why do fathers become
disengaged from their children's lives? Maternal and paternal accounts of divorce in Greece. Journal of Divorce &
Remarriage, 28, 89-117.
Lovestone, S. & Kumar, R. (1993). Postnatal psychiatric illness:
The impact on partners. British Journal of Psychiatry, 163,210-
216.
Lytton, H. & Romney, D.M. (1991). Parents' differential socialisation
of boys and girls: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin,
109, 267-296.
McLoyd, V.C. (1989). Socialization and development in a changing
economy: The effects of paternal job and income loss on
children. American Psychologist, 44, 293-302.
Mead, M. (1962). Male and female. Harmondsworth: Pelican.
(Originalmente publicado em 1950)
Mott, F.L. (1990). When is a father really gone? Paternal-child contact
in father-absent homes. Demography, 27, 499-517.
Neissi, P. (1998). A model examining the influences of father absence,
social support and maternal well being on children's
psychological adjustment. PhD. Thesis, Lancaster University,
Lancaster-UK.
Nock, S.L. & Kingston, P.W. (1988). Time with children: The impact
of couples work-time commitments. Social Forces, 67,
59-85.
Phares, V. (1996). Fathers and developmental psychopathology.
New York: Wiley.
Presser, H.B. (1988). Shift work and child care among young
American parents. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 50,
133-148.
Radin, N. & Goldsmith, R. (1989). The involvement of selected
unemployed and employed men with their children. Child Development,
60, 454-459.
Rossi, A.S. (1985). Gender and parenthood. Em A.S. Rossi (Org.),
Gender and the life course (pp. 161-191). New York: Aldine.
Russell, G. (1978). The father role and its relation to masculinity,
femininity and androgyny. Child Development, 49,1174-1181.
Russell, G. (1983). The changing role of fathers? St. Lucia, Queensland,
Australia University of Queensland Press.
Russell, G. & Radojevic, M. (1992). The changing role of fathers?
Current understandings and future directions for research and
practice. Infant Mental Health Journal, 13, 296-311.
Santrock, J.W., Sitterle, K.A. & Warshak, R.A. (1988). Parent-child
relationships in stepfather families. Em P. Bronstein & C.P.
Cowan (Orgs.), Fatherhood today: Men's changing role in the
family (pp. 144-165). New York:Wiley.
Siegal, A.U. (1987). Are sons and daughters more differently treated
by fathers than by mothers? Developmental Review, 7, 183-
209.
Stevenson, M.R. & Black, K.N. (1988). Paternal absence and sexrole
development: A meta-analysis. Child Development, 59,
793-814.
Volling, B.L. & Belsky, J. (1991). Multiple determinants of father
involvement during infancy in dual-earner and single-earner
families. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 53, 461-474.
Wheelock, J. (1991). Husbands at home: The domestic economy in
a post-industrial society. London: Routledge.
Worden, RE., Kee, D.W. & Ingle, M.J. (1987). Parental teaching
strategies with preschoolers: A comparison of mothers and fathers
within different alphabet tasks. Contemporary Educational
Psychology, 12, 95-109.
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2012-08-31
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Lewis, C., & Dessen, M. A. (2012). O Pai no Contexto Familiar. Psicologia: Teoria E Pesquisa, 15(1), 009–016. Recuperado de https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/revistaptp/article/view/17337
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